Cornwall
Cornwall is a ceremonial county and unitary authority of England, within the United Kingdom. Cornwall is a peninsula bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over the River Tamar. Cornwall has a population of 536,000 and covers an area of 3,563 km2 . The administrative centre, and only city in Cornwall, is Truro, although the town of St Austell has the largest population.
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Historian of science | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:08 1 Early cultures
00:03:37 1.1 Ancient Near East
00:08:12 1.2 Egypt
00:09:47 1.3 Greco-Roman world
00:18:06 1.4 India
00:23:49 1.5 China
00:31:27 2 In the Middle Ages
00:31:50 2.1 Byzantine Empire
00:34:19 2.2 Islamic world
00:39:32 2.3 Western Europe
00:44:56 3 Impact of science in Europe
00:47:35 3.1 Age of Enlightenment
00:49:03 3.2 Romanticism in science
00:49:50 4 Modern science
00:50:24 4.1 Natural sciences
00:50:33 4.1.1 Physics
00:55:07 4.1.2 Chemistry
00:58:00 4.1.3 Geology
01:02:55 4.1.4 Astronomy
01:04:57 4.1.5 Biology and medicine
01:08:26 4.1.6 Ecology
01:09:25 4.2 Social sciences
01:09:49 4.2.1 Political science
01:14:38 4.2.2 Linguistics
01:16:00 4.2.3 Economics
01:19:43 4.2.4 Psychology
01:21:59 4.2.5 Sociology
01:25:16 4.2.6 Anthropology
01:27:34 4.3 Emerging disciplines
01:29:41 5 Academic study
01:31:35 5.1 Theories and sociology of the history of science
01:36:09 5.2 Plight of many scientific innovators
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Speaking Rate: 0.7492224536501815
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural and social sciences (the history of the arts and humanities is termed history of scholarship). Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who emphasize the observation, explanation, and prediction of real-world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, studies the methods employed by historians of science.
The English word scientist is relatively recent—first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, investigators of nature called themselves natural philosophers. While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity (for example, by Thales and Aristotle), and the scientific method has been employed since the Middle Ages (for example, by Ibn al-Haytham and Roger Bacon), modern science began to develop in the early modern period, and in particular in the scientific revolution of 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those earlier inquiries.From the 18th through the late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was often presented as a progressive accumulation of knowledge, in which true theories replaced false beliefs. More recent historical interpretations, such as those of Thomas Kuhn, tend to portray the history of science in terms of competing paradigms or conceptual systems within a wider matrix of intellectual, cultural, economic and political trends. These interpretations, however, have met with opposition for they also portray the history of science as an incoherent system of incommensurable paradigms, not leading to any actual scientific progress but only to the illusion that it has occurred.
Cornwall | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:37 1 spanName and emblems
00:05:31 2 History
00:05:40 2.1 Prehistory, Roman and post-Roman periods
00:09:25 2.2 Conflict with Wessex
00:11:56 2.3 Breton–Norman period
00:13:31 2.4 Later medieval administration and society
00:14:19 2.4.1 Stannary parliaments
00:15:16 2.4.2 Piracy and smuggling
00:15:44 2.5 Heraldry
00:16:35 3 Physical geography
00:17:15 3.1 Coastal areas
00:19:04 3.2 Inland areas
00:21:05 3.3 Lizard Peninsula
00:21:55 3.4 Hills and high points
00:22:04 4 Settlements and transport
00:25:03 5 Ecology
00:25:13 5.1 Flora and fauna
00:26:05 5.2 Climate
00:28:15 6 Culture
00:28:24 6.1 Languages
00:28:32 6.1.1 Cornish language
00:30:39 6.1.2 English dialect
00:31:18 6.2 Flag
00:32:03 6.3 Arts
00:33:33 6.4 Music
00:35:19 6.5 Literature
00:35:34 6.5.1 Fiction
00:37:50 6.5.2 Poetry
00:39:20 6.5.3 Other literary works
00:41:48 6.6 Sports
00:42:48 6.6.1 Rugby
00:44:21 6.6.2 Surfing and watersports
00:45:22 6.6.3 Fencing
00:45:54 6.7 Cuisine
00:48:50 7 Politics and administration
00:49:01 7.1 Cornish national identity
00:51:16 7.2 Local politics
00:53:32 7.3 Parliament and national politics
00:54:49 7.4 Devolution movement
00:56:14 8 Emergency services
00:56:29 9 Economy
00:59:29 9.1 Tourism
01:01:28 9.2 Fishing
01:01:52 9.3 Agriculture
01:02:16 9.4 Mining
01:03:14 9.5 Internet
01:03:54 9.6 Aerospace
01:04:28 10 Demographics
01:05:56 10.1 Education system
01:07:16 11 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Speaking Rate: 0.9155627102978706
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Cornwall (; Cornish: Kernow [ˈkɛrnɔʊ]) is a county in South West England, bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by Devon, the River Tamar forming the border between them. Cornwall is the westernmost part of the South West Peninsula of the island of Great Britain. The southwesternmost point is Land's End and the southernmost Lizard Point. Cornwall has a population of 563,600 and an area of 3,563 km2 (1,376 sq mi). It is administered by Cornwall Council, apart from the Isles of Scilly, which are administered separately. The county town is Truro, Cornwall's only city.
Cornwall is the homeland of the Cornish people and the cultural and ethnic origin of the Cornish diaspora. It retains a distinct cultural identity that reflects its history, and is recognised as one of the Celtic nations. It was formerly a Brythonic kingdom and subsequently a royal duchy. The Cornish nationalist movement contests the present constitutional status of Cornwall and seeks greater autonomy within the United Kingdom in the form of a devolved legislative Cornish Assembly with powers similar to those in Wales and Scotland. In 2014, Cornish people were granted minority status under the European Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, giving them recognition as a distinct ethnic group.First inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods, Cornwall continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age peoples, and later (in the Iron Age) by Brythons with strong ethnic, linguistic, trade and cultural links to Wales and Brittany the latter of which was settled by Britons from the region. Mining in Cornwall and Devon in the south-west of England began in the early Bronze Age.
Few Roman remains have been found in Cornwall, and there is little evidence that the Romans settled or had much military presence there. After the collapse of the Roman Empire, Cornwall (along with Devon, parts of Dorset and Somerset, and the Scilly Isles) was a part of the Brittonic kingdom of Dumnonia, ruled by chieftains of the Cornovii who may have included figures regarded as semi-historical or legendary, such as King Mark of Cornwall and King Arthur, evidenced by folklore traditions derived from the Historia Regum Britanniae. The Cornovii division of the ...
Medieval | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:37 1 Terminology and periodisation
00:06:46 2 Later Roman Empire
00:11:50 3 Early Middle Ages
00:12:00 3.1 New societies
00:16:17 3.2 Byzantine survival
00:19:13 3.3 Western society
00:23:32 3.4 Rise of Islam
00:25:31 3.5 Trade and economy
00:27:13 3.6 Church and monasticism
00:30:45 3.7 Carolingian Europe
00:34:42 3.8 Carolingian Renaissance
00:36:09 3.9 Breakup of the Carolingian Empire
00:39:27 3.10 New kingdoms and Byzantine revival
00:43:31 3.11 Art and architecture
00:45:45 3.12 Military and technological developments
00:47:50 4 High Middle Ages
00:47:59 4.1 Society and economic life
00:54:23 4.2 Rise of state power
00:59:19 4.3 Crusades
01:03:03 4.4 Intellectual life
01:06:11 4.5 Technology and military
01:08:27 4.6 Architecture, art, and music
01:11:44 4.7 Church life
01:14:56 5 Late Middle Ages
01:15:06 5.1 War, famine, and plague
01:17:02 5.2 Society and economy
01:18:48 5.3 State resurgence
01:22:24 5.4 Collapse of Byzantium
01:23:41 5.5 Controversy within the Church
01:26:19 5.6 Scholars, intellectuals, and exploration
01:29:46 5.7 Technological and military developments
01:31:13 5.8 Late medieval art and architecture
01:33:45 6 Modern perceptions
01:36:05 7 Notes
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Speaking Rate: 0.9898034782632464
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or medieval period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages.
Population decline, counterurbanisation, collapse of centralized authority, invasions, and mass migrations of tribes, which had begun in Late Antiquity, continued in the Early Middle Ages. The large-scale movements of the Migration Period, including various Germanic peoples, formed new kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire. In the 7th century, North Africa and the Middle East—once part of the Byzantine Empire—came under the rule of the Umayyad Caliphate, an Islamic empire, after conquest by Muhammad's successors. Although there were substantial changes in society and political structures, the break with classical antiquity was not complete. The still-sizeable Byzantine Empire, Rome's direct continuation, survived in the Eastern Mediterranean and remained a major power. The empire's law code, the Corpus Juris Civilis or Code of Justinian, was rediscovered in Northern Italy in 1070 and became widely admired later in the Middle Ages. In the West, most kingdoms incorporated the few extant Roman institutions. Monasteries were founded as campaigns to Christianise pagan Europe continued. The Franks, under the Carolingian dynasty, briefly established the Carolingian Empire during the later 8th and early 9th century. It covered much of Western Europe but later succumbed to the pressures of internal civil wars combined with external invasions: Vikings from the north, Magyars from the east, and Saracens from the south.
During the High Middle Ages, which began after 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and the Medieval Warm Period climate change allowed crop yields to increase. Manorialism, the organisation of peasants into villages that owed rent and labour services to the nobles, and feudalism, the political structure whereby knights and lower-status nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for the right to rent from lands and manors, were two of the ways society was organised in the High Middle Ages. The Crusades, first preached in 1095, ...
New science | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:50 1 Early cultures
00:03:07 1.1 Ancient Near East
00:07:08 1.2 Egypt
00:08:32 1.3 Greco-Roman world
00:15:47 1.4 India
00:20:43 1.5 China
00:27:24 2 In the Middle Ages
00:27:45 2.1 Byzantine Empire
00:29:54 2.2 Islamic world
00:34:26 2.3 Western Europe
00:39:11 3 Impact of science in Europe
00:41:28 3.1 Age of Enlightenment
00:42:46 3.2 Romanticism in science
00:43:28 4 Modern science
00:43:59 4.1 Natural sciences
00:44:07 4.1.1 Physics
00:48:08 4.1.2 Chemistry
00:50:40 4.1.3 Geology
00:54:54 4.1.4 Astronomy
00:56:40 4.1.5 Biology and medicine
00:59:39 4.1.6 Ecology
01:00:31 4.2 Social sciences
01:00:53 4.2.1 Political science
01:05:04 4.2.2 Linguistics
01:06:15 4.2.3 Economics
01:09:30 4.2.4 Psychology
01:11:29 4.2.5 Sociology
01:14:20 4.2.6 Anthropology
01:16:21 4.3 Emerging disciplines
01:18:13 5 Academic study
01:19:54 5.1 Theories and sociology of the history of science
01:23:57 5.2 Plight of many scientific innovators
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9424418808843589
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural and social sciences. (The history of the arts and humanities is termed history of scholarship.) Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who emphasize the observation, explanation, and prediction of real-world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, studies the methods employed by historians of science.
The English word scientist is relatively recent—first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, investigators of nature called themselves natural philosophers. While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity (for example, by Thales and Aristotle), and the scientific method has been employed since the Middle Ages (for example, by Ibn al-Haytham and Roger Bacon), modern science began to develop in the early modern period, and in particular in the scientific revolution of 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those earlier inquiries.From the 18th through the late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was often presented as a progressive accumulation of knowledge, in which true theories replaced false beliefs. More recent historical interpretations, such as those of Thomas Kuhn, tend to portray the history of science in terms of competing paradigms or conceptual systems within a wider matrix of intellectual, cultural, economic and political trends. These interpretations, however, have met with opposition for they also portray the history of science as an incoherent system of incommensurable paradigms, not leading to any actual scientific progress but only to the illusion that it has occurred.
Middle Ages | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Middle Ages
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages.
Population decline, counterurbanisation, invasion, and movement of peoples, which had begun in Late Antiquity, continued in the Early Middle Ages. The large-scale movements of the Migration Period, including various Germanic peoples, formed new kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire. In the 7th century, North Africa and the Middle East—once part of the Byzantine Empire—came under the rule of the Umayyad Caliphate, an Islamic empire, after conquest by Muhammad's successors. Although there were substantial changes in society and political structures, the break with classical antiquity was not complete. The still-sizeable Byzantine Empire, Rome's direct continuation, survived in the Eastern Mediterranean and remained a major power. The empire's law code, the Corpus Juris Civilis or Code of Justinian, was rediscovered in Northern Italy in 1070 and became widely admired later in the Middle Ages. In the West, most kingdoms incorporated the few extant Roman institutions. Monasteries were founded as campaigns to Christianise pagan Europe continued. The Franks, under the Carolingian dynasty, briefly established the Carolingian Empire during the later 8th and early 9th century. It covered much of Western Europe but later succumbed to the pressures of internal civil wars combined with external invasions: Vikings from the north, Magyars from the east, and Saracens from the south.
During the High Middle Ages, which began after 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and the Medieval Warm Period climate change allowed crop yields to increase. Manorialism, the organisation of peasants into villages that owed rent and labour services to the nobles, and feudalism, the political structure whereby knights and lower-status nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for the right to rent from lands and manors, were two of the ways society was organised in the High Middle Ages. The Crusades, first preached in 1095, were military attempts by Western European Christians to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslims. Kings became the heads of centralised nation-states, reducing crime and violence but making the ideal of a unified Christendom more distant. Intellectual life was marked by scholasticism, a philosophy that emphasised joining faith to reason, and by the founding of universities. The theology of Thomas Aquinas, the paintings of Giotto, the poetry of Dante and Chaucer, the travels of Marco Polo, and the Gothic architecture of cathedrals such as Chartres are among the outstanding achievements toward the end of this period and into the Late Middle Ages.
The Late Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and calamities including famine, plague, and war, which significantly diminished the population of Europe; between 1347 and 1350, the Black Death killed about a third of Europeans. Controversy, heresy, and the Western Schism within the Catholic Church paralleled the interstate conflict, civil strife, and peasant revolts that occurred in the kingdoms. Cultural and technological developments transformed European society, concluding the Late Middle Ages and beginning the early modern period.
Historians of science | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:19 1 Early cultures
00:03:55 1.1 Ancient Near East
00:08:57 1.2 Egypt
00:10:42 1.3 Greco-Roman world
00:19:48 1.4 India
00:26:00 1.5 China
00:34:24 2 In the Middle Ages
00:34:48 2.1 Byzantine Empire
00:37:30 2.2 Islamic world
00:43:14 2.3 Western Europe
00:49:12 3 Impact of science in Europe
00:52:03 3.1 Age of Enlightenment
00:53:39 3.2 Romanticism in science
00:54:30 4 Modern science
00:55:07 4.1 Natural sciences
00:55:16 4.1.1 Physics
01:00:19 4.1.2 Chemistry
01:03:29 4.1.3 Geology
01:08:51 4.1.4 Astronomy
01:11:03 4.1.5 Biology and medicine
01:14:49 4.1.6 Ecology
01:15:54 4.2 Social sciences
01:16:20 4.2.1 Political science
01:21:38 4.2.2 Linguistics
01:23:06 4.2.3 Economics
01:27:10 4.2.4 Psychology
01:29:39 4.2.5 Sociology
01:33:14 4.2.6 Anthropology
01:35:46 4.3 Emerging disciplines
01:38:04 5 Academic study
01:40:10 5.1 Theories and sociology of the history of science
01:45:15 5.2 Plight of many scientific innovators
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8096005376498578
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural and social sciences (the history of the arts and humanities is termed history of scholarship). Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who emphasize the observation, explanation, and prediction of real-world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, studies the methods employed by historians of science.
The English word scientist is relatively recent—first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, investigators of nature called themselves natural philosophers. While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity (for example, by Thales and Aristotle), and the scientific method has been employed since the Middle Ages (for example, by Ibn al-Haytham and Roger Bacon), modern science began to develop in the early modern period, and in particular in the scientific revolution of 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those earlier inquiries.From the 18th through the late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was often presented as a progressive accumulation of knowledge, in which true theories replaced false beliefs. More recent historical interpretations, such as those of Thomas Kuhn, tend to portray the history of science in terms of competing paradigms or conceptual systems within a wider matrix of intellectual, cultural, economic and political trends. These interpretations, however, have met with opposition for they also portray the history of science as an incoherent system of incommensurable paradigms, not leading to any actual scientific progress but only to the illusion that it has occurred.
Modern science | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:42 1 Early cultures
00:04:33 1.1 Ancient Near East
00:10:23 1.2 Egypt
00:12:23 1.3 Greco-Roman world
00:22:58 1.4 India
00:30:10 1.5 China
00:39:55 2 In the Middle Ages
00:40:23 2.1 Byzantine Empire
00:43:31 2.2 Islamic world
00:50:06 2.3 Western Europe
00:57:02 3 Impact of science in Europe
01:00:19 3.1 Age of Enlightenment
01:02:08 3.2 Romanticism in science
01:03:06 4 Modern science
01:03:48 4.1 Natural sciences
01:03:58 4.1.1 Physics
01:09:45 4.1.2 Chemistry
01:13:25 4.1.3 Geology
01:19:35 4.1.4 Astronomy
01:22:07 4.1.5 Biology and medicine
01:26:27 4.1.6 Ecology
01:27:40 4.2 Social sciences
01:28:10 4.2.1 Political science
01:34:18 4.2.2 Linguistics
01:36:00 4.2.3 Economics
01:40:43 4.2.4 Psychology
01:43:34 4.2.5 Sociology
01:47:41 4.2.6 Anthropology
01:50:36 4.3 Emerging disciplines
01:53:17 5 Academic study
01:55:43 5.1 Theories and sociology of the history of science
02:01:36 5.2 Plight of many scientific innovators
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7233562269229354
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural and social sciences. (The history of the arts and humanities is termed history of scholarship.) Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who emphasize the observation, explanation, and prediction of real-world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, studies the methods employed by historians of science.
The English word scientist is relatively recent—first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, investigators of nature called themselves natural philosophers. While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity (for example, by Thales and Aristotle), and the scientific method has been employed since the Middle Ages (for example, by Ibn al-Haytham and Roger Bacon), modern science began to develop in the early modern period, and in particular in the scientific revolution of 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those earlier inquiries.From the 18th through the late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was often presented as a progressive accumulation of knowledge, in which true theories replaced false beliefs. More recent historical interpretations, such as those of Thomas Kuhn, tend to portray the history of science in terms of competing paradigms or conceptual systems within a wider matrix of intellectual, cultural, economic and political trends. These interpretations, however, have met with opposition for they also portray the history of science as an incoherent system of incommensurable paradigms, not leading to any actual scientific progress but only to the illusion that it has occurred.
History of sciences | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:11 1 Early cultures
00:03:43 1.1 Ancient Near East
00:08:30 1.2 Egypt
00:10:11 1.3 Greco-Roman world
00:18:43 1.4 India
00:24:33 1.5 China
00:32:25 2 Post-classical science
00:32:49 2.1 Byzantine Empire
00:35:24 2.2 Islamic world
00:40:43 2.3 Western Europe
00:46:18 3 Impact of science in Europe
00:48:58 3.1 Age of Enlightenment
00:50:29 3.2 Romanticism in science
00:51:18 4 Modern science
00:52:01 4.1 Natural sciences
00:52:11 4.1.1 Physics
00:56:52 4.1.2 Chemistry
00:59:50 4.1.3 Geology
01:04:48 4.1.4 Astronomy
01:06:51 4.1.5 Biology and medicine
01:10:25 4.1.6 Ecology
01:11:26 4.2 Social sciences
01:11:51 4.2.1 Political science
01:16:50 4.2.2 Linguistics
01:18:14 4.2.3 Economics
01:22:07 4.2.4 Psychology
01:24:26 4.2.5 Sociology
01:27:23 4.2.6 Anthropology
01:29:45 4.3 Emerging disciplines
01:32:00 5 Academic study
01:33:59 5.1 Theories and sociology of the history of science
01:38:43 5.2 Plight of many scientific innovators
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
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Speaking Rate: 0.8215223805703276
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural and social sciences (the history of the arts and humanities is termed history of scholarship). Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who emphasize the observation, explanation, and prediction of real-world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, studies the methods employed by historians of science.
The English word scientist is relatively recent—first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, investigators of nature called themselves natural philosophers. While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity (for example, by Thales and Aristotle), and the scientific method has been employed since the Middle Ages (for example, by Ibn al-Haytham and Roger Bacon), modern science began to develop in the early modern period, and in particular in the scientific revolution of 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those earlier inquiries.From the 18th through the late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was often presented as a progressive accumulation of knowledge, in which true theories replaced false beliefs. More recent historical interpretations, such as those of Thomas Kuhn, tend to portray the history of science in terms of competing paradigms or conceptual systems within a wider matrix of intellectual, cultural, economic and political trends. These interpretations, however, have met with opposition for they also portray the history of science as an incoherent system of incommensurable paradigms, not leading to any actual scientific progress but only to the illusion that it has occurred.
History of science | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of science
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The History of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural and social sciences. (The history of the arts and humanities is termed history of scholarship.) Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who emphasize the observation, explanation, and prediction of real world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, studies the methods employed by historians of science.
The English word scientist is relatively recent—first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, investigators of nature called themselves natural philosophers. While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity (for example by Thales and Aristotle), and scientific method has been employed since the Middle Ages (for example, by Ibn al-Haytham and Roger Bacon), modern science began to develop in the early modern period, and in particular in the scientific revolution of 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those earlier inquiries.From the 18th century through late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was often presented as a progressive accumulation of knowledge, in which true theories replaced false beliefs. Some more recent historical interpretations, such as those of Thomas Kuhn, tend to portray the history of science in terms of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix of intellectual, cultural, economic and political trends. These interpretations, however, have met with opposition for they also portray history of science as an incoherent system of incommensurable paradigms, not leading to any scientific progress, but only to the illusion of progress.
Medieval science | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:59 1 Early cultures
00:03:22 1.1 Ancient Near East
00:07:43 1.2 Egypt
00:09:15 1.3 Greco-Roman world
00:17:06 1.4 India
00:22:26 1.5 China
00:29:38 2 In the Middle Ages
00:30:00 2.1 Byzantine Empire
00:32:19 2.2 Islamic world
00:37:15 2.3 Western Europe
00:42:22 3 Impact of science in Europe
00:44:50 3.1 Age of Enlightenment
00:46:15 3.2 Romanticism in science
00:47:00 4 Modern science
00:47:33 4.1 Natural sciences
00:47:42 4.1.1 Physics
00:52:02 4.1.2 Chemistry
00:54:46 4.1.3 Geology
00:59:23 4.1.4 Astronomy
01:01:16 4.1.5 Biology and medicine
01:04:29 4.1.6 Ecology
01:05:26 4.2 Social sciences
01:05:50 4.2.1 Political science
01:10:25 4.2.2 Linguistics
01:11:42 4.2.3 Economics
01:15:15 4.2.4 Psychology
01:17:22 4.2.5 Sociology
01:20:29 4.2.6 Anthropology
01:22:41 4.3 Emerging disciplines
01:24:43 5 Academic study
01:26:32 5.1 Theories and sociology of the history of science
01:30:54 5.2 Plight of many scientific innovators
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9239526826186293
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-F
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural and social sciences. (The history of the arts and humanities is termed history of scholarship.) Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who emphasize the observation, explanation, and prediction of real-world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, studies the methods employed by historians of science.
The English word scientist is relatively recent—first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, investigators of nature called themselves natural philosophers. While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity (for example, by Thales and Aristotle), and the scientific method has been employed since the Middle Ages (for example, by Ibn al-Haytham and Roger Bacon), modern science began to develop in the early modern period, and in particular in the scientific revolution of 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those earlier inquiries.From the 18th through the late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was often presented as a progressive accumulation of knowledge, in which true theories replaced false beliefs. More recent historical interpretations, such as those of Thomas Kuhn, tend to portray the history of science in terms of competing paradigms or conceptual systems within a wider matrix of intellectual, cultural, economic and political trends. These interpretations, however, have met with opposition for they also portray the history of science as an incoherent system of incommensurable paradigms, not leading to any actual scientific progress but only to the illusion that it has occurred.
Medieval | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Medieval
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages.
Population decline, counterurbanisation, invasion, and movement of peoples, which had begun in Late Antiquity, continued in the Early Middle Ages. The large-scale movements of the Migration Period, including various Germanic peoples, formed new kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire. In the 7th century, North Africa and the Middle East—once part of the Byzantine Empire—came under the rule of the Umayyad Caliphate, an Islamic empire, after conquest by Muhammad's successors. Although there were substantial changes in society and political structures, the break with classical antiquity was not complete. The still-sizeable Byzantine Empire, Rome's direct continuation, survived in the Eastern Mediterranean and remained a major power. The empire's law code, the Corpus Juris Civilis or Code of Justinian, was rediscovered in Northern Italy in 1070 and became widely admired later in the Middle Ages. In the West, most kingdoms incorporated the few extant Roman institutions. Monasteries were founded as campaigns to Christianise pagan Europe continued. The Franks, under the Carolingian dynasty, briefly established the Carolingian Empire during the later 8th and early 9th century. It covered much of Western Europe but later succumbed to the pressures of internal civil wars combined with external invasions: Vikings from the north, Magyars from the east, and Saracens from the south.
During the High Middle Ages, which began after 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and the Medieval Warm Period climate change allowed crop yields to increase. Manorialism, the organisation of peasants into villages that owed rent and labour services to the nobles, and feudalism, the political structure whereby knights and lower-status nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for the right to rent from lands and manors, were two of the ways society was organised in the High Middle Ages. The Crusades, first preached in 1095, were military attempts by Western European Christians to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslims. Kings became the heads of centralised nation-states, reducing crime and violence but making the ideal of a unified Christendom more distant. Intellectual life was marked by scholasticism, a philosophy that emphasised joining faith to reason, and by the founding of universities. The theology of Thomas Aquinas, the paintings of Giotto, the poetry of Dante and Chaucer, the travels of Marco Polo, and the Gothic architecture of cathedrals such as Chartres are among the outstanding achievements toward the end of this period and into the Late Middle Ages.
The Late Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and calamities including famine, plague, and war, which significantly diminished the population of Europe; between 1347 and 1350, the Black Death killed about a third of Europeans. Controversy, heresy, and the Western Schism within the Catholic Church paralleled the interstate conflict, civil strife, and peasant revolts that occurred in the kingdoms. Cultural and technological developments transformed European society, concluding the Late Middle Ages and beginning the early modern period.
Science in the Middle Ages | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:40 1 Early cultures
00:02:52 1.1 Ancient Near East
00:06:32 1.2 Egypt
00:07:50 1.3 Greco-Roman world
00:14:28 1.4 India
00:19:00 1.5 China
00:25:06 2 In the Middle Ages
00:25:25 2.1 Byzantine Empire
00:27:23 2.2 Islamic world
00:31:33 2.3 Western Europe
00:35:53 3 Impact of science in Europe
00:37:59 3.1 Age of Enlightenment
00:39:10 3.2 Romanticism in science
00:39:49 4 Modern science
00:40:18 4.1 Natural sciences
00:40:26 4.1.1 Physics
00:44:06 4.1.2 Chemistry
00:46:25 4.1.3 Geology
00:50:18 4.1.4 Astronomy
00:51:54 4.1.5 Biology and medicine
00:54:38 4.1.6 Ecology
00:55:27 4.2 Social sciences
00:55:47 4.2.1 Political science
00:59:37 4.2.2 Linguistics
01:00:42 4.2.3 Economics
01:03:42 4.2.4 Psychology
01:05:31 4.2.5 Sociology
01:08:08 4.2.6 Anthropology
01:10:00 4.3 Emerging disciplines
01:11:42 5 Academic study
01:13:15 5.1 Theories and sociology of the history of science
01:16:55 5.2 Plight of many scientific innovators
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9471536422384434
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural and social sciences. (The history of the arts and humanities is termed history of scholarship.) Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who emphasize the observation, explanation, and prediction of real-world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, studies the methods employed by historians of science.
The English word scientist is relatively recent—first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, investigators of nature called themselves natural philosophers. While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity (for example, by Thales and Aristotle), and the scientific method has been employed since the Middle Ages (for example, by Ibn al-Haytham and Roger Bacon), modern science began to develop in the early modern period, and in particular in the scientific revolution of 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those earlier inquiries.From the 18th through the late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was often presented as a progressive accumulation of knowledge, in which true theories replaced false beliefs. More recent historical interpretations, such as those of Thomas Kuhn, tend to portray the history of science in terms of competing paradigms or conceptual systems within a wider matrix of intellectual, cultural, economic and political trends. These interpretations, however, have met with opposition for they also portray the history of science as an incoherent system of incommensurable paradigms, not leading to any actual scientific progress but only to the illusion that it has occurred.
Classical science | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:47 1 Early cultures
00:03:03 1.1 Ancient Near East
00:06:57 1.2 Egypt
00:08:19 1.3 Greco-Roman world
00:15:22 1.4 India
00:20:10 1.5 China
00:26:34 2 In the Middle Ages
00:26:55 2.1 Byzantine Empire
00:29:00 2.2 Islamic world
00:33:22 2.3 Western Europe
00:37:55 3 Impact of science in Europe
00:40:09 3.1 Age of Enlightenment
00:41:24 3.2 Romanticism in science
00:42:05 4 Modern science
00:42:34 4.1 Natural sciences
00:42:43 4.1.1 Physics
00:46:33 4.1.2 Chemistry
00:49:01 4.1.3 Geology
00:53:05 4.1.4 Astronomy
00:54:47 4.1.5 Biology and medicine
00:57:39 4.1.6 Ecology
00:58:30 4.2 Social sciences
00:58:51 4.2.1 Political science
01:02:53 4.2.2 Linguistics
01:04:03 4.2.3 Economics
01:07:12 4.2.4 Psychology
01:09:08 4.2.5 Sociology
01:11:53 4.2.6 Anthropology
01:13:51 4.3 Emerging disciplines
01:15:40 5 Academic study
01:17:19 5.1 Theories and sociology of the history of science
01:21:11 5.2 Plight of many scientific innovators
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9029172222329539
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural and social sciences (the history of the arts and humanities is termed history of scholarship). Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who emphasize the observation, explanation, and prediction of real-world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, studies the methods employed by historians of science.
The English word scientist is relatively recent—first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, investigators of nature called themselves natural philosophers. While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity (for example, by Thales and Aristotle), and the scientific method has been employed since the Middle Ages (for example, by Ibn al-Haytham and Roger Bacon), modern science began to develop in the early modern period, and in particular in the scientific revolution of 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those earlier inquiries.From the 18th through the late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was often presented as a progressive accumulation of knowledge, in which true theories replaced false beliefs. More recent historical interpretations, such as those of Thomas Kuhn, tend to portray the history of science in terms of competing paradigms or conceptual systems within a wider matrix of intellectual, cultural, economic and political trends. These interpretations, however, have met with opposition for they also portray the history of science as an incoherent system of incommensurable paradigms, not leading to any actual scientific progress but only to the illusion that it has occurred.