Radar in World War II | Wikipedia audio article
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00:03:10 1 United Kingdom
00:04:38 1.1 Air Ministry
00:06:35 1.1.1 Chain Home
00:11:08 1.1.2 Ground-Controlled Intercept
00:12:35 1.1.3 Airborne Intercept
00:14:36 1.1.4 Air-Surface Vessel
00:15:41 1.1.5 Centimetric
00:19:11 1.2 British Army
00:20:34 1.2.1 Transportable Radio Unit
00:22:25 1.2.2 Coastal Defence
00:24:05 1.2.3 Centimetric gun-laying
00:25:21 1.3 Royal Navy
00:26:24 1.3.1 Surface Warning/Gun Control
00:27:40 1.3.2 Air Search/Gunnery Director
00:29:02 1.3.3 Microwave Warning/Fire Control
00:31:56 2 United States of America
00:36:54 2.1 Metric-Wavelength
00:42:32 2.2 Centimeter
00:45:54 2.2.1 P-Band fire-control
00:46:37 2.2.2 S-Band airborne
00:47:49 2.2.3 S-Band Army Gun-Laying
00:49:11 2.2.4 S-Band Navy Search
00:51:09 2.2.5 L-Band Airborne Early-Warning
00:52:24 2.2.6 X-Band
00:55:00 3 Soviet Union
00:55:48 3.1 Pre-War Radio-Location Research
00:57:06 3.1.1 Leningrad
01:03:59 3.1.2 Kharkov
01:07:51 3.2 Wartime
01:08:51 3.2.1 Ground-Based
01:24:05 3.2.2 Airborne
01:27:49 3.2.3 Naval
01:30:22 4 Germany
01:35:54 4.1 Ground and ship-based
01:45:36 4.2 Airborne
01:54:11 5 Japan
01:57:58 5.1 Imperial Army
02:04:45 5.2 Imperial Navy
02:16:35 6 Commonwealth Nations
02:17:22 6.1 Australia
02:19:47 6.2 Canada
02:28:28 6.3 New Zealand
02:33:44 6.4 South Africa
02:37:46 7 See also
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- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Radar in World War II greatly influenced many important aspects of the conflict. This revolutionary new technology of radio-based detection and tracking was used by both the Allies and Axis powers in World War II, which had evolved independently in a number of nations during the mid 1930s. At the outbreak of war in September 1939, both Great Britain and Germany had functioning radar systems. In Great Britain, it was called RDF, Range and Direction Finding, while in Germany the name Funkmeß (radio-measuring) was used – whereas given apparatuses were called Funkmessgerät (radio measuring device).
By the time of the Battle of Britain in mid-1940, the Royal Air Force (RAF) had fully integrated RDF as part of the national air defence.
In the United States, the technology was demonstrated during December 1934, although it was only when war became likely that the U.S. recognized the potential of the new technology, and began development of ship- and land-based systems. The first of these were fielded by the U.S. Navy in early 1940, and a year later by the U.S. Army. The acronym RADAR (for RAdio Detection And Ranging) was coined by the U.S. Navy in 1940, and the term radar became widely used.
While the benefits of operating in the microwave portion of the radio spectrum were known, transmitters for generating microwave signals of sufficient power were unavailable; thus, all early radar systems operated at lower frequencies (e.g., HF or VHF). In February 1940, Great Britain developed the resonant-cavity magnetron, capable of producing microwave power in the kilowatt range, opening the path to second-generation radar systems.After the Fall of France, it was realised in Great Britain that the manufacturing capabilities of the United States were vital to success in the war; thus, although America was not yet a belligerent, Prime Minister Winston Churchill directed that the technological secrets of Great Britain be shared in exchange for the needed capabilities. In the summer of 1940, the Tizard Mission visited the United States. The cavity magnetron was demonstrated to Americans at RCA, Bell Labs, etc. It was 100 times more powerful than anything they had seen. Bell Labs was able to duplicate the performance, and the Radiation Laboratory at MIT was established to develop microwave radars. It was later described as The most valuable cargo ever brought to our shores.In addition to Great Br ...
New York University | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
New York University
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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New York University (NYU) is a private research university based in New York City. Founded in 1831, NYU's primary campus is in Greenwich Village with other campuses throughout New York City. NYU students can also study abroad at its degree-granting campuses in NYU Abu Dhabi and NYU Shanghai, as well as its 11 academic centers in Accra, Berlin, Buenos Aires, Florence, London, Madrid, Paris, Prague, Sydney, Tel Aviv, and Washington, D.C.In 2018, NYU was ranked amongst the top 30 universities internationally by the Academic Ranking of World Universities, Times Higher Education World University Rankings, and U.S. News & World Report. For the class that matriculated in the fall of 2018, NYU received 75,037 applications for its undergraduate programs; this is more applications than any other private college or university in the United States.Alumni include heads of state, royalty, eminent scientists, inventors and entrepreneurs, media figures, founders and CEOs of Fortune 500 companies, and astronauts. As of 2018, 37 Nobel Laureates, 7 Turing Award winners, 5 Fields Medalists, over 30 Academy Award winners, over 30 Pulitzer Prize winners, and hundreds of members of the National Academies of Sciences and United States Congress have been affiliated as faculty or alumni. Globally, NYU is ranked 7th by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for producing alumni who are millionaires, and 4th by Wealth-X for producing ultra high net-worth and billionaire alumni.