Kurt Eisner Denkmal auf dem Oberanger, München
Am 30.05.2011 Mai wurde ein Denkmal der Münchner Künstlerin Rotraut Fischer für den ermordeten Gründer des Freistaates Bayern und Bayerischen Ministerpräsidenten Kurt Eisner (1867 - 1919) auf dem Oberanger, München vorgestellt. In einem Wettbewerb hatte sich 2009 die durchsichtige Skulptur mit blauer Schrift auf grünlichem Glas durchgesetzt. Die Inschrift lautet: Jedes Menschenleben soll heilig sein und ist ein Zitat aus Eisners Aufruf an die Münchner Bevölkerung am 7. November 1918. Das Denkmal soll nachts von innen leuchten.. Video von ganz-muenchen.de
Bilder von der Volksbewegung in München (1919)
Filmato che documenta la rivoluzione di Monaco del 1919.
Freikorps Epp 1919 in Farbe
aus Wikipedia: Anfang 1919 bekam Epp vom Reichswehrminister Gustav Noske den Auftrag zur Bildung eines bayerischen Freikorps für den Grenzschutz Ost. Das Freikorps Epp wurde im thüringischen Ohrdruf gegründet, weil die bayerische Regierung unter Ministerpräsident Kurt Eisner zuvor die Grenzschutzwerbung durch die Reichsregierung verboten hatte. Das Freikorps war mit seinen 700 Mann im April und Mai 1919 zusammen mit anderen „weißen Einheiten an der blutigen Niederschlagung der Münchner Räterepublik beteiligt. Danach wurde Epp mit seinem Freikorps in die neue Reichswehr übernommen. Das Freikorps bildete den Grundstock der (bayerischen) Schützenbrigade 21, deren Kommandeur Epp wurde. Außerdem waren ihm die Stadtpolizei, die Einwohnerwehren und die Technische Nothilfe unterstellt worden. Während des Kapp-Putsches 1920 sorgte Epp in Bayern zusammen mit dem Leiter der rechtsradikalen Einwohnerwehren Georg Escherich und dem Münchner Polizeichef Ernst Pöhner für den Sturz der sozialdemokratischen Regierung Hoffmann und für die Einsetzung der rechtsgerichteten bürgerlichen Regierung von Kahr. Im April des gleichen Jahres wurde das bayerische Freikorps Epp beim Ruhraufstand gegen die Rote Ruhrarmee eingesetzt. Anfang 1921 erhielt Epp das Kommando über die (bayerische) 7. Division; sein Stabschef wurde der Hauptmann Ernst Röhm, der in der Feldmeisterei für die Verwaltung der Waffen zuständig war und die Wehrverbände illegal mit Waffen versorgte. Durch Röhm lernte Epp Adolf Hitler kennen. Wie Röhm waren führende Nationalsozialisten Bayerns wie Hans Frank, Rudolf Heß und die Brüder Gregor und Otto Strasser zuvor Angehörige des Freikorps Epp gewesen. For his war service, he received a large number of medals, the Pour le Mérite (29 May 1918) being the most prominent. He was also knighted, being made Ritter von Epp on 25 February 1918, and received the Bavarian Militär-Max Joseph-Orden (23 June 1916). After the end of the war he formed the Freikorps Epp, a right-wing paramilitary formation mostly made up of war veterans, of which future leader of the SA Ernst Röhm, was a member.[2] It took part in the crushing of the Bavarian Soviet Republic in Munich, being responsible for various massacres. He joined the Reichswehr and was promoted to Generalmajor in 1922. He took his leave from the German army after getting involved with right-wing associations in 1923.
Graffiti-Denkmal für Georg Elser
Die Streetart-Künstler WonABC und Loomit gestalten zu Ehren des NS-Widerstandskämpfers Georg Elser die 23 Meter hohe Hausfassade einer Stadtsparkasse München Filiale. Die Stadtsparkasse München hat sich finanziell für die Realisierung beteiligt und die Wand zur Verfügung gestellt..
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Catholic Church and Nazi Germany | Wikipedia audio article
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Catholic Church and Nazi Germany
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SUMMARY
=======
Popes Pius XI (1922–39) and Pius XII (1939–58) led the Roman Catholic Church through the rise and fall of Nazi Germany. Around a third of Germans were Catholic in the 1930s. The Church in Germany had spoken against the rise of Nazism, but the Catholic aligned Centre Party capitulated in 1933 and was banned. In the various 1933 elections the percentage of Catholics voting for the Nazis party was remarkably lower than the average. Nazi key ideologue Alfred Rosenberg was banned on the index of the Inquisition, presided by later pope Pius XII. Adolf Hitler and several key Nazis had been raised Catholic, but became hostile to the Church in adulthood. While Article 24 of the NSDAP party platform called for conditional toleration of Christian denominations and the 1933 Reichskonkordat treaty with the Vatican purported to guarantee religious freedom for Catholics, the Nazis were essentially hostile to Christianity and the Catholic Church faced persecution in Nazi Germany. Its press, schools and youth organisations were closed, much property confiscated and around one third of its clergy faced reprisals from authorities. Catholic lay leaders were targeted in the Night of the Long Knives purge. The Church hierarchy attempted to co-operate with the new government, but in 1937, the Papal Encyclical Mit brennender Sorge accused the government of fundamental hostility to the church.
Among the most courageous demonstrations of opposition inside Germany were the 1941 sermons of Bishop August von Galen of Münster. Nevertheless, wrote Alan Bullock [n]either the Catholic Church nor the Evangelical Church... as institutions, felt it possible to take up an attitude of open opposition to the regime. In every country under German occupation, priests played a major part in rescuing Jews, but Catholic resistance to mistreatment of Jews in Germany was generally limited to fragmented and largely individual efforts. Mary Fulbrook wrote that when politics encroached on the church, Catholics were prepared to resist, but that the record was otherwise patchy and uneven, and that, with notable exceptions, it seems that, for many Germans, adherence to the Christian faith proved compatible with at least passive acquiescence in, if not active support for, the Nazi dictatorship.Catholics fought on both sides in the Second World War. Hitler's invasion of predominantly Catholic Poland ignited the conflict in 1939. Here, especially in the areas of Poland annexed to the Reich—as in other annexed regions of Slovenia and Austria—Nazi persecution of the church was intense. Many clergy were targeted for extermination. Through his links to the German Resistance, Pope Pius XII warned the Allies of the planned Nazi invasion of the Low Countries in 1940. From that year, the Nazis gathered priest-dissidents in a dedicated clergy barracks at Dachau, where 95 percent of its 2,720 inmates were Catholic (mostly Poles, and 411 Germans) and 1,034 priests died there. Expropriation of church properties surged from 1941.
The Vatican, surrounded by Fascist Italy, was officially neutral during the war, but used diplomacy to aid victims and lobby for peace. Vatican Radio and other media spoke out against atrocities. While Nazi antisemitism embraced modern pseudo-scientific racial principles, ancient antipathies between Christianity and Judaism contributed to European antisemitism. During the Nazi era, the church rescued many thousands of Jews by issuing false documents, lobbying Axis officials, hiding them in monasteries, convents, schools and elsewhere; including in the Vatican and papal residence at Castel Gandolfo. The Pope's role during this period is contested. The Reich Security Main Office called Pius XII a mouthpiece of the Jews. His first encyclical, Summi Pontificatus, called the invasion of Poland an hour of darkness, his 1942 Christmas address denounced race murders and his Mystici corporis Christi encyclical (1943) denounc ...
Eisner - Shithole
Eisner
is a munich based Acid-Trash-Band
Shithole is written by Reinhard Eggersdorfer and Patrick Deyda
Munich | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Munich
00:03:42 1 History
00:03:51 1.1 Origin as medieval town
00:05:20 1.2 Capital of reunited Bavaria
00:07:41 1.3 World War I to World War II
00:10:20 1.4 Postwar
00:12:37 2 Geography
00:12:46 2.1 Topography
00:13:39 2.2 Climate
00:15:12 3 Demographics
00:15:48 3.1 Immigration
00:16:49 3.2 Religion
00:17:42 4 Politics
00:18:50 5 Subdivisions
00:19:55 6 Architecture
00:20:25 6.1 Inner city
00:23:08 6.2 Royal avenues and squares
00:25:28 6.3 Other boroughs
00:29:13 6.4 Parks
00:31:16 7 Sports
00:31:25 7.1 Football
00:31:57 7.2 Basketball
00:32:20 7.3 Ice hockey
00:32:33 7.4 Olympics
00:33:12 7.5 Road Running
00:33:37 7.6 Swimming
00:34:18 7.7 River surfing
00:34:55 8 Culture
00:35:04 8.1 Language
00:35:31 8.2 Museums
00:38:16 8.3 Arts and literature
00:48:19 8.4 Markets
00:48:59 8.5 Hofbräuhaus and Oktoberfest
00:50:08 8.6 Culinary specialities
00:50:38 8.7 Beers and breweries
00:53:30 8.8 Circus
00:53:50 8.9 Nightlife
00:58:04 9 Education
00:58:13 9.1 Colleges and universities
01:00:57 9.2 Primary and secondary schools
01:02:27 10 Scientific research institutions
01:02:38 10.1 Max Planck Society
01:03:55 10.2 Fraunhofer Society
01:04:33 10.3 Other research institutes
01:05:03 11 Economy
01:05:54 11.1 Manufacturing
01:07:07 11.2 Finance
01:07:31 11.3 Media
01:08:17 11.4 Top 10 largest companies in Munich (2016)
01:08:28 12 Transport
01:08:45 12.1 Munich International Airport
01:10:06 12.2 Other airports
01:11:05 12.3 München Hauptbahnhof
01:12:42 12.4 Public transportation
01:14:37 12.4.1 Munich Public Transportation Statistics
01:15:21 12.5 Individual transportation
01:16:34 12.6 Cycling
01:17:27 13 Around Munich
01:17:36 13.1 Nearby towns
01:18:11 13.2 Recreation
01:18:43 14 International relations
01:19:24 15 Famous people
01:19:33 15.1 Born in Munich
01:19:42 15.2 Notable residents
01:19:50 16 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Munich (; German: München [ˈmʏnçn̩] (listen); Austro-Bavarian: Minga [ˈmɪŋ(ː)ɐ]) is the capital and most populous city of the second most populous German federal state of Bavaria, and, with a population of around 1.5 million, it is the third-largest city of Germany after Berlin and Hamburg, as well as the 12th-largest city in the European Union. The city's metropolitan region is home to 6 million people. Straddling the banks of the River Isar (a tributary of the Danube) north of the Bavarian Alps, it is the seat of the Bavarian administrative region of Upper Bavaria, while being the most densely populated municipality in Germany (4,500 people per km²). Munich is the second-largest city in the Bavarian dialect area, after the Austrian capital of Vienna.
The city is a major centre of art, technology, finance, publishing, culture, innovation, education, business, and tourism in Germany and Europe and enjoys a very high standard and quality of living, reaching first in Germany and third worldwide according to the 2018 Mercer survey, and being rated the world's most liveable city by the Monocle's Quality of Life Survey 2018. According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute Munich is considered an alpha-world city, as of 2015.The name of the city is derived from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen, meaning by the monks. It derives from the monks of the Benedictine order, who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat of arms. Munich was first mentioned in 1158. Catholic Munich strongly resisted the Reformation and was a political point of divergence during the resulting Thirty Years' War, but remained physically untouched despite an occupation by the Protestant Swedes. Once Bavaria was established as a sovereign kingdom in 1806, it became a major European centre of arts, architecture, culture and science. In 1918, during the German Revolution, the ruling house of Wittelsbach, which had governed Bavaria since 1180, was forced to abdicate in Munich and a short- ...
Munich | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Munich
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Munich (; German: München [ˈmʏnçn̩] (listen); Austro-Bavarian: Minga [ˈmɪŋ(ː)ɐ]) is the capital and most populous city of the second most populous German federal state of Bavaria, and, with a population of around 1.5 million, it is the third-largest city of Germany after Berlin and Hamburg, as well as the 12th-largest city in the European Union. The city's metropolitan region is home to 6 million people. Straddling the banks of the River Isar (a tributary of the Danube) north of the Bavarian Alps, it is the seat of the Bavarian administrative region of Upper Bavaria, while being the most densely populated municipality in Germany (4,500 people per km²). Munich is the second-largest city in the Bavarian dialect area, after the Austrian capital of Vienna.
The city is a major centre of art, technology, finance, publishing, culture, innovation, education, business, and tourism in Germany and Europe and enjoys a very high standard and quality of living, reaching first in Germany and third worldwide according to the 2018 Mercer survey, and being rated the world's most liveable city by the Monocle's Quality of Life Survey 2018. According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute Munich is considered an alpha-world city, as of 2015.The name of the city is derived from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen, meaning by the monks. It derives from the monks of the Benedictine order, who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat of arms. Munich was first mentioned in 1158. Catholic Munich strongly resisted the Reformation and was a political point of divergence during the resulting Thirty Years' War, but remained physically untouched despite an occupation by the Protestant Swedes. Once Bavaria was established as a sovereign kingdom in 1806, it became a major European centre of arts, architecture, culture and science. In 1918, during the German Revolution, the ruling house of Wittelsbach, which had governed Bavaria since 1180, was forced to abdicate in Munich and a short-lived socialist republic was declared.
In the 1920s, Munich became home to several political factions, among them the NSDAP. The first attempt of the Nazi movement to take over the German government in 1923 with the Beer Hall Putsch was stopped by the Bavarian police in Munich with gunfire. After the Nazis' rise to power, Munich was declared their Capital of the Movement. During World War II, Munich was heavily bombed and more than 50% of the entire city and up to 90% of the historic centre were destroyed. After the end of postwar American occupation in 1949, there was a great increase in population and economic power during the years of Wirtschaftswunder, or economic miracle. Unlike many other German cities which were heavily bombed, Munich restored most of its traditional cityscape and hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics. The 1980s brought strong economic growth, high-tech industries and scientific institutions, and population growth. The city is home to major corporations like BMW, Siemens, MAN, Linde, Allianz and MunichRE.
Munich is home to many universities, museums and theatres. Its numerous architectural attractions, sports events, exhibitions and its annual Oktoberfest attract considerable tourism. Munich is one of the most prosperous and fastest growing cities in Germany. It is a top-ranked destination for migration and expatriate location. Munich hosts more than 530,000 people of foreign background, making up 37.7% of its population.
Georg Elser - das Attentat auf Hitler in München 1939
Zwei Monate nach Ausbruch des zweiten Weltkriegs verübt der Schreiner Georg Johann Elser ein Attentat auf Hitler.
Als Ort wählte Elser das Münchner Bürgerbräuhaus, in dem Hitler alljährlich am Vorabend des gedenktages des Hitlerputsch 1923 eine Kundgebung hielt. Doch Hitler verlässt früher als sonst die verantaltung und die Bombe, die zur eingestellten Zeit detoniert, verfehlt ihr Ziel.
Wäre das Attentat geglückt, hätten es Hitler und ein Großteil der NS- Führung nicht überlebt. An diesem Abend des 08.11.1939 entscheiden 10 Minuten über das Schicksal Deutschlands.
Ausschnitt aus der Reihe Widerstand im Nationalsozialismus - Kampf gegen Hitler, Teil 1: Vom Flugblatt zum Attentat und Ausschnitt aus der Wochenschau vom 8.1..1939.
VINCENT ROCKS: Der Soldatensong
Eine der letzten Aufnahmen mit Mick Brehmen († 17.4.2010) am Bass. Recorded live am 15.10.2009 im Metropolis, München (British-American Rock Night).
vincentrocks.de
Stab-in-the-back myth | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Stab-in-the-back myth
00:01:45 1 Origins
00:11:41 2 Aftermath
00:12:18 2.1 Post-war reactions and reflections
00:16:03 2.2 Second World War
00:16:38 3 Equivalents in other countries
00:17:18 4 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The stab-in-the-back myth (German: Dolchstoßlegende, pronounced [ˈdɔlçʃtoːsleˌɡɛndə] (listen)) was the notion, widely believed and promulgated in right-wing circles in Germany after 1918, that the German Army did not lose World War I on the battlefield but was instead betrayed by the civilians on the home front, especially the republicans who overthrew the Hohenzollern monarchy in the German Revolution of 1918–19. Advocates denounced the German government leaders who signed the Armistice on November 11, 1918, as the November Criminals (German: Novemberverbrecher).
When the Nazi Party came to power in 1933, they made the legend an integral part of their official history of the 1920s, portraying the Weimar Republic as the work of the November criminals who stabbed the nation in the back to seize power while betraying it. The Nazi propaganda depicted Weimar as a morass of corruption, degeneracy, national humiliation, ruthless persecution of the honest 'national opposition'—fourteen years of rule by Jews, Marxists, and 'cultural Bolsheviks', who had at last been swept away by the National Socialist movement under Adolf Hitler and the victory of the 'national revolution' of 1933.Scholars inside and outside Germany unanimously reject the notion, pointing out the German army was out of reserves, was being overwhelmed by the entrance of the United States into the war, and by late 1918 had lost the war militarily. To many Germans, the expression stab in the back was evocative of Richard Wagner's 1876 opera Götterdämmerung, in which Hagen murders his enemy Siegfried – the hero of the opera – with a spear in his back.
The Nazi Party, the Thule Society, the Occult, and Freemasonry
The Nazi Party, the Thule Society, the Occult, and Freemasonry
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Prof. Wolff talks about the impetus for the book and why Marxism is appealing to a growing audience.
Wednesday, June 12th, 2019 at 7pm
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Pope Pius XII | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Pope Pius XII
00:02:34 1 Early life
00:05:28 2 Church career
00:05:37 2.1 Priest and Monsignor
00:09:23 2.2 Archbishop and Papal nuncio
00:16:48 2.3 Cardinal Secretary of State and Camerlengo
00:22:19 2.4 iReichskonkordat/i and iMit brennender Sorge/i
00:27:29 2.5 iRelation with the Media/i
00:27:51 3 Papacy
00:28:00 3.1 Election and coronation
00:30:16 3.2 Appointments
00:32:10 3.3 Consistories
00:34:00 4 Church reforms
00:34:09 4.1 Liturgy reforms
00:35:49 4.2 Canon Law reforms
00:36:44 4.3 Priests and religious
00:37:52 5 Theology
00:38:45 5.1 Theological orientation
00:38:54 5.1.1 Biblical research
00:39:52 5.1.2 The role of theology
00:40:47 5.2 Mariology and the dogma of the Assumption
00:40:58 5.2.1 World consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
00:41:35 5.2.2 The dogma of the Assumption of Mary
00:42:38 5.3 Social teachings
00:42:47 5.3.1 Medical theology
00:43:40 5.3.2 Family and sexuality
00:44:18 5.3.3 Theology and science
00:44:52 5.3.4 Evolution
00:45:52 5.3.5 Capital punishment
00:46:48 5.4 Encyclicals, writings and speeches
00:49:41 5.5 Feasts and devotions
00:50:21 6 Canonisations and beatifications
00:51:13 7 World War II
00:53:20 7.1 Outbreak of war
00:53:29 7.1.1 Summi Pontificatus
00:57:34 7.1.2 Invasion of Poland
01:00:31 7.1.3 Early actions to end conflict
01:04:29 7.1.4 Widening conflict
01:09:49 7.1.5 Final stages
01:10:27 7.2 Holocaust
01:25:09 7.2.1 Jewish orphans controversy
01:26:27 8 Post-World War II
01:31:46 9 Later life, illness and death
01:31:56 9.1 Late years of Pope Pius XII
01:33:40 9.2 Illness and death
01:36:03 9.3 Botched embalming
01:37:32 9.4 Funeral
01:38:22 10 Cause for canonisation
01:41:57 10.1 Potential miracle
01:42:26 11 Views, interpretations and scholarship
01:42:37 11.1 Contemporary
01:45:55 11.2 Early historical accounts
01:47:05 11.3 iThe Deputy/i
01:49:37 11.4 iActes/i
01:50:21 11.5 iHitler's Pope/i and iThe Myth of Hitler's Pope/i
01:56:35 11.6 International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission
02:01:02 11.7 Recent developments
02:05:16 12 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Pope Pius XII (Italian: Pio XII), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (Italian pronunciation: [euˈdʒɛːnjo maˈriːa dʒuˈzɛppe dʒoˈvanni paˈtʃɛlli]; 2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958), was the Pope of the Catholic Church from 2 March 1939 to his death. Before his election to the papacy, he served as secretary of the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, papal nuncio to Germany, and Cardinal Secretary of State, in which capacity he worked to conclude treaties with European and Latin American nations, most notably the Reichskonkordat with Nazi Germany.While the Vatican was officially neutral during World War II, Pius XII maintained links to the German Resistance, used diplomacy to aid the victims of the war and lobby for peace, and spoke out against race-based murders and other atrocities. The Reichskonkordat and his leadership of the Catholic Church during the war remain the subject of controversy—including allegations of public silence and inaction about the fate of the Jews. After the war, he advocated peace and reconciliation, including lenient policies towards former Axis and Axis-satellite nations. He was also a staunch opponent of Communism and of the Italian Communist Party.
During his papacy, the Church issued the Decree against Communism, declaring that Catholics who profess Communist doctrine are to be excommunicated as apostates from the Christian faith. In turn, the Church experienced severe persecution and mass deportations of Catholic clergy in the Eastern Bloc. He explicitly invoked ex cathedra papal infallibility with the dogma of the Assumption of Mary in his Apostolic constitution Munificentissimus Deus. His magisterium includes almost 1,000 addresses and radio broadcasts. His forty-one encyclicals include Mystici corporis, the Church as the Body of Christ; Mediator Dei on liturgy reform; and Humani generis on the Chur ...