Haitian Revolutions: Crash Course World History #30
Ideas like liberty, freedom, and self-determination were hot stuff in the late 18th century, as evidenced by our recent revolutionary videos. Although freedom was breaking out all over, many of the societies that were touting these ideas relied on slave labor. Few places in the world relied so heavily on slave labor as Saint-Domingue, France's most profitable colony. Slaves made up nearly 90% of Saint-Domingue's population, and in 1789 they couldn't help but hear about the revolution underway in France. All the talk of liberty, equality, and fraternity sounds pretty good to a person in bondage, and so the slaves rebelled. This led to not one but two revolutions, and ended up with France, the rebels, Britain, and Spain all fighting in the territory. Spoiler alert: the slaves won. So how did the slaves of what would become Haiti throw off the yoke of one of the world's great empires? John Green tells how they did it, and what it has meant in Haiti and in the rest of the world.
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Sao Luis - Maranhao Brazil
St. Louis is a city and the capital of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. It is the only Brazilian city founded by the French, on September, 1612 and was later invaded by the Dutch. Then it was colonized by the Portuguese. Located on the island of Upaon-Acu, in the South Atlantic, between the bays of São Marcos and São José de Ribamar. In 1621, when Brazil was divided into two administrative units - and the state of Maranhão state in Brazil - St. Louis was the capital of the first administrative unit.
The capital of Maranhão has a developed industrial sector for big corporations and many areas that have settled in the city due to its privileged geographic position between the North and Northeast regions of the country, its coastline strategically located very close to major shopping importers of products Brazilians like Europe and the United States, allowing fuel economy and reduction in delivery of goods from Brazil through the Port of Itaqui which is the second deepest in the world and one of the busiest, sophisticated and well structured to foreign trade in Brazil.
The city is connected to the state through a railway line and also to the neighboring states of Pará, Tocantins and Piauí which facilitates and cheapens agricultural escoação coming from the countryside to the port of Itaqui, and, with the completion the North-South Railway, the city will be linked to all Brazilian regions by rail. On the highway, the island is already served by the BR-135. linking it to the mainland, and air, has the Marechal Cunha Machado International Airport, with capacity to serve more than a million passengers each year and operates with demand already almost saturated by the intense movement of passengers not only from City of St. Louis, but also serve as a gateway for being the largest and busiest airport next to the National Park Maranhenses .
The climate is tropical in St. Louis and semiúmido. This is because the city is located near the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The city features lots of palm trees and lots of coastal vegetation. There are small areas of Amazon rainforest that resisted the process of urbanization of the city, all protected by environmental parks. Small rivers are born in the city: among them, the Rio Bacanga is the most important because it is very useful for fishing .
In 2010, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics counted the population at 1,014,837, making it the fifteenth largest city in Brazil between 5565 Brazilian municipalities, 13 ° between the capitals, 4th in the Northeast of Brazil and 1 ° of Maranhão. Its area is 831.7 km ², and 157.5656 km ² of the total are in the urban area. [18]. The municipality is part of the Greater Region and North Maranhense Microregion the Urban Agglomeration of St. Louis, located north of the state of Maranhão. The Human Development Index of the municipality is 0.778, compared to the high rate of human desevolvimento of Maranhão
São Paulo | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
São Paulo
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
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You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
São Paulo (; Portuguese pronunciation: [sɐ̃w̃ ˈpawlu] (listen)) is a municipality in the Southeast Region of Brazil. The metropolis is an alpha global city (as listed by the GaWC) and the most populous city in Brazil, the Western Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere, besides being the largest Portuguese-speaking city in the world. The municipality is also the Earth's 11th largest city proper by population. The city is the capital of the surrounding state of São Paulo, one of the most populous and wealthiest states in Brazil. It exerts strong international influences in commerce, finance, arts and entertainment. The name of the city honors the Apostle, Saint Paul of Tarsus. The city's metropolitan area, the Greater São Paulo, ranks as the most populous in Brazil and the 12th most populous on Earth. The process of conurbation between the metropolitan areas located around the Greater São Paulo (Campinas, Santos, Sorocaba and the Paraíba Valley) created the São Paulo Macrometropolis, a megalopolis with more than 30 million inhabitants, one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world.Having the largest economy by GDP in Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere, the city is home to the São Paulo Stock Exchange. Paulista Avenue is the economic core of São Paulo. The city has the 11th largest GDP in the world, representing alone 10.7% of all Brazilian GDP and 36% of the production of goods and services in the state of São Paulo, being home to 63% of established multinationals in Brazil, and has been responsible for 28% of the national scientific production in 2005. With a GDP of US$477 billion, the São Paulo city alone would have ranked 26th globally compared with countries by 2017 estimates.The metropolis is also home to several of the tallest skyscrapers in Brazil, including the Mirante do Vale, Edifício Itália, Banespa, North Tower and many others. The city has cultural, economic and political influence both nationally and internationally. It is home to monuments, parks and museums such as the Latin American Memorial, the Ibirapuera Park, Museum of Ipiranga, São Paulo Museum of Art, and the Museum of the Portuguese Language. The city holds events like the São Paulo Jazz Festival, São Paulo Art Biennial, the Brazilian Grand Prix, São Paulo Fashion Week and the ATP Brasil Open. The São Paulo Gay Pride Parade rivals the New York City Pride March as the largest gay pride parade in the world. It is headquarters of the Brazilian television networks Band, Gazeta, and RecordTV.
São Paulo is a cosmopolitan, melting pot city, home to the largest Arab, Italian, and Japanese diasporas, with examples including ethnic neighborhoods of Mercado, Bixiga, and Liberdade respectively. São Paulo is also home to the largest Jewish population in Brazil, with about 75,000 Jews. In 2016, inhabitants of the city were native to over 200 different countries. People from the city are known as paulistanos, while paulistas designates anyone from the state, including the paulistanos. The city's Latin motto, which it has shared with the battleship and the aircraft carrier named after it, is Non ducor, duco, which translates as I am not led, I lead. The city, which is also colloquially known as Sampa or Terra da Garoa (Land of Drizzle), is known for its unreliable weather, the size of its helicopter fleet, its architecture, gastronomy, severe traffic congestion and skyscrapers. São Paulo was one of the host cities of the 1950 and the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Additionally, the city hosted the IV Pan American Games and the São Paulo Indy 300.
A Magician Filmed This Solar Eclipse Nearly 120 Years Ago | Mach | NBC News
The eclipse was filmed in North Carolina by British magician and filmmaker Nevil Maskelyne in 1900. The rediscovery of the footage was announced by the British Film Institute and the Royal Astronomical Society.
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A Magician Filmed This Solar Eclipse Nearly 120 Years Ago | Mach | NBC News
Fernando de Noronha
Fernando de Noronha (Portuguese pronunciation: [feʁˈnɐ̃du d(ʒ)ɨ noˈɾoɲɐ]) is an archipelago of 21 islands and islets in the Atlantic Ocean, 354 km (220 mi) offshore from the Brazilian coast. The archipelago got its name from the Portuguese merchant Fernão de Loronha, to whom it was given by the Portuguese crown for services rendered regarding wood imported from Brazil. The main island has an area of 18.4 square kilometres (7.1 sq mi) and had a population estimated at 2,718 in 2012. The area is a special municipality (distrito estadual) of the Brazilian state of Pernambuco (despite being closer to the state of Rio Grande do Norte), with about 70% established in 1988 as a national maritime park.
In 2001 UNESCO designated it as a World Heritage Site because of the importance of its environment. Its timezone is UTC-02:00 all year around. The local population and travellers can get to Noronha by plane or cruise from Recife (545 km). An environmental preservation fee is charged from tourists upon arrival by Ibama (Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources).
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Creative Commons image source in video
Convex Earth Documentary 2018 - The Evidence ⚖ You Have Been Waiting For?
** WELCOME TO AUTHENTIC INTENT **
Ridicule before investigation is the height of ignorance
Sit back and relax as science provides you with solid evidence and 'proof' the earth is not a sphere. You and I have been lied to about where we live, who we are and why we are here.
Terra convexa is an independent research of Dákila Researches dakila.com.br and Centro Tecnológico Zigurats ctzbrasil.com.br originally published in terraconvexa.com.br and convexearth.org
After seven years of research on earth format, scientific experiments carried out by Brazilian researchers at Dakila Research and the Zigurats Technological Center in partnership with professionals from various areas of Brazil and other countries, such as the United States, Russia, Chile, the Netherlands, Spain, have shown that the Earth is not spherical.
Convex Earth Channel
El documental Terra Convexa
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And HIT that ????
We don't need satellites, they DON'T exist
Midwest/Minnesota Meet Up information -
Mark Sargent Promo
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You are the Exiles
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ThePottersClay - NASA Lies
Brian Mullin - How do planes work on a spinning ball?
TigerDan - 75 Bible Verses proving Flat Earth?
From JFK to Flat Earth
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A level plane Explanation in The Bible:
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Kings and Slaves: Diplomacy, Sovereignty, and Black Subjectivity in the Early Modern World
Noted historian of the African Diaspora, Herman Bennett, delivered an evening lecture in honor of the 75th anniversary of the founding of the John Carter Brown Library's Associates.
Friday, October 4, at 5:30pm.
Brown University
US Strategy in Latin America, 1939 - 1949
Somoza [Nicaragua dictator] may be a son of a bitch, but he's OUR son of a bitch. -attributed to President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
This video looks at US strategy towards Latin America in World War II - how the country managed regional relations during a particularly tense period in hemispheric defense. Partly because of unpleasant recent history, partly because of Latin America's status as a side-theater to the main fighting, the US would use a variety of policy tools in its strategy to persuade Latin America to contribute, actively or not, to the Allied effort.
Random Thoughts regarding the video:
All errors are my own.
SOURCES:
Williams M. Understanding US-Latin American Relations, Routledge, 2012
Leonard T, Bratzel J. (eds.). Latin America During World War II, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006
McConahay M. The Tango War, St. Martin's Press, 2018
United States Army in World War II (Official History of US Army), Department of the Army Historical Division
Conn S, Engelman R, Fairchild B. Guarding the United States and Its Outposts, 1961
Conn S, Fairchild B. The Framework of Hemisphere Defense, 1958
Military Operations
Woodman R. Battle of the River Plate, Pen & Sword, 2012
Faulkner M. War at Sea: A Naval Atlas 1939-1945, Naval Institute Press, 2012
Espionage
Mowry D. German Clandestine Activities in South America in World War II, US National Security Agency, 1989
Public Diplomacy
Sadlier D. Americans All, University of Texas Press, 2013
Brazil
McCann F. Brazil and the United States during World War II and its Aftermath, Palgrave Macmillan, 2018
Argentina
Goodwin P. Food, Fascism and Foreign Policy, University of Connecticut, 2014
Escude C. 'The US Destabilization and Economic Boycott of Argentina of the 1940s, revisited', Working Paper No.323, Area de Ciencia Politica Universidad del CEMA, 07/2006
ATTRIBUTIONS:
Maps from 'War at Sea: A Naval Atlas 1939-1945'
Wikipedia for basic fact-checking.
Made using Powerpoint 2013 + Audacity, processing through NCH VideoPad + WavePad.
Estatuto da Igualdade Racial Completo - Lei 12288
Estatuto da Igualdade Racial Completo - Lei 12288
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Playlist Estatuto da Igualdade racial:
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Constituição Federal Completa
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LEI Nº 12.288, DE 20 DE JULHO DE 2010.
Vigência
(Vide Decreto nº 8.136, de 2013)
Institui o Estatuto da Igualdade Racial; altera as Leis nos 7.716, de 5 de janeiro de 1989, 9.029, de 13 de abril de 1995, 7.347, de 24 de julho de 1985, e 10.778, de 24 de novembro de 2003.
O PRESIDENTE DA REPÚBLICA Faço saber que o Congresso Nacional decreta e eu sanciono a seguinte Lei:
TÍTULO I
DISPOSIÇÕES PRELIMINARES
Art. 1o Esta Lei institui o Estatuto da Igualdade Racial, destinado a garantir à população negra a efetivação da igualdade de oportunidades, a defesa dos direitos étnicos individuais, coletivos e difusos e o combate à discriminação e às demais formas de intolerância étnica.
Parágrafo único. Para efeito deste Estatuto, considera-se:
I - discriminação racial ou étnico-racial: toda distinção, exclusão, restrição ou preferência baseada em raça, cor, descendência ou origem nacional ou étnica que tenha por objeto anular ou restringir o reconhecimento, gozo ou exercício, em igualdade de condições, de direitos humanos e liberdades fundamentais nos campos político, econômico, social, cultural ou em qualquer outro campo da vida pública ou privada;
II - desigualdade racial: toda situação injustificada de diferenciação de acesso e fruição de bens, serviços e oportunidades, nas esferas pública e privada, em virtude de raça, cor, descendência ou origem nacional ou étnica;
III - desigualdade de gênero e raça: assimetria existente no âmbito da sociedade que acentua a distância social entre mulheres negras e os demais segmentos sociais;
IV - população negra: o conjunto de pessoas que se autodeclaram pretas e pardas, conforme o quesito cor ou raça usado pela Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), ou que adotam autodefinição análoga;
V - políticas públicas: as ações, iniciativas e programas adotados pelo Estado no cumprimento de suas atribuições institucionais;
VI - ações afirmativas: os programas e medidas especiais adotados pelo Estado e pela iniciativa privada para a correção das desigualdades raciais e para a promoção da igualdade de oportunidades.
Art. 2o É dever do Estado e da sociedade garantir a igualdade de oportunidades, reconhecendo a todo cidadão brasileiro, independentemente da etnia ou da cor da pele, o direito à participação na comunidade, especialmente nas atividades políticas, econômicas, empresariais, educacionais, culturais e esportivas, defendendo sua dignidade e seus valores religiosos e culturais.
Art. 3o Além das normas constitucionais relativas aos princípios fundamentais, aos direitos e garantias fundamentais e aos direitos sociais, econômicos e culturais, o Estatuto da Igualdade Racial adota como diretriz político-jurídica a inclusão das vítimas de desigualdade étnico-racial, a valorização da igualdade étnica e o fortalecimento da identidade nacional brasileira.
Art. 4o A participação da população negra, em condição de igualdade de oportunidade, na vida econômica, social, política e cultural do País será promovida, prioritariamente, por meio de:
I - inclusão nas políticas públicas de desenvolvimento econômico e social;
II - adoção de medidas, programas e políticas de ação afirmativa;
III - modificação das estruturas institucionais do Estado para o adequado enfrentamento e a superação das desigualdades étnicas decorrentes do preconceito e da discriminação étnica;
IV - promoção de ajustes normativos para aperfeiçoar o combate à discriminação étnica e às desigualdades étnicas em todas as suas manifestações individuais, institucionais e estruturais;
V - eliminação dos obstáculos históricos, socioculturais e institucionais que impedem a representação da diversidade étnica nas esferas pública e privada;
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ZEITGEIST: MOVING FORWARD | OFFICIAL RELEASE | 2011
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This is the Official Online (Youtube) Release of Zeitgeist: Moving Forward by Peter Joseph. [30 subtitles ADDED!]
On Jan. 15th, 2011, Zeitgeist: Moving Forward was released theatrically to sold out crowds in 60 countries; 31 languages; 295 cities and 341 Venues. It has been noted as the largest non-profit independent film release in history.
This is a non-commercial work and is available online for free viewing and no restrictions apply to uploading/download/posting/linking - as long as no money is exchanged.
A Free DVD Torrent of the full 2 hr and 42 min film in 30 languages is also made available through the main website [below], with instructions on how one can download and burn the movie to DVD themselves. His other films are also freely available in this format.
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List of works about the Dutch East India Company | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:07:29 1 Non-fiction
00:07:38 1.1 Books, dissertations and theses
00:07:49 1.1.1 General
00:24:47 1.1.2 Roles in economic, financial and business history
00:44:41 1.1.3 Science, technology, and culture in the VOC World
01:01:53 1.1.4 VOC military and political history
01:06:02 1.1.5 VOC maritime history (VOC in the Age of Exploration)
01:24:44 1.1.6 VOC historiography
01:27:47 1.1.7 VOC people
01:42:03 1.1.8 VOC in Europe
01:47:45 1.1.9 VOC in Africa
02:08:51 1.1.10 VOC in South and West Asia (including the Indian subcontinent)
02:30:42 1.1.11 VOC in Southeast Asia (including the East Indies)
02:44:53 1.1.12 VOC in East Asia
03:09:42 1.2 Journal articles, scholarly papers, essays, and book chapters
03:09:55 1.2.1 General history
03:42:39 1.2.2 Economic, financial and business history
04:35:09 1.2.3 Cultural and social history
05:29:40 1.2.4 Military and political history
05:54:16 1.2.5 Maritime history
06:12:14 2 Fiction
06:13:42 3 Audio
06:14:30 4 Video
06:15:16 5 Seminars and symposiums
06:15:42 6 Documentary
06:16:09 7 Film
06:16:27 8 Music
06:16:40 9 VOC World in visual arts
06:17:01 10 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8284446142312462
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC) is one of the most influential and best expertly researched companies/corporations in history. As an exemplary historical company-state, the VOC had effectively transformed itself from a corporate entity into a state, an empire, or even a world in its own right. The VOC World (i.e. networks of people, places, things, activities, and events associated with the Dutch East India Company) has been the subject of a vast amount of literature that includes both fiction and non-fiction works. VOC World studies is an international multidisciplinary field focused on social, cultural, religious, scientific, technological, economic, financial, business, maritime, military, political, legal, diplomatic activities, institutional organization, and administration of the VOC and its colourful world. Some of the notable VOC historians/scholars include Sinnappah Arasaratnam, Leonard Blussé, Peter Borschberg, Charles Ralph Boxer, Jaap Bruijn, Femme Gaastra, Om Prakash, Günter Schilder, and Nigel Worden.
In terms of global business history, the lessons from the VOC's success and failure are critically important. With a permanent capital base, the VOC was the first permanently organized limited-liability joint-stock company at the dawn of modern capitalism. As an early pioneering model of the modern corporation, the VOC was the first corporation to be ever actually listed on a formal stock exchange. In the early 1600s the VOC became the world's first formally listed public company (or publicly listed company) by widely issuing bonds and shares of stock to the general public. In many respects, modern-day publicly listed multinational corporations (including Forbes Global 2000 companies) are all 'descendants' of the 17th-century VOC business model.
For almost 200 years of its existence (1602–1800), the Company played crucial roles in business, financial, socio-politico-economic, military-political, diplomatic, legal, ethnic, and exploratory maritime history of the world. In the early modern period, the VOC was the driving force behind the rise of corporate-led globalization, corporate power, corporate identity, corporate culture, corporate social responsibility, corporate governance, corporate finance, corporate capitalism, and finance capitalism. It was the VOC's institutional innovations and business practices that laid the foundations for the rise of giant global corporations to become a highly significant and formidable socio-politico-economic force of the modern world as we know it today ...
Lei 12288 - Estatuto da Igualdade Racial - art. 1 a 20
Lei 12288 - Estatuto da Igualdade Racial - art. 1 a 20
Veja mais ---)
PlayList Lei 12288 Estatuto da Igualdade Racial —)
Nossas Playlists:
Constituição Federal Completa
Lei 8112 - Lei do Servidor Público
Lei 8666 - Lei das Licitações
LEI Nº 12.288, DE 20 DE JULHO DE 2010.
Vigência
(Vide Decreto nº 8.136, de 2013)
Institui o Estatuto da Igualdade Racial; altera as Leis nos 7.716, de 5 de janeiro de 1989, 9.029, de 13 de abril de 1995, 7.347, de 24 de julho de 1985, e 10.778, de 24 de novembro de 2003.
O PRESIDENTE DA REPÚBLICA Faço saber que o Congresso Nacional decreta e eu sanciono a seguinte Lei:
TÍTULO I
DISPOSIÇÕES PRELIMINARES
Art. 1o Esta Lei institui o Estatuto da Igualdade Racial, destinado a garantir à população negra a efetivação da igualdade de oportunidades, a defesa dos direitos étnicos individuais, coletivos e difusos e o combate à discriminação e às demais formas de intolerância étnica.
Parágrafo único. Para efeito deste Estatuto, considera-se:
I - discriminação racial ou étnico-racial: toda distinção, exclusão, restrição ou preferência baseada em raça, cor, descendência ou origem nacional ou étnica que tenha por objeto anular ou restringir o reconhecimento, gozo ou exercício, em igualdade de condições, de direitos humanos e liberdades fundamentais nos campos político, econômico, social, cultural ou em qualquer outro campo da vida pública ou privada;
II - desigualdade racial: toda situação injustificada de diferenciação de acesso e fruição de bens, serviços e oportunidades, nas esferas pública e privada, em virtude de raça, cor, descendência ou origem nacional ou étnica;
III - desigualdade de gênero e raça: assimetria existente no âmbito da sociedade que acentua a distância social entre mulheres negras e os demais segmentos sociais;
IV - população negra: o conjunto de pessoas que se autodeclaram pretas e pardas, conforme o quesito cor ou raça usado pela Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), ou que adotam autodefinição análoga;
V - políticas públicas: as ações, iniciativas e programas adotados pelo Estado no cumprimento de suas atribuições institucionais;
VI - ações afirmativas: os programas e medidas especiais adotados pelo Estado e pela iniciativa privada para a correção das desigualdades raciais e para a promoção da igualdade de oportunidades.
Art. 2o É dever do Estado e da sociedade garantir a igualdade de oportunidades, reconhecendo a todo cidadão brasileiro, independentemente da etnia ou da cor da pele, o direito à participação na comunidade, especialmente nas atividades políticas, econômicas, empresariais, educacionais, culturais e esportivas, defendendo sua dignidade e seus valores religiosos e culturais.
Art. 3o Além das normas constitucionais relativas aos princípios fundamentais, aos direitos e garantias fundamentais e aos direitos sociais, econômicos e culturais, o Estatuto da Igualdade Racial adota como diretriz político-jurídica a inclusão das vítimas de desigualdade étnico-racial, a valorização da igualdade étnica e o fortalecimento da identidade nacional brasileira.
Art. 4o A participação da população negra, em condição de igualdade de oportunidade, na vida econômica, social, política e cultural do País será promovida, prioritariamente, por meio de:
I - inclusão nas políticas públicas de desenvolvimento econômico e social;
II - adoção de medidas, programas e políticas de ação afirmativa;
III - modificação das estruturas institucionais do Estado para o adequado enfrentamento e a superação das desigualdades étnicas decorrentes do preconceito e da discriminação étnica;
IV - promoção de ajustes normativos para aperfeiçoar o combate à discriminação étnica e às desigualdades étnicas em todas as suas manifestações individuais, institucionais e estruturais;
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History of Africa | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:07 1 Prehistory
00:03:16 1.1 Paleolithic
00:06:57 1.2 Emergence of agriculture and desertification of the Sahara
00:11:23 1.3 Central Africa
00:12:11 1.4 Metallurgy
00:14:05 2 Antiquity
00:14:57 2.1 Ancient Egypt
00:19:50 2.2 Nubia
00:23:09 2.3 Carthage
00:25:58 2.3.1 Role of the Berbers
00:27:58 2.4 Somalia
00:28:38 2.5 Roman North Africa
00:34:02 2.6 Aksum
00:36:32 2.7 West Africa
00:38:51 2.8 Bantu expansion
00:40:17 3 Medieval and Early Modern (6th to 18th centuries)
00:40:29 3.1 Sao civilization
00:41:29 3.2 Kanem Empire
00:43:26 3.3 Bornu Empire
00:45:53 3.4 Shilluk Kingdom
00:46:33 3.5 Baguirmi Kingdom
00:47:03 3.6 Wadai Empire
00:47:54 3.7 Luba Empire
00:49:22 3.8 Lunda Empire
00:50:54 3.9 Kingdom of Kongo
00:53:48 3.10 Horn of Africa
00:53:57 3.10.1 Somalia
00:56:43 3.10.2 Ethiopia
00:58:37 3.11 North Africa
00:58:46 3.11.1 Maghreb
01:04:18 3.11.2 Nile Valley
01:04:26 3.11.2.1 Egypt
01:08:25 3.11.2.2 Sudan
01:08:32 3.11.3 Christian and Islamic Nubia
01:11:35 3.12 Southern Africa
01:12:15 3.12.1 Great Zimbabwe and Mapungubwe
01:15:47 3.12.2 Namibia
01:16:35 3.12.3 South Africa and Botswana
01:16:44 3.12.3.1 Sotho–Tswana
01:17:23 3.12.3.2 Nguni peoples
01:18:03 3.12.3.3 Khoisan and Afrikaaner
01:20:15 3.13 Southeast Africa
01:20:24 3.13.1 Prehistory
01:20:50 3.13.2 Swahili coast
01:23:42 3.13.3 Urewe
01:25:19 3.13.4 Madagascar and Merina
01:27:23 3.13.5 Lake Plateau states and empires
01:27:43 3.13.5.1 Kitara and Bunyoro
01:28:54 3.13.5.2 Buganda
01:29:53 3.13.5.3 Rwanda
01:31:05 3.13.5.4 Burundi
01:31:44 3.13.6 Maravi (Malawi)
01:32:41 3.14 West Africa
01:32:49 3.14.1 Sahelian empires & states
01:32:52 3.14.1.1 Ghana
01:34:41 3.14.1.2 Mali
01:38:08 3.14.1.3 Songhai
01:41:28 3.14.1.4 Sokoto Caliphate
01:42:55 3.14.2 Forest empires and states
01:43:04 3.14.2.1 Akan kingdoms and emergence of Asante Empire
01:47:03 3.14.2.2 Dahomey
01:48:42 3.14.2.3 Yoruba
01:51:15 3.14.2.4 Benin
01:52:59 3.14.2.5 Niger Delta and Igbo
01:54:24 4 19th century
01:54:33 4.1 Southern Africa
01:56:29 4.2 Nguniland
01:58:44 4.3 Voortrekkers
02:00:32 4.4 European trade, exploration and conquest
02:05:44 4.5 France versus Britain: the Fashoda crisis of 1898
02:06:45 4.6 European colonial territories
02:08:27 5 20th century
02:10:00 5.1 World War I
02:12:41 5.2 World War II: Political
02:16:46 5.2.1 French Africa
02:18:18 5.3 World War II: Military
02:20:42 5.4 Post-war Africa: decolonization
02:21:51 5.4.1 East Africa
02:22:33 5.4.2 North Africa
02:24:53 5.4.3 Southern Africa
02:25:45 5.4.4 West Africa
02:26:47 5.5 Historiography of British Africa
02:29:05 6 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of Africa begins with the emergence of hominids, archaic humans and – at least 200,000 years ago – anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens), in East Africa, and continues unbroken into the present as a patchwork of diverse and politically developing nation states. The earliest known recorded history arose in the Kingdom of Kush, and later in Ancient Egypt, the Sahel, the Maghreb and the Horn of Africa.
Following the desertification of the Sahara, North African history became entwined with the Middle East and Southern Europe while the Bantu expansion swept from modern day Cameroon (West Africa) across much of the sub-Saharan continent in waves between around 1000 BC and 0 AD, creating a linguistic commonality across much of the central and Southern continent.
During the Middle Ages, Islam spread west from Arabia to Egypt, crossing the Maghreb and the Sahel. Some notable pre-colonial states and societies in Africa include the Ajuran Empire, D'mt, Adal Sultanate, Warsangali Sultanate, Kingdom of Nri, Nok culture, Mali Empire, Songhai Empire, Benin Empire, Oyo Empire, Ashanti Empire, Ghana Empire, Mossi Kingdoms, Mutapa Empire, Kingdom of Mapungubwe, Kingdom of Sine, Kingdom of Sennar, Kingdom of Saloum, Kingdom of Baol, Kingdom of Cayor, Kingdom of Zimbabwe ...
Homosexuality | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Homosexuality
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Homosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual behavior between members of the same sex or gender. As a sexual orientation, homosexuality is an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to people of the same sex. It also refers to a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions.Along with bisexuality and heterosexuality, homosexuality is one of the three main categories of sexual orientation within the heterosexual–homosexual continuum. Scientists do not know what determines an individual's sexual orientation, but they theorize that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences, and do not view it as a choice. They favor biologically-based theories, which point to genetic factors, the early uterine environment, both, or the inclusion of genetic and social factors. Hypotheses for the impact of the post-natal social environment on sexual orientation, however, are weak, especially for males. There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role with regard to sexual orientation. While some people believe that homosexual activity is unnatural, scientific research has shown that homosexuality is a normal and natural variation in human sexuality and is not in and of itself a source of negative psychological effects. There is insufficient evidence to support the use of psychological interventions to change sexual orientation.The most common terms for homosexual people are lesbian for females and gay for males, but gay also commonly refers to both homosexual females and males. The percentage of people who are gay or lesbian and the proportion of people who are in same-sex romantic relationships or have had same-sex sexual experiences are difficult for researchers to estimate reliably for a variety of reasons, including many gay and lesbian people not openly identifying as such due to prejudice or discrimination such as homophobia and heterosexism. Homosexual behavior has also been documented in many non-human animal species.Many gay and lesbian people are in committed same-sex relationships, though only in the 2010s have census forms and political conditions facilitated their visibility and enumeration. These relationships are equivalent to heterosexual relationships in essential psychological respects. Homosexual relationships and acts have been admired, as well as condemned, throughout recorded history, depending on the form they took and the culture in which they occurred. Since the end of the 19th century, there has been a global movement towards freedom and equality for gay people, including the introduction of anti-bullying legislation to protect gay children at school, legislation ensuring non-discrimination, equal ability to serve in the military, equal access to health care, equal ability to adopt and parent, and the establishment of marriage equality.
2017 AM: Executive Session: Beyond the African Burial Ground:
Cont. Anthropological and trans-disciplinary innovations in theory, methods, and technologies
The New York African Burial Ground Project that studied an 18th century African cemetery in downtown Manhattan always recognized its positioning within complex currents of a critical social history of scholarship and anthropological practice. Established in 1992, the Project synthesized mutual values of memorialization and research in a program empowered by New York’s “descendant community” seeking to disable white supremacy in anthropological constructions of African American memory. The result was an unparalleled, ethnically integrated, interdisciplinary research team led by African Americans. Together, descendant communities and the Project team realized ancestral reclamation and reburial, erection of a US National Monument and a Visitor Center, which continue to tell the stories of “enslaved Africans” in New York.
This Session considers the ongoing theoretical, methodological, and interpretive implications of ethical public engagement in anthropology, first prominently represented by the Project. Publicly engaged research designs and language, including “descendant communities,” continue to resonate in American archaeology, and beyond. We discuss scholarship and continued engagement on the once unique question, “what are the African cultural origins of African Americans and why do they matter?” How are emerging technologies and methods employed to answer these questions? What processes are shared by archaeological projects in the African Diaspora and by anthropologists engaging descendant communities? How do publicly engaged and activist anthropologies articulate with contemporary social movements? What does the African Burial Ground have to do with it? Beyond a retrospective, we focus on processes and products reflecting the current moment in the politics of the past, and theoretical and methodological implications for the future of anthropology.
Want to know more about the AAA Annual Meeting? Visit
The White House Travel Blogger Summit
The White House hosted a Travel Blogger Summit on December 9, 2014.
Ebola Crisis in West Africa
A panel discussion on the mortality analysis, socio-political implications, and Western response to the Ebola crisis.
Leith Mullings (moderator) – The Graduate Center
Leith Mullings is Distinguished Professor of Anthropology and immediate past president of the American Anthropological Association. Her research began in Africa on traditional medicine and religion in postcolonial Ghana, and her work in the U.S. addresses the consequences of class exploitation, racial discrimination, and gender subordination for the health and well-being of working- and middle-class women in Harlem.
Adia Benton – Brown University
An assistant professor of Anthropology, Adia Benton received her Ph.D. in social (medical) anthropology from Harvard University. She is a medical anthropologist specializing in HIV/AIDS, essential surgical care, race, post-conflict development, humanitarianism, and gender violence.
Kim Yi Dionne – Smith College
Kim Yi Dionne is an assistant professor of Government who teaches courses on African politics and ethnic politics. The substantive focus of her work is on the opinions of ordinary Africans toward interventions aimed at improving their condition and the relative success of such interventions. Her work has been published in African Affairs, Comparative Political Studies, and World Development.
Stéphane Helleringer – Columbia University
Stéphane Helleringer is an assistant professor of Public Health who has worked extensively in Senegal, Ghana, Nigeria, and Malawi. Most recently, his work has focused on developing new approaches to evaluating the impact of large public health programs on mortality in sub-Saharan countries.
South Africa | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
South Africa
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland (Eswatini); and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho. South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 25th-largest country in the world by land area and, with over 57 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages, nine of which have official status. The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European (White), Asian (Indian), and multiracial (Coloured) ancestry.
South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures, languages, and religions. Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution's recognition of 11 official languages, which is the fourth highest number in the world. Two of these languages are of European origin: Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism, and is commonly used in public and commercial life, though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language. The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état, and regular elections have been held for almost a century. However, the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994. During the 20th century, the black majority sought to recover its rights from the dominant white minority, with this struggle playing a large role in the country's recent history and politics. The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948, institutionalising previous racial segregation. After a long and sometimes violent struggle by the African National Congress (ANC) and other anti-apartheid activists both inside and outside the country, the repeal of discriminatory laws began in 1990.
Since 1994, all ethnic and linguistic groups have held political representation in the country's liberal democracy, which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces. South Africa is often referred to as the rainbow nation to describe the country's multicultural diversity, especially in the wake of apartheid. The World Bank classifies South Africa as an upper-middle-income economy, and a newly industrialised country. Its economy is the second-largest in Africa, and the 34th-largest in the world. In terms of purchasing power parity, South Africa has the seventh-highest per capita income in Africa. However, poverty and inequality remain widespread, with about a quarter of the population unemployed and living on less than US$1.25 a day. Nevertheless, South Africa has been identified as a middle power in international affairs, and maintains significant regional influence.
Sapientia: Sabedoria do coração | Encerramento
Apresentação da mesa Sabedoria do coração? Quais chaves da sabedoria se escondem no afeto? dentro do Simpósio Sapientia – Arqueologia de um saber esquecido, com palestras de Almut Renger e Malena Segura Contrera.
Com mediação de José Eugenio de Oliveira Menezes.
Realizado nos dias 15 e 16 de setembro de 2015, no Sesc Consolação, o encontro propôs um resgate da sabedoria nos dias de hoje a partir de diálogos entre diversos estudiosos.
O evento foi uma parceria entre o Sesc São Paulo, Centro Alemão de Ciência e Inovação – São Paulo (DWIH-SP), Instituto Goethe, Centro Interdisciplinar de Semiótica da Cultura e da Mídia (CISC-PUC-SP), Centro de Pesquisa Interdisciplinar de Antropologia Histórica – Universidade Livre de Berlim (IFHA-FU Berlin) e Universidade de Música FRANZ-LISZT de Weimar.
Com concepção de Norval Baitello Júnior, doutor em Comunicação pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo e Christoph Wulf, antropólogo e historiador alemão da Freie Universität Berlin.
Almut Renger
Professora de Religiões e Culturas Antigas na Universidade Livre de Berlim. Doutora pela Universidade de Heidelberg e livre-docente pela Universidade de Frankfurt. Professora convidada na Áustria, Holanda e Inglaterra. Participa de projetos internacionais de pesquisa, entre eles, Transformações da Antiguidade na Nova Era e Além Dela. Entre suas publicações estão Narciso, o Mito da Antiguidade no Ciberespaço, Do conto de fadas ao mito, as aventuras de Ulisses de Homero a Walter Benjamin.
Malena Segura Contrera
Doutora em Comunicação e Semiótica pela PUC-SP e pós-doutora em Comunicação pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Possui estágios de pesquisas junto a Universidades de Viena, Sevilha e Universidade Livre de Berlim. Professora titular do programa de pós-graduação em Comunicação e Cultura Midiática da Universidade Paulista e líder do Grupo de Pesquisas em Mídias e Estudos do Imaginário da Universidade Paulista. Integra desde 1992 o Centro Interdisciplinar em Semiótica da Cultura e da Mídia (CISC). É autora dos livros O Mito na Mídia e Mídia e Pânico, entre outros.
Encerramento
Na segunda parte do vídeo, o encerramento intitulado Balanço, silêncios e lições de casa com os palestrantes Bernd Fichtner (Universität Siegen) e Maria Conceição de Almeida (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte) e mediação de Camila Garcia.
Bernd Fichtner
Doutorado em Ciências da Educação na Universidade de Bielefeld. Bolsista do estado de Westfália de 1972 a 1974. Pesquisador colaborador na pesquisa empírica na Sociedade Alemã de Amparo à Pesquisa (DFG) e Universidade de Mannheim. Professor assistente da Cátedra de Pedagogia Geral na Universidade de Siegen. Projeto de pesquisa em colaboração com diferentes universidades europeias. Professor titular desde 1993. Professor visitante em diversas universidades brasileiras. Fundador e diretor científico do Doutorado Internacional em Educação da Universidade de Siegen.
Maria Conceição de Almeida
Antropóloga e Professora Titular da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Doutora em Ciências Sociais pela PUC-SP, Professora dos programas de pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais e Educação da UFRN, Coordenadora do Grupo de Estudos da Complexidade (GRECOM), primeiro ponto brasileiro da Cátedra itinerante Unesco Edgar Morin na UFRN. Tem diversos livros publicados.
• 50:45 Início da fala de Malena Segura Contrera
• 3:52 Início da fala de Almut Renger
• 1:44:45 Início da fala de Bernd Fichtner
• 2:02:35 Início da fala de Maria Conceição de Almeida
Mahatma Gandhi | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Mahatma Gandhi
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (; Hindustani: [ˈmoːɦəndaːs ˈkərəmtʃənd ˈɡaːndʱi] ( listen); 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was an Indian activist who was the leader of the Indian independence movement against British rule. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific Mahātmā (Sanskrit: high-souled, venerable) – applied to him first in 1914 in South Africa – is now used worldwide. In India, he is also called Bapu (Gujarati: endearment for father, papa) and Gandhi ji, and known as the Father of the Nation.Born and raised in a Hindu merchant caste family in coastal Gujarat, India, and trained in law at the Inner Temple, London, Gandhi first employed nonviolent civil disobedience as an expatriate lawyer in South Africa, in the resident Indian community's struggle for civil rights. After his return to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to protest against excessive land-tax and discrimination. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for various social causes and for achieving Swaraj or self-rule.
Gandhi led Indians in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km (250 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned for many years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India. He lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn hand-spun on a charkha. He ate simple vegetarian food, and also undertook long fasts as a means of both self-purification and political protest.
Gandhi's vision of an independent India based on religious pluralism, however, was challenged in the early 1940s by a new Muslim nationalism which was demanding a separate Muslim homeland carved out of India. Eventually, in August 1947, Britain granted independence, but the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two dominions, a Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan. As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs made their way to their new lands, religious violence broke out, especially in the Punjab and Bengal. Eschewing the official celebration of independence in Delhi, Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to provide solace. In the months following, he undertook several fasts unto death to stop religious violence. The last of these, undertaken on 12 January 1948 when he was 78, also had the indirect goal of pressuring India to pay out some cash assets owed to Pakistan. Some Indians thought Gandhi was too accommodating. Among them was Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, who assassinated Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by firing three bullets into his chest. Captured along with many of his co-conspirators and collaborators, Godse and his co-conspirator Narayan Apte were tried, convicted and executed while many of their other accomplices were given prison sentences.
Gandhi's birthday, 2 October, is commemorated in India as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and worldwide as the International Day of Nonviolence.