Blood libel | Wikipedia audio article
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Blood libel
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Blood libel (also blood accusation) is an antisemitic canard accusing Jews of kidnapping and murdering the children of Christians in order to use their blood as part of religious rituals. Historically, these claims—alongside those of well poisoning and host desecration—have been a major theme of the persecution of Jews in Europe.Blood libels typically say that Jews require human blood for the baking of matzos for Passover, although this element was allegedly absent in the earliest cases which claimed that then-contemporary Jews reenacted the crucifixion. The accusations often assert that the blood of the children of Christians is especially coveted, and, historically, blood libel claims have been made in order to account for the otherwise unexplained deaths of children. In some cases, the alleged victim of human sacrifice has become venerated as a martyr, a holy figure around whom a martyr sect might arise. Three of these – William of Norwich, Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln, and Simon of Trent – became objects of local sects and veneration, and in some cases they were added to the General Roman Calendar. One, Gavriil Belostoksky, was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.
In Jewish lore, blood libels were the impetus for the creation of the Golem of Prague by Rabbi Judah Loew ben Bezalel in the 16th century. According to Walter Laqueur:
Altogether, there have been about 150 recorded cases of blood libel (not to mention thousands of rumors) that resulted in the arrest and killing of Jews throughout history, most of them in the Middle Ages. In almost every case, Jews were murdered, sometimes by a mob, sometimes following torture and a trial.
The term 'blood libel' can also refer to any unpleasant and damaging false accusation, and it has taken on a broader metaphorical meaning. However, this usage remains controversial and it has been protested against by Jewish groups.
Scythians | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:33 1 Names and terminology
00:07:00 2 Origins
00:07:08 2.1 Literary evidence
00:08:22 2.2 Archaeology
00:10:10 3 History
00:10:19 3.1 Classical Antiquity (600 BC to AD 300)
00:13:54 3.2 Sakas of the Eastern Steppe
00:18:19 3.3 Khotan and kingdoms of the Tarim Basin
00:20:19 3.4 Indo-Scythians
00:21:13 3.5 Late Antiquity
00:23:04 4 Archaeology
00:25:03 4.1 Kurgans
00:26:29 4.2 Pazyryk culture
00:27:36 4.3 Bilsk excavations
00:28:26 4.4 Tillia Tepe treasure
00:29:36 5 Culture and society
00:29:45 5.1 Tribal divisions
00:32:52 5.2 Warfare
00:34:35 5.3 Clothing
00:38:50 5.4 Art
00:41:52 5.5 Religion
00:42:37 6 Language
00:44:12 7 Physical appearance
00:46:31 8 Historiography
00:46:40 8.1 Herodotus
00:50:04 8.2 Strabo
00:51:56 8.3 Indian sources
00:52:14 9 Genetics
00:58:22 10 Legacy
00:58:30 10.1 Early Modern usage
01:01:41 10.2 Descent claims
01:04:04 11 Related ancient peoples
01:04:14 12 See also
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Speaking Rate: 0.8892019817280178
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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The Scythians (; from Greek Σκύθης, Σκύθοι), also known as Scyth, Saka, Sakae, Sai, Iskuzai, or Askuzai, were Eurasian nomads, probably mostly using Eastern Iranian languages, who were mentioned by the literate peoples to their south as inhabiting large areas of the western and central Eurasian Steppe from about the 9th century BC up until the 4th century AD. The classical Scythians known to ancient Greek historians, agreed to be mainly Iranian in origin, were located in the northern Black Sea and fore-Caucasus region. Other Scythian groups documented by Assyrian, Achaemenid and Chinese sources show that they also existed in Central Asia, where they were referred to as the Iskuzai/Askuzai, Saka (Old Persian: Sakā; New Persian/Pashto: ساکا; Sanskrit: शक Śaka; Greek: Σάκαι; Latin: Sacae), and Sai (Chinese: 塞; Old Chinese: *sˤək), respectively.The relationships between the peoples living in these widely separated regions remains unclear, and the term is used in both a broad and narrow sense. The term Scythian is used by modern scholars in an archaeological context for finds perceived to display attributes of the wider Scytho-Siberian culture, usually without implying an ethnic or linguistic connotation. The term Scythic may also be used in a similar way, to describe a special phase that followed the widespread diffusion of mounted nomadism, characterized by the presence of special weapons, horse gear, and animal art in the form of metal plaques. Their westernmost territories during the Iron Age were known to classical Greek sources as Scythia, and in the more narrow sense Scythian is restricted to these areas, where the Scythian languages were spoken. Different definitions of Scythian have been used, leading to a good deal of confusion.The Scythians were among the earliest peoples to master mounted warfare. They kept herds of horses, cattle and sheep, lived in tent-covered wagons and fought with bows and arrows on horseback. They developed a rich culture characterised by opulent tombs, fine metalwork and a brilliant art style.
In the 8th century BC, they possibly raided Zhou China. Soon after, they expanded westwards and dislodged the Cimmerians from power on the Pontic Steppe. At their peak, Scythians came to dominate the entire steppe zone, stretching from the Carpathian Mountains in the west to central China (Ordos culture) and the south Siberia (Tagar culture) in the east, creating what has been called the first Central Asian nomadic empire, although there was little that could be called an organised state.Based in what is modern-day Ukraine, Southern European Russia and Crimea, the western Scythians were ruled by a wealthy class known as the Royal Scyths. The Scythians established and controlled the Silk Road, a vast trade networ ...
List of topics characterized as pseudoscience | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:10 1 Physical sciences
00:01:20 1.1 Astronomy and space sciences
00:07:58 1.2 Earth sciences
00:09:38 1.3 Energy
00:10:55 1.4 Physics
00:12:04 2 Applied sciences
00:12:13 2.1 Agriculture
00:13:30 2.2 Architecture
00:15:20 2.3 Finance
00:16:13 2.4 Health and medicine
00:49:19 3 Social sciences
00:49:28 3.1 Psychology
01:03:11 3.2 Racial theories
01:04:07 3.3 Sociology
01:04:50 4 Paranormal and ufology
01:08:50 5 History
01:09:47 6 Numerology
01:10:34 7 Religious and spiritual beliefs
01:12:07 7.1 Creation science
01:14:21 7.2 Scientology
01:15:57 7.3 Other
01:16:35 8 Consumer products
01:17:20 9 Idiosyncratic ideas
01:19:53 10 See also
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There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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This is a list of topics that have, at one point or another in their history, been characterized as pseudoscience by academics or researchers. Discussion about these topics is done on their main pages. These characterizations were made in the context of educating the public about questionable or potentially fraudulent or dangerous claims and practices—efforts to define the nature of science, or humorous parodies of poor scientific reasoning.
Criticism of pseudoscience, generally by the scientific community or skeptical organizations, involves critiques of the logical, methodological, or rhetorical bases of the topic in question. Though some of the listed topics continue to be investigated scientifically, others were only subject to scientific research in the past, and today are considered refuted but resurrected in a pseudoscientific fashion. Other ideas presented here are entirely non-scientific, but have in one way or another impinged on scientific domains or practices.
Many adherents or practitioners of the topics listed here dispute their characterization as pseudoscience. Each section here summarizes the alleged pseudoscientific aspects of that topic.