NZEF Desert Railway - North Africa 1942
Slideshow of photographs of the rolling stock and railway line constructed and used to great effect by the Allies during the North African campaign of the Second World War.
These previously unpublished photographs from the North African campaign, circa 1942, were taken from the personal photo album of a member of the 16th Railway Operating Company, 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force.
For more details on the 2/NZEF railwaymen, see Brendon Judd's excellent book 'The Desert Railway':
--
Copyright © 2011 Historical Aviation Film Unit
This video material may not be reproduced in any form (except as an embedded video on any other website), without the written permission of the Historical Aviation Film Unit.
Prince Harry in Whanganui 14th May 2015
Prince Harry visits historic Whanganui in New Zealand and becomes the first member of the Royal Family to travel by waka up the mighty Whanganui River. This footage covers his arrival at Union Boat Club by waka, and the motocade to the Whanganui War Memorial Hall where he greets the crowd.
National Anthem of New Zealand (Bagpipes)
God Defend New Zealand, National Anthem of New Zealand.
(We have other videos, mainly bagpipe music, at: 2011piperpeter)
God save the Queen - NZ Artillery Band
NZ Artillery Band - Website at
Prince Harry lands in New Zealand to Maori welcome
Prince Harry has landed in New Zealand for a week-long tour and was met with a traditional Maori nose-pressing welcome.
The prince flew in from Australia after a month training with the country's armed forces, meeting injured soldiers and Aboriginal communities.
New Zealand Prime Minister, John Key, greeted him as he landed in Wellington.
Prince Harry then received an ancient warrior welcome performed by members of the country's armed forces.
PM John Key tweeted: Great to welcome Prince Harry to New Zealand on a brilliant Wellington day.
He also tweeted pictures of the fantastic crowd waiting for the prince as well as a puppy that the prime minister brought along to welcome him.
Kensington Palace tweeted a picture of the Prince watching a powhiri - a Maori welcoming ritual - followed by a haka.
He was treated to the ceremonial welcome on the lawn in front of Government House. the home of the Governor General Sir Jerry Mateparae and his wife Lady Janine.
Performed by members of the New Zealand armed forces, the powhiri started with a wero, an ancient tradition to determine whether visitors come in peace.
At the house he was invited to hongi, where he clasped hands and pressed his nose up against the people he met.
He also saw a mass haka by students from a local college and was given a 21-gun salute.
The prince then met school children, one of whom presented him with a card for his new-born niece.
Rakaia Burwell-Garratt, nine, from Kilbirnie School, said: I gave him a card for Princess Charlotte. I wrote in it, I hope you like being a princess and happy birthday for your first week'.
Unknown Warrior
Harry tucked the envelope into his suit pocket and told her: I won't open it, I'll keep it safe and I'll make sure she gets it.
He also visited the National War Memorial Park and paid his respects at its Tomb of the Unknown Warrior.
He left a note on a wreath laid during his visit to the memorial park, which read: In memory of all those who have paid the ultimate price and in grateful recognition of those who have served NZ.
The prince also inspected a guard of honour made up of members of the Royal New Zealand Navy, Army Logistic Regiment, and the Air Force.
He is due to watch a rugby game later on Saturday between Wellington's Hurricanes and South Africa's Durban-based Sharks.
The week-long visit is the first Harry has made to New Zealand and throughout the trip he is expected to be given a broad introduction to Kiwi culture and society.
He will visit major cities such as Wellington and Auckland, as well as the country's most southern and very remote community on Stewart island.
The visit comes at the end of his month-long attachment in Australia.
Footage released by the Australian Defence Force (ADF) showed the Prince, known as Captain Wales in the armed forces, as an all-action hero.
He was filmed abseiling from a helicopter with 2nd Commando Regiment soldiers in an urban warfare drill in Sydney.
Harry also took part in counter-terror training in the city's famous harbour with Royal Australian Navy divers.
As well as his combat training, he met wounded and injured Australian soldiers and spent two weeks in the Northern Territory which included meeting the local indigenous community.
HISTORICAL PLACES OF NEW ZEALAND IN GOOGLE EARTH PART TWO ( 2/3 )
HISTORICAL PLACES OF NEW ZEALAND PART TWO
1. MOUNT NGAURUHOE 39° 9'26.98S 175°38'5.44E
2. HAPUKU LODGE & TREE HOUSES,KAIKOURA 42°18'47.88S 173°44'10.35E
3. CHAPEL OF FAITH,WAIKUMETE CEMETERY 36°54'29.03S 174°39'5.01E
4. HAPUAWHENUA VIADUCT(1908),WANGANUI 39°23'0.95S 175°24'2.35E
5. FORT RIPAPA ISLAND 43°37'12.73S 172°45'16.84E
6. MANUKAU ART,AUCKLAND 36°59'32.05S 174°53'4.48E
7. INVERCARGILL WATER TOWER 46°24'27.31S 168°21'39.05E
8. ARANUI & WATIMO CAVES 38°15'39.29S 175° 6'12.78E
9. NATIONAL LIBRARY,WELLINGTON 41°16'36.09S 174°46'42.50E
10. REASONS FOR VOYAGING SCULPTURE,CHRISTCHURCH 43°31'50.77S 172°37'51.01E
11. CAMBRIDGE BAPTIST CHURCH 37°53'29.24S 175°27'55.90E
12. MEMORIAL STONE,CHRISTCHURCH 43°31'52.43S 172°38'13.43E
13. NATIONAL AQUARIUM,NAPIER 39°30'2.53S 176°55'8.24E
14. VICTORIA UNIVERSITY WEIR HOUSE,WELLINGTON 41°17'4.48S 174°46'12.90E
15. ST.JOSEPH'S PARISH,MORRINSVILLE 37°39'18.03S 175°31'59.12E
16. CHRISTCHURCH WAR MEMORIAL BASE 43°31'50.18S 172°38'13.00E
17. OLD TAURANGA POST OFFICE 37°40'52.56S 176°10'6.22E
18. CATHOLIC CATHEDRAL,CHRISTCHURCH 43°32'18.41S 172°38'46.93E
19. CAPE REINGA LIGHTHOUSE,CAPE REINGA 34°25'36.22S 172°40'40.34E
20. BRIDGE OF REMEMBRANCE,CHRISTCHURCH 43°31'59.36S 172°38'0.32E
21. FORT NORTH HEAD,AUCKLAND 36°49'39.23S 174°48'42.37E
22. MAKOHINE VIADUCT ,PHINGAITI 39°52'10.64S 175°40'58.13E
Inside a Mongrel Mob patching ceremony
As part of an investigation into where gangs are heading in New Zealand, RNZ's Insight programme was allowed the first media recording of a Mongrel Mob patching ceremony. Listen to the full Insight programme on the Future of Gangs here:
Are we really a Rugby Nation? - LATE at the Museum
Apartheid and the 1981 Springbok rugby tour divided families and in some households saw women refusing to wash their husbands' rugby uniforms. The tour was just one element of the Auckland Museum September LATE debate which saw former All Black Grant Fox, historian Jock Phillips and Auckland University's Dr Jennifer Curtin discussing whether New Zealand is still the rugby nation it once was.
Led by moderator Maggie Barry the panellists agreed the current fever around the Rugby World Cup shows rugby is still a well-loved game in New Zealand but Grant Fox pointed out the game is now competing with a host of other sports, weekend activities and other television events. See for photos and full video.
Dunedin's Dawn Service (2015)
Photos & National Anthem from 2015 Dawn Service held in Dunedin, New Zealand.
National Army Museum Waiouru Last 100 days exhibit promotional video
National Army Museum Waiouru Last 100 days exhibit promotional video
NZ Citizenship Cultural Performance (May 2012)
Amateur footage of the official NZ Citizenship Ceremony held on 15 May 2012 at the Orewa Arts & Events Centre in Auckland, New Zealand.
The performance featured is by the Auckland Museum's Maori Cultural Group.
Napier Boys High School - Thai Student
Prince Harry presses noses and talks rugby on first trip to New Zealand
Prince Harry presses noses and talks rugby on first trip to New Zealand
The prince arrived in Wellington for a week long visit on Saturday and was soon laughing off marriage proposals
Prince Harry arrived in New Zealand on Saturday for a week long visit and was soon talking about the country’s prowess in rugby, pressing noses with Maori leaders and laughing off marriage proposals.
Harry was greeted by the prime minister, John Key, and other dignitaries when his plane landed in Wellington. Wearing a blue suit, Harry stopped often to say hello to cheering fans as he began his first tour of New Zealand.
From the airport he traveled to Government House for an official welcome. He pressed noses with Maori leaders in a traditional hongi greeting and met with military representatives. He also spoke with schoolchildren, feigning surprise when some told him they didn’t play rugby.
“I thought you would be forced to play rugby,” he said. “That’s why you have such a good rugby team isn’t it?”
Harry was scheduled to watch a rugby game on Saturday night between Wellington’s Hurricanes and South Africa’s Durban-based Sharks. The prince also talked about football, telling the children that most royal family members were Arsenal fans.
One young girl gave Harry a card for his niece, Princess Charlotte, which the prince popped in his suit pocket and promised to pass along. Charlotte was born last week, bumping Harry down a notch to fifth in line to the throne.
The prince then traveled to the national war memorial where he laid a wreath at the foot of a statue and placed a native fern on the tomb of the unknown warrior, to honour those killed in war.
The 30-year-old prince was greeted along the way by exuberant fans, some offering to marry him and one woman holding a sign with lipstick kisses that read “Don’t worry, I won’t kiss you!” — a reference to a woman who managed to land a kiss on the prince’s cheek in Sydney earlier this week.
Harry seemed to take the attention in good spirits. When two young women held up a sign saying “Harry, fried rice at our palace tonight?” he jokingly asked them where their palace was located.
He even stopped to join in singing Happy Birthday to a girl wearing a party hat.
Harry plans to visit New Zealand until 16 May. One of his scheduled stops is at Stewart Island, population 378.
From there he will take a boat to the even more remote Ulva Island, a predator-free sanctuary for native birdlife that is home to rare species including the Stewart Island brown kiwi.
He’s also scheduled to visit Christchurch, Whanganui, Linton and Auckland.
The prince, grandson of Britain’s monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, arrived from Australia after a month long embedment with the Australian army.
HRH Prince Harry at gathering of Battle of Britain aircraft
HRH Prince Harry attends the biggest gathering of Battle of Britain aircraft since the Second World War on his 31st birthday to mark the aerial conflict's 75th anniversary. Video: Press Association
Timeline of New Zealand history | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Timeline of New Zealand history
00:00:12 1 Prehistory (to 1000 CE)
00:01:16 2 Pre-colonial time (1000 to 1839)
00:01:28 2.1 1000 to 1600
00:02:32 2.2 17th century
00:03:31 2.3 18th century
00:05:40 2.4 Early 19th century; 1801–1839
00:10:27 3 Colony and self-government (1840 to 1946)
00:10:39 3.1 1840s
00:13:19 3.2 1850s
00:15:05 3.3 1860s
00:18:20 3.4 1870s
00:20:33 3.5 1880s
00:22:59 3.6 1890s
00:25:23 3.7 1900s
00:27:51 3.8 1910s
00:30:46 3.9 1920s
00:32:32 3.10 1930s
00:35:29 3.11 1940 to 1946
00:39:21 4 Full independence (1947 to 1983)
00:39:33 4.1 1947 to 1949
00:40:57 4.2 1950s
00:43:36 4.3 1960s
00:46:16 4.4 1970s
00:50:07 4.5 1980s
00:51:08 5 Restructuring (1984 to date)
00:51:19 5.1 1984 to 1989
00:55:18 5.2 1990s
01:00:56 5.3 2000s
01:04:35 5.4 2010s
01:07:14 6 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
This is a timeline of the history of New Zealand that includes only events deemed to be of principal importance – for less important events click the year heading or refer to List of years in New Zealand.
List of natural history museums | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:34 1 Africa
00:00:42 1.1 Algeria
00:00:56 1.2 Angola
00:01:12 1.3 Botswana
00:01:24 1.4 Canary Islands
00:01:44 1.5 Egypt
00:02:00 1.6 Ethiopia
00:02:14 1.7 Kenya
00:02:28 1.8 Mozambique
00:02:41 1.9 Namibia
00:02:56 1.10 South Africa
00:03:58 1.11 Sudan
00:04:10 1.12 Tanzania
00:04:24 1.13 Tunisia
00:04:36 1.14 Uganda
00:05:04 1.15 Zimbabwe
00:05:17 2 Asia
00:05:26 2.1 China
00:06:38 2.2 India
00:07:26 2.3 Indonesia
00:07:39 2.4 Iran
00:08:23 2.5 Iraq
00:08:35 2.6 Israel
00:09:03 2.7 Japan
00:11:35 2.8 Jordan
00:11:46 2.9 Kyrgyzstan
00:11:59 2.10 Malaysia
00:12:14 2.11 Mongolia
00:12:32 2.12 Oman
00:12:44 2.13 Pakistan
00:12:56 2.14 Philippines
00:13:16 2.15 Qatar
00:13:28 2.16 Singapore
00:13:42 2.17 South Korea
00:14:04 2.18 Taiwan
00:14:34 2.19 Thailand
00:17:35 2.20 United Arab Emirates
00:17:48 2.21 Uzbekistan
00:18:00 2.22 Vietnam
00:18:16 3 Central America
00:18:25 3.1 Belize
00:18:38 3.2 Costa Rica
00:19:16 3.3 Dominican Republic
00:19:37 3.4 Grenada
00:19:48 3.5 Guatemala
00:20:19 3.6 Honduras
00:20:31 3.7 Nicaragua
00:21:26 3.8 Panama
00:22:24 4 Europe
00:22:33 4.1 Albania
00:22:45 4.2 Armenia
00:23:00 4.3 Austria
00:24:49 4.4 Azerbaijan
00:25:12 4.5 Belarus
00:25:29 4.6 Belgium
00:25:46 4.7 Bosnia and Herzegovina
00:26:00 4.8 Bulgaria
00:26:50 4.9 Croatia
00:27:50 4.10 Czech Republic
00:28:09 4.11 Denmark
00:28:35 4.12 Estonia
00:28:52 4.13 Finland
00:29:23 4.14 France
00:31:21 4.15 Georgia
00:31:44 4.16 Germany
00:35:08 4.17 Greece
00:35:45 4.18 Greenland
00:35:57 4.19 Hungary
00:37:14 4.20 Iceland
00:37:27 4.21 Ireland
00:37:52 4.22 Italy
00:40:51 4.23 Latvia
00:41:03 4.24 Liechtenstein
00:41:15 4.25 Lithuania
00:41:32 4.26 Luxembourg
00:41:45 4.27 Macedonia
00:41:58 4.28 Malta
00:42:11 4.29 Moldova
00:42:24 4.30 Monaco
00:42:36 4.31 Montenegro
00:42:50 4.32 The Netherlands
00:43:58 4.33 Norway
00:44:27 4.34 Poland
00:45:00 4.35 Portugal
00:46:21 4.36 Romania
00:49:15 4.37 Russia
00:50:21 4.38 Serbia
00:50:43 4.39 Slovenia
00:50:58 4.40 Slovakia
00:51:14 4.41 Spain
00:52:53 4.42 Sweden
00:53:55 4.43 Switzerland
00:54:57 4.44 Turkey
00:55:17 4.45 Ukraine
00:56:09 4.46 United Kingdom
00:56:18 4.46.1 England
00:57:49 4.46.2 Scotland
00:58:23 4.46.3 Wales
00:58:37 4.46.4 Northern Ireland
00:58:48 5 North America
00:58:57 5.1 Bermuda
00:59:10 5.2 Canada
00:59:18 5.2.1 Alberta
00:59:41 5.2.2 British Columbia
01:00:11 5.2.3 Manitoba
01:00:51 5.2.4 New Brunswick
01:01:02 5.2.5 Newfoundland
01:01:17 5.2.6 Nova Scotia
01:01:34 5.2.7 Ontario
01:02:04 5.2.8 Quebec
01:02:43 5.2.9 Saskatchewan
01:03:13 5.2.10 Yukon
01:03:30 5.3 Mexico
01:04:34 5.4 United States
01:04:43 6 Oceania
01:04:52 6.1 Australia
01:07:01 6.2 Indonesia
01:08:29 6.3 New Zealand
01:09:02 7 South America
01:09:11 7.1 Argentina
01:13:12 7.2 Bolivia
01:13:41 7.3 Brazil
01:15:04 7.4 Chile
01:15:29 7.5 Colombia
01:16:06 7.6 Ecuador
01:16:20 7.7 Guyana
01:16:32 7.8 Paraguay
01:16:45 7.9 Peru
01:17:04 7.10 Trinidad and Tobago
01:17:21 7.11 Uruguay
01:17:40 7.12 Venezuela
01:18:49 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8679619797762602
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
This is a list of natural history museums, also known as museums of natural history, i.e. museums whose exhibits focus on the subject of natural history, including such topics as animals, plants, ecosystems, geology, paleontology, and climatology.
Some museums feature natural-history collections in addition to other collections, such as ones related to history, art and science. In addition, nature centers often include natural-history exhibits.
Prince Harry arrived for the first engagement he is holding in Toronto ahead of his Invictus Games
Prince Harry arrived for the first engagement he is holding in Toronto ahead of his Invictus Games
Occupy movement | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Occupy movement
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Occupy movement was an international progressive, socio-political movement against social and economic inequality and the lack of real democracy around the world. It aimed primarily to advance social and economic justice and new forms of democracy. The movement had many different scopes; local groups often had different focuses, but among the movement's prime concerns were how large corporations (and the global financial system) control the world in a way that disproportionately benefited a minority, undermined democracy, and was unstable. Occupy formed part of what Manfred Steger called the global justice movement.The first Occupy protest to receive widespread attention, Occupy Wall Street in New York City's Zuccotti Park, began on 17 September 2011. By 9 October, Occupy protests had taken place or were ongoing in over 951 cities across 82 countries, and in over 600 communities in the United States. Although most active in the United States, by October 2012 there had been Occupy protests and occupations in dozens of other countries across every inhabited continent. For the first month, overt police repression remained minimal, but this began to change by 25 October 2011 when police first attempted to forcibly remove Occupy Oakland. By the end of 2011, authorities had cleared most of the major camps, with the last remaining high-profile sites – in Washington, D.C. and in London – evicted by February 2012.The Occupy movement took inspiration in part from the Arab Spring, from the 2009 Iranian Green Movement, and from the Spanish Indignados Movement, as well as from the overall global wave of anti-austerity protests. The movement commonly uses the slogan We are the 99% and the #Occupy hashtag format; it organizes through websites such as Occupy Together. According to The Washington Post, the movement, which Cornel West described as a democratic awakening, is difficult to distill to a few demands. On 12 October 2011, Los Angeles City Council became one of the first governmental bodies in the United States to adopt a resolution stating its informal support of the Occupy movement. In October 2012, the Executive Director of Financial Stability at the Bank of England stated that the protesters were right to criticise and had persuaded bankers and politicians to behave in a more moral way.
Food Forum 15 - Capt David Morgan - Safety Management
'Safety management - Incorporating customer safety, business and reputation'
Speaker: Captain David Morgan, Air New Zealand
The Food Protection Forum was a one day conference for leaders in the food industry to learn about the importance of a food safety culture and food defence in protecting New Zealand's economy, reputation and consumers globally.
Electric tram | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:17 1 Etymology and terminology
00:05:32 2 History
00:05:55 2.1 Horse-drawn
00:11:47 2.2 Steam
00:13:56 2.3 Cable-hauled
00:18:42 2.4 Gas
00:20:41 2.5 Electric
00:29:45 2.6 Other power sources
00:30:00 2.6.1 Battery
00:31:14 2.6.2 Human Power
00:32:13 2.6.3 Liquid fuel
00:33:03 2.6.4 Compressed air
00:33:18 2.6.5 Hydrogen
00:33:50 2.6.6 Hybrid
00:34:36 2.7 Modern development
00:35:27 3 Design
00:35:35 3.1 Single-ended vs double-ended
00:38:14 3.2 Articulated
00:39:42 3.3 Double decker
00:40:59 3.4 Drop-Centre (lowered central section)
00:41:49 3.5 Low floor
00:44:10 3.5.1 Ultra low floor
00:45:02 3.5.2 Pivoting bogie
00:45:47 3.6 Tram-train
00:46:44 3.7 Cargo tram
00:49:50 3.8 Tourist tram
00:50:24 3.9 Nursery tram
00:50:54 3.10 Hearse tram
00:52:19 3.11 Dog car
00:52:45 3.12 Restaurant tram
00:54:20 3.13 Mobile library service
00:54:59 3.14 Contractors' mobile office
00:55:28 3.15 Maintenance tram
00:56:23 3.16 Rubber-tyred tram
00:57:16 3.17 Other designs
00:57:24 3.17.1 Modular design
00:58:11 3.17.2 Modern styling
00:58:37 4 Operation
00:59:14 4.1 Track
01:01:19 4.2 Track gauge
01:02:31 4.3 Power supply
01:04:02 4.3.1 Ground-level power supply
01:05:12 4.4 Tram stop
01:05:47 4.5 Route
01:09:36 4.6 Controls
01:10:11 5 Manufacturing
01:10:39 6 Advantages
01:12:32 7 Disadvantages
01:14:14 8 By region
01:16:30 8.1 Statistics
01:19:28 8.2 Major tram and light rail systems
01:31:17 8.3 Africa
01:31:25 8.4 Asia
01:34:25 8.5 Europe
01:35:24 8.6 North America
01:39:17 8.7 Oceania
01:43:53 8.8 South America
01:45:09 9 Incidents
01:47:53 10 Tram modelling
01:50:39 11 In popular culture
01:50:54 11.1 Literature
01:57:59 11.2 Music
01:59:28 11.3 Film
02:02:44 11.4 Television
02:03:33 11.5 Visual arts
02:05:42 11.6 Drama
02:06:12 11.7 Ballet
02:06:29 11.8 Opera
02:06:45 11.9 Other
02:07:54 12 See also
02:08:03 12.1 Tram types
02:08:12 12.2 Trams by region
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8924788607054737
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
A tram (in North America streetcar or trolley) is a rail vehicle which runs on tramway tracks along public urban streets; some include segments of segregated right-of-way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways. Historically the term electric street railways was also used in the United States. In the United States, the term tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tyred trackless trains, which are not related to the other vehicles covered in this article.
Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than main line and rapid transit trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph sliding on an overhead line; older systems may use a trolley pole or a bow collector. In some cases by a contact shoe on a third rail is used. If necessary, they may have dual power systems—electricity in city streets, and diesel in more rural environments. Occasionally, trams also carry freight.
Trams are now commonly included in the wider term light rail, which also includes grade-separated systems. Some trams, known as tram-trains, may have segments that run on mainline railway tracks, similar to interurban systems. The differences between these modes of rail transport are often indistinct, and a given system may combine multiple features.
One of the advantages over earlier forms of transit was the low rolling resistance of metal wheels on steel rails, allowing the animals to haul a greater load for a given effort. Problems included the fact that any given animal could only work so many hours on a given day, had to be housed, groomed, fed and cared for day in and day out, and produced prodigious amounts of manure, which the streetcar company was charged with disposing of. Electric trams largely replaced animal power in the late 19th and early 20th century. Improvements in other forms of road transport ...