Jersey War Tunnels - German Underground Hospital (Pt. 1)
Jersey War Tunnels is no ordinary attraction; it is a spine-chilling reminder of a dark time in Jersey’s history.
During World War II, the Crown left Jersey defenceless and the Island became occupied by German forces. Jersey War Tunnels are a product of five long years of Occupation; they bore witness to the particular cruelty of the Nazi regime.
Dug deep into the hillside by forced and slave workers from nations across Europe, the extraordinary tunnels run over 1km in length. They now contain an underground collection of thought provoking galleries that detail Jersey’s occupation history from resistance, through to starvation, and then eventual liberation.
You’ll never believe this happened on British soil. See it, feel it, believe it, at Jersey War Tunnels.
Jersey War Tunnels - German Underground Hospital (Pt. 2)
Jersey War Tunnels is no ordinary attraction; it is a spine-chilling reminder of a dark time in Jersey’s history.
During World War II, the Crown left Jersey defenceless and the Island became occupied by German forces. Jersey War Tunnels are a product of five long years of Occupation; they bore witness to the particular cruelty of the Nazi regime.
Dug deep into the hillside by forced and slave workers from nations across Europe, the extraordinary tunnels run over 1km in length. They now contain an underground collection of thought provoking galleries that detail Jersey’s occupation history from resistance, through to starvation, and then eventual liberation.
You’ll never believe this happened on British soil. See it, feel it, believe it, at Jersey War Tunnels.
Jersey War Tunnels
With 2 ladies who lived through the bombing in the Midlands. Jersey Tunnels are a poignant reminder of what the Islanders went through. No silly music used - this record is as we saw it. Sorry about the shaky video, I saw it through too.
Outside Jersey War Tunnels St Lawrence Jersey October 2015
Jersey War Tunnels
Jersey War Tunnels is no ordinary attraction; it is a spine-chilling reminder of a dark time in Jersey's history.
Bus to Jersey War Tunnels in St Lawrence October 2015
Jersey War Tunnels Part 5 St Lawrence Jersey October 2015
Jersey War Tunnels
This was an afternoon visit on my weeks holiday to the island at the end of june
Jersey War Tunnels (19/09/17)
A Couple of Caballeros visit the Jersey War Tunnels including the 'War Trail'.
Jersey War Tunnels take a look inside
Jersey War Tunnels Shot with GoPro 3 Black Edition.
This is an amazing place, take a walk around with me.
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Jersey Vacation Travel Guide | Expedia
Jersey – Steeped in history and laced with cliffside walking trails, welcome to the largest of the Channel Islands. Don’t miss the top spots to check out in Jersey.
When ready, browse vacation packages to Jersey:
#Jersey is compact, making it easy to explore while on #vacation here. Country lanes and walking trails lace the island, ensuring Jersey’s attractions are never far away.
#Explore picture-perfect capital, St. Helier. Each of Jersey’s four coastlines has its own distinctive personality. #Visit La Hougue Bie, one of the world’s oldest buildings, and the port of Gorey, with its iconic medieval castle. The North Coast Path offers some of the island’s most dramatic views. At St. Ouen’s Bay, surfers will find some of the island’s best waves and history buffs can explore the Channel Islands Military Museum.
If you’re looking for history, adventure, incredible food, and total relaxation, Jersey weaves it all together into something truly magical. It’s not quite British and it’s not quite French, but Jersey is 100% unique.
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Report on ESP / Cops and Robbers / The Legend of Jimmy Blue Eyes
Extrasensory perception (ESP) involves reception of information not gained through the recognized physical senses but sensed with the mind. The term was adopted by Duke University psychologist J. B. Rhine to denote psychic abilities such as telepathy, clairaudience, and clairvoyance, and their trans-temporal operation as precognition or retrocognition. ESP is also sometimes casually referred to as a sixth sense, gut instinct or hunch, which are historical English idioms. It is also sometimes referred to as intuition. The term implies acquisition of information by means external to the basic limiting assumptions of science, such as that organisms can only receive information from the past to the present.
Parapsychology is the pseudoscientific[1] study of paranormal psychic phenomena, including ESP. Parapsychologists generally regard such tests as the ganzfeld experiment as providing compelling evidence for the existence of ESP. The scientific community rejects ESP due to the absence of an evidence base, the lack of a theory which would explain ESP, and the lack of experimental techniques which can provide reliably positive results.
Vincent Jimmy Blue Eyes Alo (May 26, 1904 -- March 9, 2001) was a New York mobster and member of the Genovese crime family who set up casino operations with mob associate Meyer Lansky in Florida and Cuba.
San Francisco | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
San Francisco
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
San Francisco (SF; ; Spanish for 'Saint Francis'; Spanish: [ˈsãɱ fɾãnˈsisko]), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. San Francisco is the 13th most populous city in the United States, and the 4th most populous in California, with 884,363 residents as of 2017. It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles (121.4 km2), mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area, making it the second most densely populated large US city, and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county, behind only four of the five New York City boroughs. San Francisco is also part of the fifth most populous primary statistical area in the United States, the San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area (8.8 million residents).
As of 2017, it was the 7th highest-income county in the United States, with a per capita personal income of $119,868. The San Francisco CSA was the country's 3rd largest urban economy as of 2017, with a GDP of $878 billion. Of the 574 primary statistical areas in the US, the San Francisco CSA had the highest GDP per capita in 2017, at $99,347 per capita. San Francisco was ranked 14th in the world and third in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2018.San Francisco was founded on June 29, 1776, when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away, all named for St. Francis of Assisi. The California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856. San Francisco's status as the West Coast's largest city peaked between 1870 and 1900, when around 25% of California's population resided in the city. After three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a major port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. It then became the birthplace of the United Nations in 1945. After the war, the confluence of returning servicemen, significant immigration, liberalizing attitudes, along with the rise of the hippie counterculture, the Sexual Revolution, the Peace Movement growing from opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War, and other factors led to the Summer of Love and the gay rights movement, cementing San Francisco as a center of liberal activism in the United States. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines.
A popular tourist destination, San Francisco is known for its cool summers, fog, steep rolling hills, eclectic mix of architecture, and landmarks, including the Golden Gate Bridge, cable cars, the former Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary, Fisherman's Wharf, and its Chinatown district. San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co., Gap Inc., Fitbit, Salesforce.com, Dropbox, Reddit, Square, Inc., Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, Craigslist, and Weather Underground. It is home to a number of educational and cultural institutions, such as the University of San Francisco (USF), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco State University (SFSU), the De Young Museum, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and the California Academy of Sciences.
As of 2018, San Francisco is the highest rated American city on world liveability rankings.
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Rochester, New York | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:29 1 History
00:11:03 2 Geography
00:15:12 2.1 Climate
00:16:10 3 Demographics
00:20:28 3.1 Religion
00:21:41 4 Crime
00:22:54 5 Economy
00:24:00 5.1 High technology
00:25:49 5.2 Food and beverage
00:27:47 5.2.1 Breweries
00:28:19 5.3 Major shopping centers
00:28:35 5.3.1 Former shopping centers
00:29:11 5.4 Tallest buildings
00:29:27 5.5 Companies
00:31:06 6 Government
00:32:00 6.1 Neighborhood Service Centers
00:33:33 6.2 Representation at other levels of government
00:33:44 6.2.1 Representation at the federal level
00:34:20 6.2.2 Representation at the state level
00:34:30 6.2.2.1 New York State Senate
00:34:48 6.2.2.2 New York State Assembly
00:35:08 6.2.2.3 Courts
00:35:29 6.2.3 Representation at the county level
00:35:50 7 Fire department
00:37:22 8 Cityscape
00:37:32 8.1 Principal suburbs
00:38:09 8.2 Neighborhoods
00:39:14 8.2.1 Browncroft
00:39:51 8.2.2 14621 community
00:41:32 8.2.3 Lyell-Otis
00:42:32 8.2.4 19th Ward
00:45:47 8.2.5 Charlotte
00:46:57 8.2.6 Corn Hill
00:48:17 8.2.7 Upper Monroe
00:49:36 8.2.8 East End
00:50:11 8.2.9 Maplewood
00:50:59 8.2.10 North Winton Village
00:53:17 8.2.11 Park Avenue and the Neighborhood of the Arts
00:54:12 8.2.12 Plymouth-Exchange
00:54:43 8.2.13 South Wedge
00:55:51 8.2.14 Susan B. Anthony Neighborhood
00:57:13 8.2.15 Swillburg
00:57:59 8.2.16 Marketview Heights
00:58:29 8.2.17 Homestead Heights
00:59:16 9 Education
01:00:23 9.1 Colleges and universities
01:01:20 9.1.1 University of Rochester
01:02:24 9.1.2 Former colleges
01:03:43 9.2 Secondary education
01:05:03 10 Culture and recreation
01:06:09 10.1 Nightlife
01:08:42 10.2 Park lands
01:10:01 10.3 Festivals
01:12:03 10.4 Media
01:12:57 10.5 Points of interest
01:15:15 10.6 Sports
01:15:42 10.6.1 Professional sports
01:16:38 10.6.2 College sports
01:18:13 11 Transportation
01:18:23 11.1 Maritime transport
01:20:58 11.2 Air transport
01:22:23 11.3 Rails and mass transit
01:27:27 11.4 Major highways and roads
01:29:40 11.5 Later expressway proposals
01:35:36 12 Notable people
01:36:37 13 Sister cities
01:37:08 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7713684328451403
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Rochester () is a city on the southern shore of Lake Ontario in western New York. With a population of 208,046 residents, Rochester is the seat of Monroe County and the third most populous city in New York state, after New York City and Buffalo. The metropolitan area has a population of just over 1 million people. It is about 73 miles (117 km) east of Buffalo and 87 miles (140 km) west of Syracuse.
Rochester was one of America's first boomtowns, initially due to the fertile Genesee River Valley, which gave rise to numerous flour mills, and then as a manufacturing hub. Several of the region's universities (notably the University of Rochester and Rochester Institute of Technology) have renowned research programs. Rochester is the site of many important inventions and innovations in consumer products. The Rochester area has been the birthplace to Kodak, Western Union, French's, Bausch & Lomb, Gleason and Xerox, which conduct extensive research and manufacturing of industrial and consumer products. Until 2010, the Rochester metropolitan area was the second-largest regional economy in New York State, after the New York City metropolitan area. Rochester's GMP has since ranked just below Buffalo, New York, while exceeding it in per-capita income.The 25th edition of the Places Rated Almanac rated Rochester as the most livable city in 2007, among 379 U.S. metropolitan areas. In 2010, Forbes rated Rochester as the third-best place to raise a family in the United States. In 2012, Kiplinger rated Rochester as the fifth-best city in the United States for families, citing low cost of living, top public schools, and a low jobless rate.Rochester is a Globa ...
[영국령 채널제도]저지여행 가이드-익스피디아
영국 해협에서 약 160km, 프랑스 해협에서는 불과 22km 거리에 있는 저지는 채널 제도에서 가장 큰 섬입니다. 영국의 왕실령이자, 자치령인 저지는 영국적인 분위기와 프랑스 특유의 매력이 함께 어우러져 있죠.
#채널제도가볼만한곳
길이는 약 14km에 너비는 약 8km로 아주 작지만, 저지는 그 크기를 훨씬 뛰어넘는 역사와 자연환경 그리고 이곳만의 특징을 가지고 있습니다. 저지와 역사는 떼려야 뗄 수 없는 관계인데요. 신석기 시대의 유물은 피라미드보다 그 역사가 오래되었고, 수백 년에 걸친 해안 방어 시설은 마치 어제 버려진 것처럼 온전한 모습을 간직하고 있어요. 저지의 해안 지대 역시 엄청납니다. 조수 간만의 차가 매우 커서 이곳을 깔끔하게 청소해주죠. 매일 두 차례 썰물이 되면 수평선으로 길게 뻗어 나가는 수 킬로미터의 금빛 해변과 바위틈 웅덩이가 모습을 드러냅니다. 저지의 주도인 세인트 헬리어는 저지를 특별하게 만드는 모든 것을 아우르고 있어요. 역사, 신선하고 맛있는 농산물, 면세 쇼핑 그리고 그림같이 아름다운 풍경까지 말이죠. 세인트 헬리어에 나 있는 길 곳곳에는 역사의 흔적이 남아 있습니다.
저지 민병대원의 징을 박은 부츠와 저지 전쟁에서 프랑스군을 물리친 영국군을 비롯해, 1940년부터 1945년 해방까지 이곳을 점령했던 25,000여 명의 독일군이 남긴 목이 긴 군화 등 수많은 역사가 있죠. 저지의 얽히고설킨 역사의 실타래를 이해하는 것은 다소 벅찰 수 있습니다. 섬 탐험을 떠나기 전에 저지 박물관에 들러 한두 시간 정도 관람하는 것을 추천해요.
역사 공부 중 재미를 더하고 싶다면, 뉴 노스 키에 있는 해양박물관을 방문해 파도와 선박, 선원과 더불어 이 섬을 만들어 낸 전설에 대해 알아보세요. 바로 옆에 있는 오큐페이션 태피스트리 갤러리에는 현지인들이 제2차 세계대전에서 겪은 이야기를 담은 혁신적인 입체 모형이 있습니다. 저지섬 해방 50주년을 기념하기 위한 작품이죠.
역사에 대해 배우면서 휴식을 취하고, 맛있는 음식을 먹고, 쇼핑을 즐길 수 있는 곳이 아주 많습니다. 킹 스트리트를 거닐며 고가의 쇼핑을 즐기셔도 좋고, 센트럴 마켓에서 농산물을 구경하며 소소한 즐거움을 느껴보셔도 좋아요. 농산물의 품질과 맛이 뛰어나 '저지'를 얘기하면 농산물을 떠올릴 정도예요. 마을을 둘러본 후에는 편안하게 앉아 썰물이 되는 바다를 감상하다가 세인트 오빈스 베이를 가로질러 엘리자베스 성을 방문해 보세요. 흉벽을 따라 거닐면서 화약 냄새를 맡다 보면 어느새 밀물이 들어올 거예요.
언제든지 차밍 베티를 타고 해안으로 돌아갈 수 있죠. 저지는 여행을 다니기에 안성맞춤인 자그마한 섬입니다. 지역 도로와 산책로 덕분에 이 섬의 풍경과 관광 명소, 예상치 못하게 만날 수 있는 것들을 보다 가까이에서 감상하실 수 있어요. 작은 어촌과 만, 해변을 연결하며 끝없이 이어지는 해안길을 따라 버스를 타거나 차를 빌려 운전하는 것도 좋고 거닐어 보는 것도 좋아요.
세인트 헬리어에서 동쪽으로 가면 그루빌 교구가 나오는데요. 이곳에는 6,000년의 역사를 자랑하는 라 우그 비가 있습니다. 전 세계에서 오래된 건물로는 10위 안에 들죠. 역사가 저지섬 전체를 아우르고 있는 것처럼 이곳에도 역사가 겹겹이 쌓여 있죠. 12세기부터 16세기 사이 이 묘지터 위에 중세 시대 예배당이 세워졌습니다.
근처 언덕에는 독일군 벙커가 있는데요. 이곳은 현재 독일군 방어 시설을 짓기 위해 저지섬으로 끌려온 수천 명의 강제 노동자들을 기리는 현대 박물관으로 활용되고 있습니다. 근처에 있는 지질학 및 고고학 박물관에서 저지섬의 신석기 시대와 켈트 및 로마 시대에 대해 배워 보고 땅에서 발굴된 금화 한 더미와 고대 유물도 감상해 보세요. 차를 타고 이 조용한 지역을 가로질러 10분간 달리면 저지섬의 3대 항구 중 하나인 고리가 나옵니다. 이곳에는 굳센 중세시대의 그림자를 드리우는 성이 있습니다. 바로 몽토르고이 성이죠.
13세기 초에 지어진 이 성은 1600년대 후반 엘리자베스 성이 그 역할을 대신하기 전까지 프랑스와의 주기적인 전쟁에서 영국군의 첫 번째 방어선으로 활용되었습니다. 구불구불 나 있는 복도와 계단, 터널에서 길을 잃고 거닐다 보면 어느새 '죽음의 무도', '계보'와 같은 예술품을 만나실 수 있어요. 저지섬에 있는 해안 지대 4곳은 독특한 개성을 지니고 있습니다. 북쪽 해안길 몇 군데는 꼭 거닐어 보세요. 해안길 주변으로 과거 해안 유적과 들꽃이 가득한 절벽이 있어 저지섬에서 가장 아름다운 전망을 감상하실 수 있죠. 길을 따라가다 보면 옛 밀수업자의 작은 만인 불리 베이를 만나게 됩니다.
지금 이 해변은 스쿠어 다이버들에게 인기가 좋고 소렐 포인트처럼 바람이 휘몰아치는 높은 지대도 있죠. 아이들과 함께 여행하고 있다면 아늑한 그레브 데 레크에서 휴식을 취해 보세요. 랍스터와 게를 잡는 어부들이 오가는 곳이에요. 썰물로 바다가 바닥을 보일 때 한적한 백사장이 있는 플레몬트 해변으로 내려가 바위 웅덩이나 숨겨진 동굴을 탐험해 보세요. 분위기 있는 그로스네즈 성 유적이 보인다면 북쪽 해안의 다다른 것이에요. 이곳에서 또 다른 자연경관이 펼쳐지죠. 서쪽 해안을 따라 남쪽으로 가면 바위투성이 언덕과 수많은 들판이 점차 사라지고 따뜻한 백사장과 유럽 최고의 서핑지인 생투앙 베이를 만날 수 있습니다. 생투앙에는 히틀러가 건설을 명령한 약 3,218m의 대서양 방어 방벽 시스템의 일부였던 거대한 방조벽이 남아 있어요. 이곳에서 채널 제도 군사 박물관을 찾으실 수 있어요. 군인과 민간인 유물이 가득한 벙커 단지로, 5년의 점령 기간 속에 녹아 있는 저지섬의 이야기와 영국군에게 버려져 혼자 힘으로 살아가야 했던 41,000명의 섬사람이 겪은 고난을 말해주는 곳입니다.
남쪽 해안으로 다시 돌아가 만날 수 있는 세인트 브레레이드의 아늑한 백사장은 모래성 쌓기를 좋아하는 가족들에게 인기 만점입니다. 여기서부터 1.6km 떨어진 곳에는 중세 예배당의 초석이 되었던 세인트 브레레이드 교회가 있습니다.
내려오는 전설에 따르면 이곳 요정들이 공사 때문에 너무 화가 나서 인부들이 알아차릴 때까지 매일 밤 해안가로 돌을 옮겼다고 해요. 교회 바로 근처에 있는 누아르몽 포인트에서 옛 독일군 지휘벙커를 구경해 보세요. 실컷 구경한 뒤 계단을 내려가면 보이는 포테렛 해변과 작은 섬 얀브린스 툼을 감상하는 것도 좋아요. 세인트 헬리어로 돌아가는 길에 세인트 오빈에 잠시 들러 아이스크림을 먹으면서 방벽을 거닐어 보는 것도 좋습니다. 썰물이 되어 보트가 물 밖으로 나올 때 항구를 가로질러 세인트 오빈스 요새로 가 보세요.
해안가에서 저지 최고의 경관을 감상하실 수 있고, 섬 안에서도 다양한 활동을 즐기실 수 있어요. 성 로렌스의 우거진 숲 깊은 곳으로 들어가 저지 전쟁 터널에서 저지섬의 전쟁 당시로 시간 여행을 떠나 보세요. 이곳은 섬을 침범한 수많은 독일군이 주둔한 지하 공간 중 하나였습니다. 한때 치료 센터로 활용되었지만 오늘날 이 0.8km 길이의 터널에는 전쟁 시 사용되었던 유물들이 멋지게 전시되어 있습니다. 햄톤 농촌생활박물관에서 길을 따라 거닐며 한가로운 생활로 돌아가 보세요.
팰럿 스팀 앤 모터 박물관에서는 과거의 물건들이 활기를 되찾는데요. 저지섬의 기계 유산이 사람들의 사랑을 받으며 보존되어 있죠. 차를 타고 10분간 달리면 저지 동물원을 만날 수 있어요. 이 동물원은 50년 넘게 멸종 위기종을 구조해왔습니다. 역사를 배우고, 모험을 떠나고, 맛있는 음식을 먹고, 완벽한 휴식을 취하고 싶으세요? 저지에서는 이 모든 것들이 마법처럼 이루어집니다. 영국 같지도 않고, 프랑스 같지도 않지만 저지만의 특별함을 100% 느껴보세요.
Television in the United States | Wikipedia audio article
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Television in the United States
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Television is one of the major mass media of the United States. As of 2011, household ownership of television sets in the country is 96.7%, with approximately 114,200,000 American households owning at least one television set as of August 2013. The majority of households have more than one set. The peak ownership percentage of households with at least one television set occurred during the 1996–97 season, with 98.4% ownership.As a whole, the television networks that broadcast in the United States are the largest and most distributed in the world, and programs produced specifically for U.S.-based networks are the most widely syndicated internationally. Due to a recent surge in the number and popularity of critically acclaimed television series during the 2000s and the 2010s to date, many critics have said that American television is currently undergoing a modern golden age.
Manhattan Engineer District | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:06 1 Origins
00:09:00 2 Feasibility
00:09:09 2.1 Proposals
00:11:38 2.2 Bomb design concepts
00:15:51 3 Organization
00:16:00 3.1 Manhattan District
00:19:39 3.2 Military Policy Committee
00:23:26 3.3 Collaboration with the United Kingdom
00:31:44 4 Project sites
00:31:54 4.1 Oak Ridge
00:35:10 4.2 Los Alamos
00:38:50 4.3 Chicago
00:41:23 4.4 Hanford
00:44:47 4.5 Canadian sites
00:44:57 4.5.1 British Columbia
00:46:15 4.5.2 Ontario
00:47:36 4.5.3 Northwest Territories
00:47:51 4.6 Heavy water sites
00:49:18 5 Uranium
00:49:28 5.1 Ore
00:53:05 5.2 Isotope separation
00:54:02 5.2.1 Centrifuges
00:56:05 5.2.2 Electromagnetic separation
01:02:00 5.2.3 Gaseous diffusion
01:06:24 5.2.4 Thermal diffusion
01:10:41 5.3 Aggregate U-235 production
01:11:15 6 Plutonium
01:12:10 6.1 X-10 Graphite Reactor
01:14:41 6.2 Hanford reactors
01:18:54 6.3 Separation process
01:23:02 6.4 Weapon design
01:30:58 6.5 Trinity
01:35:55 7 Personnel
01:39:48 8 Secrecy
01:43:00 8.1 Censorship
01:45:19 8.2 Soviet spies
01:47:22 9 Foreign intelligence
01:50:45 10 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
01:50:56 10.1 Preparations
01:55:08 10.2 Bombings
02:01:42 11 After the war
02:08:04 12 Cost
02:09:28 13 Legacy
02:13:41 14 Notes
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Speaking Rate: 0.8747626991861721
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Nuclear physicist Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory that designed the actual bombs. The Army component of the project was designated the Manhattan District; Manhattan gradually superseded the official codename, Development of Substitute Materials, for the entire project. Along the way, the project absorbed its earlier British counterpart, Tube Alloys. The Manhattan Project began modestly in 1939, but grew to employ more than 130,000 people and cost nearly US$2 billion (about $23 billion in 2018 dollars). Over 90% of the cost was for building factories and to produce fissile material, with less than 10% for development and production of the weapons. Research and production took place at more than 30 sites across the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada.
Two types of atomic bombs were developed concurrently during the war: a relatively simple gun-type fission weapon and a more complex implosion-type nuclear weapon. The Thin Man gun-type design proved impractical to use with plutonium, and therefore a simpler gun-type called Little Boy was developed that used uranium-235, an isotope that makes up only 0.7 percent of natural uranium. Chemically identical to the most common isotope, uranium-238, and with almost the same mass, it proved difficult to separate the two. Three methods were employed for uranium enrichment: electromagnetic, gaseous and thermal. Most of this work was performed at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
In parallel with the work on uranium was an effort to produce plutonium. After the feasibility of the world's first artificial nuclear reactor was demonstrated in Chicago at the Metallurgical Laboratory, it designed the X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge and the production reactors in Hanford, Washington, in which uranium was irradiated and transmuted into plutonium. The plutonium was then chemically separated from the uranium, using the bismuth phosphate process. The Fat Man plutonium implosion-type weapon was developed in a concerted design and development effort by the Los Alamos Laboratory.
The project was also charged with gathering intelligence on the German nuclear w ...
Auburn Coach Wife Kristi Malzahn Agrees with Match & eHarmony: Men are Jerks
My advice is this: Settle! That's right. Don't worry about passion or intense connection. Don't nix a guy based on his annoying habit of yelling Bravo! in movie theaters. Overlook his halitosis or abysmal sense of aesthetics. Because if you want to have the infrastructure in place to have a family, settling is the way to go. Based on my observations, in fact, settling will probably make you happier in the long run, since many of those who marry with great expectations become more disillusioned with each passing year. (It's hard to maintain that level of zing when the conversation morphs into discussions about who's changing the diapers or balancing the checkbook.)
Obviously, I wasn't always an advocate of settling. In fact, it took not settling to make me realize that settling is the better option, and even though settling is a rampant phenomenon, talking about it in a positive light makes people profoundly uncomfortable. Whenever I make the case for settling, people look at me with creased brows of disapproval or frowns of disappointment, the way a child might look at an older sibling who just informed her that Jerry's Kids aren't going to walk, even if you send them money. It's not only politically incorrect to get behind settling, it's downright un-American. Our culture tells us to keep our eyes on the prize (while our mothers, who know better, tell us not to be so picky), and the theme of holding out for true love (whatever that is—look at the divorce rate) permeates our collective mentality.
Even situation comedies, starting in the 1970s with The Mary Tyler Moore Show and going all the way to Friends, feature endearing single women in the dating trenches, and there's supposed to be something romantic and even heroic about their search for true love. Of course, the crucial difference is that, whereas the earlier series begins after Mary has been jilted by her fiancé, the more modern-day Friends opens as Rachel Green leaves her nice-guy orthodontist fiancé at the altar simply because she isn't feeling it. But either way, in episode after episode, as both women continue to be unlucky in love, settling starts to look pretty darn appealing. Mary is supposed to be contentedly independent and fulfilled by her newsroom family, but in fact her life seems lonely. Are we to assume that at the end of the series, Mary, by then in her late 30s, found her soul mate after the lights in the newsroom went out and her work family was disbanded? If her experience was anything like mine or that of my single friends, it's unlikely.
And while Rachel and her supposed soul mate, Ross, finally get together (for the umpteenth time) in the finale of Friends, do we feel confident that she'll be happier with Ross than she would have been had she settled down with Barry, the orthodontist, 10 years earlier? She and Ross have passion but have never had long-term stability, and the fireworks she experiences with him but not with Barry might actually turn out to be a liability, given how many times their relationship has already gone up in flames. It's equally questionable whether Sex and the City's Carrie Bradshaw, who cheated on her kindhearted and generous boyfriend, Aidan, only to end up with the more exciting but self-absorbed Mr. Big, will be better off in the framework of marriage and family. (Some time after the breakup, when Carrie ran into Aidan on the street, he was carrying his infant in a Baby Björn. Can anyone imagine Mr. Big walking around with a Björn?)