San Juan de Ulua

Episode 12: Visiting Veracruz, Mexico by Motorcycle and San Juan de Ulua

TeamAwesome follows the Gulf of Mexico coast line and visits Veracruz and Coazalcolcos, before crossing Mexico towards the Pacific coast.

Vive México, Visit Mexico Veracruz ● Vع®∂©яUz

VERACRUZ ≡ Visitmex Mexico Mexique Mexiko メキシコ المكسيك 墨西哥 México Meksikë Մեքսիկա Meksika Мексіка Мексико Mexiko 墨西哥 墨西哥 멕시코 Meksiko Mexiko Mehhiko Meksiko Μεξικό מקסיקו मेक्सिको Mexikó Meicsiceo Meicsiceo Mexíkó Messico Meksika Meksika Мексико Messiku مکزیک Meksyk Mexic Мексика Мексико Mehiko ประเทศเม็กซิโก Meksika מעקסיקא


Televisa Bicentenario Veracruz Estrellas del Bicentenario VERACRUZ ®TELEVISA Veracruz. una Estrella más del Bicentenario mexico en tus sentidos

VERACRUZ willy sousa

Veracruz, le port le plus important du pays, situé sur la région de la côte du golfe du Mexique, à 1140 kilomètres au sud est de Xalapa, la capitale de létat de Veracruz (on y arrive par lautoroute 140) et à approximativement 390 km de Mexico (en suivant lautoroute 150). Son climat est tropical et dune température moyenne de 25°C.

Veracruz, fameuse pour sa musique, ses danses et sa joie identifiée par le Carnaval, lévénement le plus important de létat. Vous trouverez également des plages idéales pour pratiquer tout type de sports nautiques particulièrement la plongée dans des zones de récifs qui forment le parc national Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano, habité par une grande quantité de poissons, de coraux et dautres espèces sous marines. Vous pourrez admirer larchitecture des monuments historiques les plus importants: le phare, la poste, les remparts de Santiago et la forteresse de San Juan de Ulúa, construite en pleine mer (et aujourdhui transformée en un musée qui narre lhistoire du port depuis lépoque préhispanique à nos tours) ou de visiter son incroyable aquarium, qui possède lélevage de poissons le plus grand dAmérique latine. Dans la zone du Malecón vous trouverez une grande quantité de locaux commerciaux qui vous offre tous type de souvenirs; près dici, à la tombée de la nuit, vous pourrez danser au rythme de la harpe et de la marimba sur ses places principales ou bien vous arrêter pour savourer un délicieux café avec un nuage de lait dans nimporte quel café traditionnel.

Aux alentours de Veracruz vous pourrez visiter le site archéologique de Cempoala; le village d Antigua, où lon trouve la première construction chrétienne construite en Amérique latine et la première maison du conquistador Hernán Cortés; le parc national de Pico de Orizaba, avec le volcan le plus haut du pays et le pittoresque village de Tlacotalpan, classé au patrimoine culturel de lhumanité par lUNESCO.

Located in Mexico's eastern region along the Gulf coast, Veracruz borders the states of Tamaulipas to the north, Oaxaca to the south, San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo and Puebla to the west, and Tabasco to the east. This state has a tropical climate and impressive natural scenery, such as the Citlatapetl Volcano and Pico de Orizaba, the highest peak in the nation. You'll also see picturesque cities and towns that have preserved their local architecture.
In the city of Veracruz, an important commercial center, you can visit Fort San Juan de Ulua, which has been converted into an interesting museum. You can also take a stroll along the boardwalk, where every year Veracruz's famous carnival takes place. In the city's plazas, known for their beautiful gardens, you can watch couples dance to the rhythm of danzon, an experience that will take you back to another era.

In Xalapa, the state capital, you can walk down cobblestone streets full of music, color and folklore, while in Tlacotalpan, a town that lies along the Papaloapan River, you can enjoy its wonderful Historic Center, which was declared a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO. There you can witness the town's famous Virgen de la Candelaria procession.
Along the coast you can visit the Costa Esmeralda, a 50-km (31-mi) beach strip north of the port. Finally, if you'd like to see some ruins, there's no better place than the archaeological zone of El Tajin, which also was declared an UNESCO World Heritage Site.

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★Tony*

Top10 Recommended Hotels in Veracruz, Mexico

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Top10 Recommended Hotels in Veracruz, Mexico: 1. Emporio Veracruz *****
2. Fiesta Americana Veracruz *****
3. Camino Real Veracruz *****
4. Hotel Veracruz Centro Histórico *****
5. DoubleTree by Hilton Veracruz ****
6. Gran Hotel Diligencias ****
7. Holiday Inn Express Veracruz Boca del Rio ****
8. Playa Caracol Hotel & Spa ****
9. Hotel Mocambo ****
10. Hotel Yes Inn Nuevo Veracruz ****

Houses and flats for rent in Veracruz
Look for cheap airline tickets to Veracruz

Address:
1. Paseo del Malecón 244, 91700 Veracruz, Mexico, From € 94
This Veracruz hotel overlooks the historic Fort of San Juan de Ulúa. The hotel offers 3 swimming pools, a spa, 3 restaurants and 24-hour room service.
2. Boulevard Manuel Avila Camacho s/n Fracionnamiento Costa de Oro, 94299 Veracruz, Mexico, From € 95
This property is 2 minutes walk from the beach. Situated in a select area of Boca del Río, this luxurious hotel offers relaxing spa services and enjoyable on-site facilities, such as 2 gourmet restaurants, just minutes from the convention center.
3. Boulevard Manuel Avila Camacho, 3650 , 94299 Veracruz, Mexico, From € 76
This property is 1 minute walk from the beach. Located on the seafront in Veracruz, this modern hotel offers fantastic sea views from its air-conditioned bedrooms. It has a fitness centre and a large outdoor pool.
4. Avenida Independencia , 91700 Veracruz, Mexico, From € 34
Set right on Zócalo Square, Hotel Veracruz Centro Histórico offers an outdoor pool, a sundeck and a terrace with views of Veracruz Cathedral. Each air-conditioned room includes free WiFi access. Free parking is available.
5. Boulevard Avila Camacho 707, Col. Flores Magon, 91900 Veracruz, Mexico, From € 45
This property is 1 minute walk from the beach. DoubleTree by Hilton Veracruz is located on Boulevard Manuel Avila Camacho, 5 minutes’ drive from the Zócalo and Malecón area. It offers an outdoor pool with a poolside bar and free WiFi throughout the property.
6. 1115 Independence Avenue, Zona Centro, 91700 Veracruz, Mexico, From € 40
Located in the Historic District of Veracruz, this hotel is a 10-minute walk from the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. It offers an outdoor pool and massage center.
7. Blvd. Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, 4298A, 94299 Veracruz, Mexico, From € 45
This modern hotel is located in the city’s main business district and is only a 2-minute walk from the ocean boardwalk. Free breakfast is served daily at Holiday Inn Express Veracruz Boca del Rio.
8. Avenida Mocambo 526, 94293 Veracruz, Mexico, From € 51
This property is 1 minute walk from the beach. This beachfront hotel in Boca del Río features a seasonal outdoor swimming pool, a spa and a private beach area. Its air-conditioned rooms include free Wi-Fi and offer pool or sea views.
9. Adolfo Ruiz Cortinez 4000, 94298 Veracruz, Mexico, From € 47
This property is 1 minute walk from the beach. Featuring an outdoor pool, this Boca del Rio hotel is 6.5 km from Veracruz main square. The 100% smoke-free hotel is on the shore of the Gulf of Mexico and has free Wi-Fi.
10. Circuito Nuevo Veracruz, 835 Col. Exhacienda Buenavista, 91695 Veracruz, Mexico, From € 28
Located in the outskirts of Veracruz, Hotel Yes Inn Nuevo Veracruz features an outdoor pool and an on-site restaurant.

EXPLORE MEXICO: Veracruz City Highlights Tour

In this episode of Explore Mexico, take a short walking highlights tour in the city of Veracruz with Mike Vondruska.
Highlights Tour -

The city of Veracruz is located on the Gulf of Mexico 250 miles east of Mexico City. Veracruz city has been called the Gateway to Mexico because of its deep water port. Cargo ships have docked here ever since the Spanish conquered Mexico in the early 1500's.

When visiting the city of Veracruz, be prepared to speak Spanish because very few people there speak English. Also, exchange your foreign currency for Mexican Pesos. Almost everywhere US dollars will not be accepted.

Here are some of the Highlights you will see during this quick walking tour:
- Plaza de Armas (the main central plaza)
- Malecon (the prominade near the ocean)
- Cafe de la Parroquia
- San Juan de Ulua fortress
- El Baluarte de Santiago (another fort which was a part of the walled city which at one time surrounded Veracruz for protection)

For one day and multi-day tours in Veracruz city and for touring throughout the state of Veracruz, go here:


Social Media places for more information on Mexico from Mike Vondruska:



Join Mike's Mexico Travel Photos, Videos & Stories group page on Facebook





For information tours to explore other regions of Mexico:


You can contact Mike Vondruska at:
mke@mexicovacationtours.com

Mike Vondruska has traveled extensively throughout the country of Mexico finding great out-of-the-way places for you to experience the real Mexico.

Thanks for watching this video called, City of Veracruz Highlights Tour in Mexico.

See you in Mexico!

veracruz, mexico: zocalo di giorno

Episode 4: Visiting Ruins of Teotihuacan and Drive to Veracruz

Video Diary of Day 5 of the Mexico Trip:
Leaving Tuxpan in the morning to go through the mountains (50 degrees) to Teotihuacan. And from there back to the coast: Veracruz.

El Palacio de Cortés de Cuernavaca, Morelos

Visitando el Palacio de Cortés ubicado en Cuernavaca, Morelos

Así es mi Tierra: casa Hernán Cortéz

 Martín Miranda en la casa de Hernán Cortéz, conocemos una dinámica que hacen en esta casa y un recorrido por ella.

New Spain | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
New Spain

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The Viceroyalty of New Spain (Spanish: Virreinato de Nueva España [birei̯ˈnato ðe ˈnweβa esˈpaɲa]) was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. It covered a huge area that included territories in North America, Central America, Asia and Oceania. It originated after the fall of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, the main event of the Spanish conquest, which did not properly end until much later, as its territory continued to grow to the north. It was officially created on 8 March 1535 as a viceroyalty (Spanish: virreinato), the first of four viceroyalties Spain created in the Americas. Its first viceroy was Antonio de Mendoza y Pacheco, and the capital of the viceroyalty was Mexico City, established on the ancient Mexico-Tenochtitlan.
It included what is now Mexico plus the current U.S. states of California, Nevada, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, Oregon, Washington, Florida and parts of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Kansas, Oklahoma and Louisiana; as well as the southwestern part of British Columbia of present-day Canada; plus the Captaincy General of Guatemala (which included the current countries of Guatemala, the Mexican state of Chiapas, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua); the Captaincy General of Cuba (current Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago and Guadeloupe); and the Captaincy General of the Philippines (including the Philippines, Guam, the Caroline Islands, the Mariana Islands and the short lived Spanish Formosa in modern day northern Taiwan).
The political organization divided the viceroyalty into kingdoms and captaincies general. The kingdoms were those of New Spain (different from the viceroyalty itself); Nueva Galicia (1530); Captaincy General of Guatemala (1540); Nueva Vizcaya (1562); New Kingdom of León (1569); Santa Fe de Nuevo México (1598); Nueva Extremadura (1674) and Nuevo Santander (1746). There were four captaincies: Captaincy General of the Philippines (1574), Captaincy General of Cuba, Captaincy General of Puerto Rico and Captaincy General of Santo Domingo. These territorial subdivisions had a governor and captain general (who in New Spain was the viceroy himself, who added this title to his other dignities). In Guatemala, Santo Domingo and Nueva Galicia, these officials were called presiding governors, since they were leading real audiences. For this reason, these hearings were considered praetorial.
There were two great estates. The most important was the Marquisate of the Valley of Oaxaca, property of Hernán Cortés and his descendants that included a set of vast territories where marquises had civil and criminal jurisdiction, and the right to grant land, water and forests and within which were their main possessions (cattle ranches, agricultural work, sugar mills, fulling houses and shipyards). The other estate was the Duchy of Atlixco, granted in 1708, by King Philip V to José Sarmiento de Valladares, former viceroy of New Spain and married to the Countess of Moctezuma, with civil and criminal jurisdiction over Atlixco, Tepeaca, Guachinango, Ixtepeji and Tula de Allende. King Charles III introduced reforms in the organization of the viceroyalty in 1786, known as Bourbon reforms, which created the intendencias, which allowed to limit, in some way, the viceroy's attributions.
New Spain developed highly regional divisions, reflecting the impact of climate, topography, indigenous populations, and mineral resources. The areas of central and southern Mexico had dense indigenous populations with complex social, political, and economic organization. The northern area of Mexico, a region of nomadic and semi-nomadic indigenous populations, was not generally conducive to dense settlements, but the discovery of silver in Zacatecas in the 1540s drew settlement there to exploit the mines. Silver mining not only became ...

New Spain | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
New Spain

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The Viceroyalty of New Spain (Spanish: Virreinato de Nueva España [birei̯ˈnato ðe ˈnweβa esˈpaɲa]) was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. It covered a huge area that included territories in North America, Central America, Asia and Oceania. It originated after the fall of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, the main event of the Spanish conquest, which did not properly end until much later, as its territory continued to grow to the north. It was officially created on 8 March 1535 as a viceroyalty (Spanish: virreinato), the first of four viceroyalties Spain created in the Americas. Its first viceroy was Antonio de Mendoza y Pacheco, and the capital of the viceroyalty was Mexico City, established on the ancient Mexico-Tenochtitlan.
It included what is now Mexico plus the current U.S. states of California, Nevada, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, Oregon, Washington, Florida and parts of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Kansas, Oklahoma and Louisiana; as well as the southwestern part of British Columbia of present-day Canada; plus the Captaincy General of Guatemala (which included the current countries of Guatemala, the Mexican state of Chiapas, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua); the Captaincy General of Cuba (current Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago and Guadeloupe); and the Captaincy General of the Philippines (including the Philippines, Guam, the Caroline Islands, the Mariana Islands and the short lived Spanish Formosa in modern day northern Taiwan).
The political organization divided the viceroyalty into kingdoms and captaincies general. The kingdoms were those of New Spain (different from the viceroyalty itself); Nueva Galicia (1530); Captaincy General of Guatemala (1540); Nueva Vizcaya (1562); New Kingdom of León (1569); Santa Fe de Nuevo México (1598); Nueva Extremadura (1674) and Nuevo Santander (1746). There were four captaincies: Captaincy General of the Philippines (1574), Captaincy General of Cuba, Captaincy General of Puerto Rico and Captaincy General of Santo Domingo. These territorial subdivisions had a governor and captain general (who in New Spain was the viceroy himself, who added this title to his other dignities). In Guatemala, Santo Domingo and Nueva Galicia, these officials were called presiding governors, since they were leading real audiences. For this reason, these hearings were considered praetorial.
There were two great estates. The most important was the Marquisate of the Valley of Oaxaca, property of Hernán Cortés and his descendants that included a set of vast territories where marquises had civil and criminal jurisdiction, and the right to grant land, water and forests and within which were their main possessions (cattle ranches, agricultural work, sugar mills, fulling houses and shipyards). The other estate was the Duchy of Atlixco, granted in 1708, by King Philip V to José Sarmiento de Valladares, former viceroy of New Spain and married to the Countess of Moctezuma, with civil and criminal jurisdiction over Atlixco, Tepeaca, Guachinango, Ixtepeji and Tula de Allende. King Charles III introduced reforms in the organization of the viceroyalty in 1786, known as Bourbon reforms, which created the intendencias, which allowed to limit, in some way, the viceroy's attributions.
New Spain developed highly regional divisions, reflecting the impact of climate, topography, indigenous populations, and mineral resources. The areas of central and southern Mexico had dense indigenous populations with complex social, political, and economic organization. The northern area of Mexico, a region of nomadic and semi-nomadic indigenous populations, was not generally conducive to dense settlements, but the discovery of silver in Zacatecas in the 1540s drew settlement there to exploit the mines. Silver mining not only became ...

LA PEQUEÑA PROPIEDAD de Alejandro Ferrero

Escena de la puesta en escena de LA PEQUEÑA PROPIEDAD de Alejandro Ferrero, a cargo del taller de teatro del Bachillerato del Instituto Educativo Hervic. Puebla México, Marzo 2006

Veracruz | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Veracruz


00:01:12 1 Etymology
00:01:57 2 Geography
00:02:06 2.1 Political geography
00:03:12 2.2 Natural geography
00:06:56 2.3 Climate
00:09:01 2.4 Ecosystems
00:14:24 3 History
00:14:33 3.1 Pre-Columbian
00:17:59 3.2 Colonial period, 1519–1821
00:24:51 3.3 Independence
00:29:28 3.4 20th century to the present
00:31:54 4 Economy
00:33:47 4.1 Agriculture
00:38:03 4.2 Natural resources
00:39:46 4.3 Golden Lane Oil Fields
00:42:04 4.4 Industry, transportation and commerce
00:45:02 4.5 Handcrafts
00:47:28 5 Culture
00:47:37 5.1 Gastronomy
00:51:06 5.2 Museums
00:54:16 5.3 Fairs and festivals
00:56:21 5.4 Dance and music
01:00:36 5.5 Art and architecture
01:04:44 5.6 Literature
01:07:03 5.7 Religion
01:07:16 6 Education
01:09:57 7 Demographics
01:13:41 8 Tourism
01:15:26 9 Archeological sites
01:18:47 10 Government
01:20:10 11 Infrastructure
01:23:48 12 Major communities
01:23:57 13 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Veracruz (American Spanish: [beɾaˈkɾus] (listen)), formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (American Spanish: [beɾaˈkɾuz ðe iɣˈnasjo ðe la ˈʝaβe]), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave), is one of the 31 states that, along with the Federal District, comprise the 32 federative entities of Mexico. It is divided in 212 municipalities and its capital city is Xalapa-Enríquez.
Veracruz is bordered by the states of Tamaulipas to the north, San Luis Potosí and Hidalgo to the west, Puebla to the southwest, Oaxaca and Chiapas to the south, and Tabasco to the southeast. On its east, Veracruz has a significant share of the coastline of the Gulf of Mexico.
The state is noted for its mixed ethnic and indigenous populations. Its cuisine reflects the many cultural influences that have come through the state because of the importance of the port of Veracruz.
In addition to the capital city, the state's largest cities include Veracruz, Coatzacoalcos, Córdoba, Minatitlán, Poza Rica, Boca Del Río and Orizaba.

Mexican–American War | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Mexican–American War

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The Mexican–American War, also known in the United States as the Mexican War and in Mexico as the American intervention in Mexico, was an armed conflict between the United States of America and the United Mexican States (Mexico) from 1846 to 1848. It followed in the wake of the 1845 American annexation of the independent Republic of Texas. The unstable Mexican caudillo leadership of President/General Antonio López de Santa Anna still considered Texas to be its northeastern province and never recognized the Republic of Texas, which had seceded a decade earlier. In 1845, newly elected U.S. President James K. Polk sent troops to the disputed area and a diplomatic mission to Mexico. After Mexican forces attacked American forces, Polk cited this in his request that Congress declare war.
U.S. forces quickly occupied the regional capital of Santa Fe de Nuevo México along the upper Rio Grande and the Pacific coast province of Alta California, and then moved south. Meanwhile, the Pacific Squadron of the U.S Navy blockaded the Pacific coast farther south in lower Baja California Territory. The U.S. Army under Major General Winfield Scott eventually captured Mexico City through stiff resistance, having marched west from the port of Veracruz on the Gulf Coast, where the Americans staged their first ever amphibious landing.
The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, forced onto the remnant Mexican government, ended the war and enforced the Mexican Cession of the northern territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México to the United States. The U.S. agreed to pay $15 million compensation for the physical damage of the war and assumed $3.25 million of debt already owed earlier by the Mexican government to U.S. citizens. Mexico acknowledged the loss of what became the State of Texas and accepted the Rio Grande as its northern border with the U.S.
The victory and territorial expansion Polk envisioned inspired great patriotism in the United States, but the war and treaty drew some criticism in the U.S. for their casualties, monetary cost, and heavy-handedness, particularly early on. The question of how to treat the new acquisitions also intensified the debate over slavery. Mexico's worsened domestic turmoil and losses of life, territory, and national prestige left it in what prominent Mexicans called a state of degradation and ruin.

Mexico in World War II | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:01:40 1 Pre-colonial era
00:03:51 2 Spanish Conquest
00:06:46 3 19th century
00:06:56 3.1 Mexican War of Independence
00:08:16 3.1.1 Armed conflict
00:10:14 3.2 Conflicts after independence
00:10:23 3.2.1 Plan de Casa Mata
00:11:48 3.2.2 Pastry War
00:13:08 3.2.3 Texan Revolution
00:14:31 3.2.4 Mexican–American War
00:17:27 3.2.5 Caste War of Yucatán
00:20:53 3.2.6 Revolution of Ayutla
00:21:31 3.2.7 The Reform War
00:22:53 3.2.8 French Intervention
00:26:36 4 Early 20th Century
00:26:45 4.1 Mexican Revolution
00:27:54 4.1.1 The Revolution
00:30:20 4.1.2 Role of the isoldaderas/i
00:31:10 4.2 World War I Era
00:33:25 5 Mid 20th Century
00:33:42 5.1 Cristero War
00:34:54 5.2 World War II
00:36:03 5.3 Mexico-Guatemala Conflict
00:36:42 6 Recent developments
00:36:52 6.1 1994 Zapatista Rebellion in Chiapas
00:38:03 6.2 Hurricane Katrina
00:39:00 6.3 Mexican Drug War
00:39:51 7 Timeline
00:44:47 8 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:

Other Wikipedia audio articles at:

Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:

Speaking Rate: 0.9341685642747211
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-B


I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
The military history of Mexico consists of several millennia of armed conflicts within what is now that nation's territory and includes activities of the Mexican military in peacekeeping and combat related affairs worldwide. Wars between prehispanic peoples marked the beginning of Mexico's military history, the most notable of these fought in the form of a flower war. After the Spanish conquest of Mexico in the 16th century, indigenous tribes were defeated by Spain, thus beginning a three century era of Spanish dominance. Mexico's struggle for independence began primarily in the 19th century, and was marked by internal conflict of early rulers after defeating the Spanish in 1821. The Mexican–American War in the mid 19th century ended in the defeat of Mexican forces, and the loss of two-fifths of the national territory. In the remainder of the 19th century, a series of conflicts began in Mexico, as the War of the Reform and the defeat of the French during their intervention in Mexico marked events in that era.
Key military campaigns in the early 20th century include the Mexican Revolution and the Cristero War. These two conflicts, respectively, overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz and challenged the largely anticlerical nature of the post-Revolutionary governments. Mexico stood among the Allies of World War II and was one of two Latin American nations to send combat troops to serve in the Second World War.
Recent developments in the Mexican military include deployment of troops to the United Nations
, a cooperation with the United States in terms of patrolling borders, and relief sent during Hurricane Katrina.

Viceroyalty of New Spain | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Viceroyalty of New Spain

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.


You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.



SUMMARY
=======
The Viceroyalty of New Spain (Spanish: Virreinato de Nueva España [birei̯ˈnato ðe ˈnweβa esˈpaɲa]) was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. It covered a huge area that included territories in North America, Central America, Asia and Oceania. It originated after the fall of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, the main event of the Spanish conquest, which did not properly end until much later, as its territory continued to grow to the north. It was officially created on 8 March 1535 as a viceroyalty (Spanish: virreinato), the first of four viceroyalties Spain created in the Americas. Its first viceroy was Antonio de Mendoza y Pacheco, and the capital of the viceroyalty was Mexico City, established on the ancient Mexico-Tenochtitlan.
It included what is now Mexico plus the current U.S. states of California, Nevada, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, Oregon, Washington, Florida and parts of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Kansas, Oklahoma and Louisiana; as well as the southwestern part of British Columbia of present-day Canada; plus the Captaincy General of Guatemala (which included the current countries of Guatemala, the Mexican state of Chiapas, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua); the Captaincy General of Cuba (current Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago and Guadeloupe); and the Captaincy General of the Philippines (including the Philippines, the Caroline Islands, the Mariana Islands and the short lived Spanish Formosa in modern day northern Taiwan).
The political organization divided the viceroyalty into kingdoms and captaincies general. The kingdoms were those of New Spain (different from the viceroyalty itself); Nueva Galicia (1530); Captaincy General of Guatemala (1540); Nueva Vizcaya (1562); New Kingdom of León (1569); Santa Fe de Nuevo México (1598); Nueva Extremadura (1674) and Nuevo Santander (1746). There were four captaincies: Captaincy General of the Philippines (1574), Captaincy General of Cuba, Captaincy General of Puerto Rico and Captaincy General of Santo Domingo. These territorial subdivisions had a governor and captain general (who in New Spain was the viceroy himself, who added this title to his other dignities). In Guatemala, Santo Domingo and Nueva Galicia, these officials were called presiding governors, since they were leading real audiences. For this reason, these hearings were considered praetorial.
There were two great estates. The most important was the Marquisate of the Valley of Oaxaca, property of Hernán Cortés and his descendants that included a set of vast territories where marquises had civil and criminal jurisdiction, and the right to grant land, water and forests and within which were their main possessions (cattle ranches, agricultural work, sugar mills, fulling houses and shipyards) . The other estate was the Duchy of Atlixco, granted in 1708, by King Philip V to José Sarmiento de Valladares, former viceroy of New Spain and married to the Countess of Moctezuma, with civil and criminal jurisdiction over Atlixco, Tepeaca, Guachinango, Ixtepeji and Tula de Allende. King Charles III introduced reforms in the organization of the viceroyalty in 1786, known as Bourbon reforms, which created the intendencias, which allowed to limit, in some way, the viceroy's attributions.
New Spain developed highly regional divisions, reflecting the impact of climate, topography, indigenous populations, and mineral resources. The areas of central and southern Mexico had dense indigenous populations with complex social, political, and economic organization. The northern area of Mexico, a region of nomadic and semi-nomadic indigenous populations, was not generally conducive to dense settlements, but the discovery of silver in Zacatecas in the 1540s drew settlement there to exploit the mines. Silver mining not only became the engine of the economy of New Spain, b ...

Pedro de Alvarado | Wikipedia audio article

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Pedro de Alvarado

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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpeðɾo ðe alβaˈɾaðo]; Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain, ca. 1485 – Guadalajara, New Spain, 4 July 1541) was a Spanish conquistador and governor of Guatemala. He participated in the conquest of Cuba, in Juan de Grijalva's exploration of the coasts of the Yucatán Peninsula and the Gulf of Mexico, and in the conquest of Mexico led by Hernán Cortés. He is considered the conquistador of much of Central America, including Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador. Although renowned for his skill as a soldier, Alvarado is known also for the cruelty of his treatment of native populations, and mass murders committed in the subjugation of the native peoples of Mexico.Historiography portrays that indigenous people, both Nahuatl-speakers and speakers of other languages, called him Tonatiuh, meaning sun in the Nahuatl language. Yet he was also called Red Sun in Nahuatl, which allows a variety of interpretations. Whether this epithet refers to Alvarado's red hair, some esoteric quality attributed to him, or both, is disputed.

Spanish conquest of Yucatán | Wikipedia audio article

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Spanish conquest of Yucatán

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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The Spanish conquest of Yucatán was the campaign undertaken by the Spanish conquistadores against the Late Postclassic Maya states and polities in the Yucatán Peninsula, a vast limestone plain covering south-eastern Mexico, northern Guatemala, and all of Belize. The Spanish conquest of the Yucatán Peninsula was hindered by its politically fragmented state. The Spanish engaged in a strategy of concentrating native populations in newly founded colonial towns. Native resistance to the new nucleated settlements took the form of the flight into inaccessible regions such as the forest or joining neighbouring Maya groups that had not yet submitted to the Spanish. Among the Maya, ambush was a favoured tactic. Spanish weaponry included broadswords, rapiers, lances, pikes, halberds, crossbows, matchlocks and light artillery. Maya warriors fought with flint-tipped spears, bows and arrows and stones, and wore padded cotton armour to protect themselves. The Spanish introduced a number of Old World diseases previously unknown in the Americas, initiating devastating plagues that swept through the native populations.
The first encounter with the Yucatec Maya may have occurred in 1502, when the fourth voyage of Christopher Columbus came across a large trading canoe off Honduras. In 1511, Spanish survivors of the shipwrecked caravel called Santa María de la Barca sought refuge among native groups along the eastern coast of the peninsula. Hernán Cortés made contact with two survivors, Gerónimo de Aguilar and Gonzalo Guerrero, six years later. In 1517, Francisco Hernández de Córdoba made landfall on the tip of the peninsula. His expedition continued along the coast and suffered heavy losses in a pitched battle at Champotón, forcing a retreat to Cuba. Juan de Grijalva explored the coast in 1518, and heard tales of the wealthy Aztec Empire further west. As a result of these rumours, Hernán Cortés set sail with another fleet. From Cozumel he continued around the peninsula to Tabasco where he fought a battle at Potonchán; from there Cortés continued onward to conquer the Aztec Empire. In 1524, Cortés led a sizeable expedition to Honduras, cutting across southern Campeche, and through Petén in what is now northern Guatemala. In 1527 Francisco de Montejo set sail from Spain with a small fleet. He left garrisons on the east coast, and subjugated the northeast of the peninsula. Montejo then returned to the east to find his garrisons had almost been eliminated; he used a supply ship to explore southwards before looping back around the entire peninsula to central Mexico. Montejo pacified Tabasco with the aid of his son, also named Francisco de Montejo.
In 1531 the Spanish moved their base of operations to Campeche, where they repulsed a significant Maya attack. After this battle, the Spanish founded a town at Chichen Itza in the north. Montejo carved up the province amongst his soldiers. In mid-1533 the local Maya rebelled and laid siege to the small Spanish garrison, which was forced to flee. Towards the end of 1534, or the beginning of 1535, the Spanish retreated from Campeche to Veracruz. In 1535, peaceful attempts by the Franciscan Order to incorporate Yucatán into the Spanish Empire failed after a renewed Spanish military presence at Champotón forced the friars out. Champotón was by now the last Spanish outpost in Yucatán, isolated among a hostile population. In 1541–42 the first permanent Spanish town councils in the entire peninsula were founded at Campeche and Mérida. When the powerful lord of Mani converted to the Roman Catholic religion, his submission to Spain and conversion to Christianity encouraged the lords of the western provinces to accept Spanish rule. In late 1546 an alliance of eastern provinces launched an unsuccessful uprising against the Spanish. The eastern Maya were defeated in a single battle, which marked the final conquest of the ...

Mexican–American War | Wikipedia audio article

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Mexican–American War

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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The Mexican–American War, also known in the United States as the Mexican War and in Mexico as the American intervention in Mexico, was an armed conflict between the United States of America and the United Mexican States (Mexico) from 1846 to 1848. It followed in the wake of the 1845 American annexation of the independent Republic of Texas. The unstable Mexican caudillo leadership of President/General Antonio López de Santa Anna still considered Texas to be its northeastern province and never recognized the Republic of Texas, which had seceded a decade earlier. In 1845, newly elected U.S. President James K. Polk sent troops to the disputed area and a diplomatic mission to Mexico. After Mexican forces attacked American forces, Polk cited this in his request that Congress declare war.
U.S. forces quickly occupied the regional capital of Santa Fe de Nuevo México along the upper Rio Grande and the Pacific coast province of Alta California, and then moved south. Meanwhile, the Pacific Squadron of the U.S Navy blockaded the Pacific coast farther south in lower Baja California Territory. The U.S. Army under Major General Winfield Scott eventually captured Mexico City through stiff resistance, having marched west from the port of Veracruz on the Gulf Coast, where the Americans staged their first ever amphibious landing.
The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, forced onto the remnant Mexican government, ended the war and enforced the Mexican Cession of the northern territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México to the United States. The U.S. agreed to pay $15 million compensation for the physical damage of the war and assumed $3.25 million of debt already owed earlier by the Mexican government to U.S. citizens. Mexico acknowledged the loss of what became the State of Texas and accepted the Rio Grande as its northern border with the U.S.
The victory and territorial expansion Polk envisioned inspired great patriotism in the United States, but the war and treaty drew some criticism in the U.S. for their casualties, monetary cost, and heavy-handedness, particularly early on. The question of how to treat the new acquisitions also intensified the debate over slavery. Mexico's worsened domestic turmoil and losses of life, territory, and national prestige left it in what prominent Mexicans called a state of degradation and ruin.

Hernán Cortés | Wikipedia audio article

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Hernán Cortés

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- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano, Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca (; Spanish: [eɾˈnaŋ koɾˈtes ðe monˈroj i piˈsaro]; 1485 – December 2, 1547) was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of what is now mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers who began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
Born in Medellín, Spain, to a family of lesser nobility, Cortés chose to pursue adventure and riches in the New World. He went to Hispaniola and later to Cuba, where he received an encomienda (the right to the labor of certain subjects). For a short time, he served as alcalde (magistrate) of the second Spanish town founded on the island. In 1519, he was elected captain of the third expedition to the mainland, an expedition which he partly funded. His enmity with the Governor of Cuba, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, resulted in the recall of the expedition at the last moment, an order which Cortés ignored.
Arriving on the continent, Cortés executed a successful strategy of allying with some indigenous people against others. He also used a native woman, Doña Marina, as an interpreter. She later bore his first son. When the Governor of Cuba sent emissaries to arrest Cortés, he fought them and won, using the extra troops as reinforcements. Cortés wrote letters directly to the king asking to be acknowledged for his successes instead of being punished for mutiny. After he overthrew the Aztec Empire, Cortés was awarded the title of Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca, while the more prestigious title of Viceroy was given to a high-ranking nobleman, Antonio de Mendoza. In 1541 Cortés returned to Spain, where he died six years later of natural causes but embittered.
Because of the controversial undertakings of Cortés and the scarcity of reliable sources of information about him, it is difficult to describe his personality or motivations. Early lionizing of the conquistadors did not encourage deep examination of Cortés. Later reconsideration of the conquistadors in the context of modern anti-colonial sentiment has done little to enlarge understanding of Cortés. As a result of these historical trends, descriptions of Cortés tend to be simplistic, and either damning or idealizing.

Military history of Mexico | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:01:53 1 Pre-colonial era
00:04:20 2 Spanish Conquest
00:07:35 3 19th century
00:07:45 3.1 Mexican War of Independence
00:09:13 3.1.1 Armed conflict
00:11:25 3.2 Conflicts after independence
00:11:35 3.2.1 Plan de Casa Mata
00:13:08 3.2.2 Pastry War
00:14:37 3.2.3 Texan Revolution
00:16:09 3.2.4 Mexican–American War
00:19:25 3.2.5 Caste War of Yucatán
00:23:15 3.2.6 Revolution of Ayutla
00:23:57 3.2.7 The Reform War
00:25:27 3.2.8 French Intervention
00:29:39 4 Early 20th Century
00:29:49 4.1 Mexican Revolution
00:31:05 4.1.1 The Revolution
00:33:49 4.1.2 Role of the isoldaderas/i
00:34:44 4.2 World War I Era
00:37:14 5 Mid 20th Century
00:37:32 5.1 Cristero War
00:38:51 5.2 World War II
00:40:08 5.3 Mexico-Guatemala Conflict
00:40:51 6 Recent developments
00:41:00 6.1 1994 Zapatista Rebellion in Chiapas
00:42:18 6.2 Hurricane Katrina
00:43:20 6.3 Mexican Drug War
00:44:17 7 Timeline
00:49:46 8 See also



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I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
The military history of Mexico consists of several millennia of armed conflicts within what is now that nation's territory and includes activities of the Mexican military in peacekeeping and combat related affairs worldwide. Wars between prehispanic peoples marked the beginning of Mexico's military history, the most notable of these fought in the form of a flower war. After the Spanish conquest of Mexico in the 16th century, indigenous tribes were defeated by Spain, thus beginning a three century era of Spanish dominance. Mexico's struggle for independence began primarily in the 19th century, and was marked by internal conflict of early rulers after defeating the Spanish in 1821. The Mexican–American War in the mid 19th century ended in the defeat of Mexican forces, and the loss of two-fifths of the national territory. In the remainder of the 19th century, a series of conflicts began in Mexico, as the War of the Reform and the defeat of the French during their intervention in Mexico marked events in that era.
Key military campaigns in the early 20th century include the Mexican Revolution and the Cristero War. These two conflicts, respectively, overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz and challenged the largely anticlerical nature of the post-Revolutionary governments. Mexico stood among the Allies of World War II and was one of two Latin American nations to send combat troops to serve in the Second World War.
Recent developments in the Mexican military include deployment of troops to the United Nations
, a cooperation with the United States in terms of patrolling borders, and relief sent during Hurricane Katrina.