The National for Tuesday January 24, 2017
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Envisioning the Future of Catholic Religious Archives: What Do We Know?
Lecture presentation interpreting the results of surveys of religious leaders, archivists, and historians conducted by the conference planning committee in October 2017. What does the data tell us? What are the core values revealed?
Patricia Wittberg, SC, Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate (CARA)
Introduction by Malachy McCarthy, Conference Co-Chair and Province Archivist, Claretian Missionaries Archives USA-Canada
“Envisioning the Future of Catholic Religious Archives,” a working conference hosted by Boston College, July 11-13, 2018.
Decoding the Oil Price Crash: The Outlook for Prices, US Production, and Geopolitics
At the May 5 forum The Oil Price Crash and the Shifting Energy Landscape, panelists discuss Decoding the Oil Price Crash: The Outlook for Prices, US Production, and Geopolitics.
Panelists:
Jesse J. Greene, Jr.
Moderator
Senior Fellow, Richman Center
Jason Bordoff
Professor of Professional Practice in International and Public Affairs, Founding Director, Center on Global Energy Policy, and Senior Fellow, Richman Center, Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs
Bob McNally
Founder and President, The Rapidan Group
Learn more at
Colin Fenton
Fellow, Center on Global Energy Policy, Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs
愛 ● 常傳 - 聖門之旅 A Journey through the Holy Door
為了慶祝魁北克聖母院成立三百五十週年,魁北克總教區宣佈2013年12月8日至2014年12月28日為「聖年」,還安裝了一扇聖門。這聖門是歐洲以外的唯一一扇聖門。在12月28日關上後,要到2025年才會再開。《愛●常傳》攝製隊特別隨同朝聖團出發,與大家分享朝聖者通過聖門的喜悅。
In celebration of the 350th anniversary of the Basilica Cathedral Notre Dame of Québec, the Archdiocese of Québec declared December 8, 2013 to December 28, 2014 to be a jubilee year. A Holy Door, the seventh in the world and the first outside of Europe, was built in the Basilica-Cathedral for the occasion. The Holy Door will close on December 28 2014 and will only open again in 2025. Fountain of Grace was there to witness the joy of pilgrims as they entered the Holy Door.
The Ongoing Debate on Immigration Policies
Sol Price School of Public Policy and the Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington for the annual George Washington Leadership Lecture. Established through a generous gift by Maribeth Borthwick '73, who also serves as the Vice Regent for California of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, this lecture series explores the Washington's lifelong accomplishments, providing a better understanding of him as a man, as well as his remarkable leadership, professional achievements and lasting legacy.
Speakers:
Dr. Douglas Bradburn
Founding Director, Washington Library at Mount Vernon
George Sanchez
Professor of American Studies and Ethnicity and History
Vice Dean for Diversity and Strategic Initiatives, USC Dornsife
Moderator:
David Sloane
Professor, USC Price
Immigration has long been a topic of political controversy in the United States. Right now, presidential candidates are taking positions, left and right, focused on defining this elusive topic, and developing solutions to what seems an intractable problem. George Washington served as President when the United States first grappled with immigration and naturalization politics. Although the specifics have changed, the challenges of balancing inclusiveness, economic growth, social justice, and national security were just as problematic in his time as they are today. The evening begins with a short presentation framing the problem of immigration in the Founding Era, and Washington's particular perspective by the Founding Director of the Washington Library, Dr. Douglas Bradburn. Then Professor George Sanchez, one of the nation's foremost historians, discusses the history and current controversies around immigration. After his talk, they sit down with Professor David Sloane for a conversation about some of the issues raised in the talks.
History of Africa | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:07 1 Prehistory
00:03:16 1.1 Paleolithic
00:06:57 1.2 Emergence of agriculture and desertification of the Sahara
00:11:23 1.3 Central Africa
00:12:11 1.4 Metallurgy
00:14:05 2 Antiquity
00:14:57 2.1 Ancient Egypt
00:19:50 2.2 Nubia
00:23:09 2.3 Carthage
00:25:58 2.3.1 Role of the Berbers
00:27:58 2.4 Somalia
00:28:38 2.5 Roman North Africa
00:34:02 2.6 Aksum
00:36:32 2.7 West Africa
00:38:51 2.8 Bantu expansion
00:40:17 3 Medieval and Early Modern (6th to 18th centuries)
00:40:29 3.1 Sao civilization
00:41:29 3.2 Kanem Empire
00:43:26 3.3 Bornu Empire
00:45:53 3.4 Shilluk Kingdom
00:46:33 3.5 Baguirmi Kingdom
00:47:03 3.6 Wadai Empire
00:47:54 3.7 Luba Empire
00:49:22 3.8 Lunda Empire
00:50:54 3.9 Kingdom of Kongo
00:53:48 3.10 Horn of Africa
00:53:57 3.10.1 Somalia
00:56:43 3.10.2 Ethiopia
00:58:37 3.11 North Africa
00:58:46 3.11.1 Maghreb
01:04:18 3.11.2 Nile Valley
01:04:26 3.11.2.1 Egypt
01:08:25 3.11.2.2 Sudan
01:08:32 3.11.3 Christian and Islamic Nubia
01:11:35 3.12 Southern Africa
01:12:15 3.12.1 Great Zimbabwe and Mapungubwe
01:15:47 3.12.2 Namibia
01:16:35 3.12.3 South Africa and Botswana
01:16:44 3.12.3.1 Sotho–Tswana
01:17:23 3.12.3.2 Nguni peoples
01:18:03 3.12.3.3 Khoisan and Afrikaaner
01:20:15 3.13 Southeast Africa
01:20:24 3.13.1 Prehistory
01:20:50 3.13.2 Swahili coast
01:23:42 3.13.3 Urewe
01:25:19 3.13.4 Madagascar and Merina
01:27:23 3.13.5 Lake Plateau states and empires
01:27:43 3.13.5.1 Kitara and Bunyoro
01:28:54 3.13.5.2 Buganda
01:29:53 3.13.5.3 Rwanda
01:31:05 3.13.5.4 Burundi
01:31:44 3.13.6 Maravi (Malawi)
01:32:41 3.14 West Africa
01:32:49 3.14.1 Sahelian empires & states
01:32:52 3.14.1.1 Ghana
01:34:41 3.14.1.2 Mali
01:38:08 3.14.1.3 Songhai
01:41:28 3.14.1.4 Sokoto Caliphate
01:42:55 3.14.2 Forest empires and states
01:43:04 3.14.2.1 Akan kingdoms and emergence of Asante Empire
01:47:03 3.14.2.2 Dahomey
01:48:42 3.14.2.3 Yoruba
01:51:15 3.14.2.4 Benin
01:52:59 3.14.2.5 Niger Delta and Igbo
01:54:24 4 19th century
01:54:33 4.1 Southern Africa
01:56:29 4.2 Nguniland
01:58:44 4.3 Voortrekkers
02:00:32 4.4 European trade, exploration and conquest
02:05:44 4.5 France versus Britain: the Fashoda crisis of 1898
02:06:45 4.6 European colonial territories
02:08:27 5 20th century
02:10:00 5.1 World War I
02:12:41 5.2 World War II: Political
02:16:46 5.2.1 French Africa
02:18:18 5.3 World War II: Military
02:20:42 5.4 Post-war Africa: decolonization
02:21:51 5.4.1 East Africa
02:22:33 5.4.2 North Africa
02:24:53 5.4.3 Southern Africa
02:25:45 5.4.4 West Africa
02:26:47 5.5 Historiography of British Africa
02:29:05 6 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of Africa begins with the emergence of hominids, archaic humans and – at least 200,000 years ago – anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens), in East Africa, and continues unbroken into the present as a patchwork of diverse and politically developing nation states. The earliest known recorded history arose in the Kingdom of Kush, and later in Ancient Egypt, the Sahel, the Maghreb and the Horn of Africa.
Following the desertification of the Sahara, North African history became entwined with the Middle East and Southern Europe while the Bantu expansion swept from modern day Cameroon (West Africa) across much of the sub-Saharan continent in waves between around 1000 BC and 0 AD, creating a linguistic commonality across much of the central and Southern continent.
During the Middle Ages, Islam spread west from Arabia to Egypt, crossing the Maghreb and the Sahel. Some notable pre-colonial states and societies in Africa include the Ajuran Empire, D'mt, Adal Sultanate, Warsangali Sultanate, Kingdom of Nri, Nok culture, Mali Empire, Songhai Empire, Benin Empire, Oyo Empire, Ashanti Empire, Ghana Empire, Mossi Kingdoms, Mutapa Empire, Kingdom of Mapungubwe, Kingdom of Sine, Kingdom of Sennar, Kingdom of Saloum, Kingdom of Baol, Kingdom of Cayor, Kingdom of Zimbabwe ...
Berbers | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Berbers
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Berbers, or Amazighs (Berber languages: ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵗⴻⵏ, Imaziɣen; singular: ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵗ, Amaziɣ), are an ethnic group indigenous to North Africa, primarily inhabiting Algeria, northern Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, northern Niger, Tunisia, Libya and a part of western Egypt.
Berbers are distributed in an area stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Siwa Oasis in Egypt and from the Mediterranean Sea to the Niger River in West Africa. Historically, they spoke Berber languages, which together form the Berber branch of the Afroasiatic family. Since the Muslim conquest of North Africa in the 7th century, a large number of Berbers inhabiting the Maghreb (Tamazgha) have in varying degrees used a lingua franca, which in most cases is a Maghrebi Arabic dialect. After the colonization of North Africa by France, the French government succeeded in integrating the French language in Algeria by making French the official national language and requiring all education to take place in French. Foreign languages, mainly French and to some degree Spanish, inherited from former European colonial powers, are used by most educated Berbers in Algeria and Morocco in some formal contexts, such as higher education or business.
Most Berber people live in North Africa, mainly in Libya, Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco. Small Berber populations are also found in Niger, Mali, Mauritania, Burkina Faso and Egypt as well as large immigrant communities living in France, Spain, Canada, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany and other countries of Europe.The majority of Berbers are Sunni Muslim. The Berber identity is usually wider than language and ethnicity and encompasses the entire history and geography of North Africa. Berbers are not an entirely homogeneous ethnicity, and they encompass a range of societies and ancestries. The unifying forces for the Berber people may be their shared language or a collective identification with Berber heritage and history.
There are some 25–30 million Berber speakers in North Africa. The number of ethnic Berbers (including non-Berber speakers) is far greater, as a large part of the Berbers have acquired other languages over the course of many decades or centuries and no longer speak Berber today. The majority of North Africa's population is believed to be Berber in origin, although due to Arabization most ethnic Berbers identify as Arabized Berbers.Berbers call themselves some variant of the word i-Mazigh-en (singular: a-Mazigh), possibly meaning free people or noble men. The name probably had its ancient parallel in the Roman and Greek names for Berbers, Mazices. Some of the best known of the ancient Berbers are the Numidian king Masinissa, king Jugurtha, the Berber-Roman author Apuleius, Saint Augustine of Hippo, and the Berber-Roman general Lusius Quietus, who was instrumental in defeating the major wave of Jewish revolts of 115–117. Dihya, or Kahina, was a religious and military leader who led a fierce Berber resistance against the Arab-Muslim expansion in Northwest Africa. Kusaila was a 7th-century leader of the Awraba tribe of the Berber people and King of the Sanhadja confederation. Yusuf ibn Tashfin was king of the Berber Almoravid dynasty; Tariq ibn Ziyad the general who conquered Hispania; Abbas Ibn Firnas, a prolific inventor and early pioneer in aviation; Ibn Battuta, a medieval explorer who traveled the longest known distances of his time.
Queen Anne's War | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Queen Anne's War
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
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In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Queen Anne's War (1702–1713) was the second in a series of French and Indian Wars fought in England's Thirteen American Colonies; in Europe, it is viewed as the North American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession. It was fought between France and England (plus England's colonial forces) for control of the American continent, while the War of the Spanish Succession was primarily fought in Europe. The war also involved numerous American Indian tribes allied with each nation, and Spain was allied with France. It is also known as the Third Indian War or in France as the Second Intercolonial War. It was fought on three fronts:
Spanish Florida and the English Province of Carolina attacked one another, and the English forces engaged the French based at Mobile, Alabama in a proxy war involving allied Indians on both sides. The southern war did not result in significant territorial changes, but it had the effect of nearly wiping out the Indian population of Spanish Florida, including parts of southern Georgia, and destroying the network of Spanish missions in Florida.
The English colonies of New England fought against French and Indian forces based in Acadia and Canada. Quebec City was repeatedly targeted by British expeditions, and the Acadian capital Port Royal was taken in 1710. The French and Wabanaki Confederacy sought to thwart New England expansion into Acadia, whose border New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine. Toward this end, they executed raids against targets in the Province of Massachusetts Bay (including Maine), most famously the raid on Deerfield in 1704.
English colonists based at St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador disputed control of the island with the French based at Plaisance. Most of the conflict consisted of economically destructive raids on settlements. The French successfully captured St. John's in 1709, but the British quickly reoccupied it after the French abandoned it.The Treaty of Utrecht ended the war in 1713, following a preliminary peace in 1712. France ceded the territories of Hudson Bay, Acadia, and Newfoundland to Britain while retaining Cape Breton Island and other islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Some terms were ambiguous in the treaty, and concerns of various Indian tribes were not included, thereby setting the stage for future conflicts.
New France | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
New France
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
New France (French: Nouvelle-France) was the area colonized by France in North America during a period beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Great Britain and Spain in 1763 under the Treaty of Paris (1763).
At its peak in 1712 (before the Treaty of Utrecht), the territory of New France, also sometimes known as the French North American Empire or Royal New France, consisted of five colonies, each with its own administration: Canada, the most developed colony and divided into the districts Québec, Trois-Rivières and Montréal (before 1717, extending south through the Illinois Country); Hudson's Bay; Acadie, in the northeast; Plaisance, on the island of Newfoundland, and Louisiane. (after 1717, extending north through the Illinois Country); Thus, it extended from Newfoundland to the Canadian prairies and from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico, including all the Great Lakes of North America.
In the sixteenth century, the lands were used primarily to draw from the wealth of natural resources such as furs through trade with the various indigenous peoples. In the seventeenth century, successful settlements began in Acadia, and in Quebec by the efforts of Champlain. By 1765, the population of the new Province of Quebec reached approximately 70,000 settlers.The 1713 Treaty of Utrecht resulted in France relinquishing its claims to mainland Acadia, the Hudson Bay and Newfoundland to England. France established the colony of Île Royale, now called Cape Breton Island, where they built the Fortress of Louisbourg.Acadia had a difficult history, with the British causing the Great Upheaval with the forced expulsion of the Acadians in the period from 1755 to 1764. This has been remembered on July 28 each year since 2003. Their descendants are dispersed in the Maritime Provinces of Canada, and in Maine and Louisiana in the United States, with small populations in Chéticamp, Nova Scotia and the Magdalen Islands. Some also went to France.
In 1763, France had ceded the rest of New France, except the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, to Great Britain and Spain at the Treaty of Paris, which ended the Seven Years' War (known as the French and Indian War in North America and especially the United States). Britain received Canada, Acadia, and the parts of French Louisiana which lay east of the Mississippi River – except for the Île d'Orléans, which was granted to Spain, along with the territory to the west – the larger portion of Louisiana.
In 1800, Spain returned its portion of Louisiana to France under the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso. However, French leader Napoleon Bonaparte in turn sold it to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, permanently ending French colonial efforts on the North American mainland.
New France eventually became absorbed within the United States and Canada, with the only vestige remaining under French rule being the tiny islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon. In the United States, the legacy of New France includes numerous placenames as well as small pockets of French-speaking communities. In Canada, institutional bilingualism and strong Francophone identities are arguably the most enduring legacy of New France.
History of Western civilization | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of Western civilization
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Western civilization traces its roots back to Europe and the Mediterranean. It is linked to the Roman Empire and with Medieval Western Christendom which emerged from the Middle Ages to experience such transformative episodes as the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Enlightenment, the Industrial Revolution, scientific revolution, and the development of liberal democracy. The civilizations of Classical Greece and Ancient Rome are considered seminal periods in Western history; a few cultural contributions also emerged from the pagan peoples of pre-Christian Europe, such as the Celts and Germans, as well as some significant religious contributions derived from Judaism and Hellenistic Judaism stemming back to Second Temple Judea, Galilee, and the early Jewish diaspora; and some other Middle Eastern influences. Christianity and Roman Catholicism has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization, which throughout most of its history, has been nearly equivalent to Christian culture. (There were Christians outside of the West, such as China, India, Russia, Byzantium and the Middle East). Western civilization has spread to produce the dominant cultures of modern Americas and Oceania, and has had immense global influence in recent centuries in many ways.
Following the 5th century Fall of Rome, Western Europe entered the Middle Ages, during which period the Catholic Church filled the power vacuum left in the West by the fall of the Western Roman Empire, while the Eastern Roman Empire (or Byzantine Empire) endured in the East for centuries, becoming a Hellenic Eastern contrast to the Latin West. By the 12th century, Western Europe was experiencing a flowering of art and learning, propelled by the construction of cathedrals and the establishment of medieval universities. Christian unity was shattered by the Reformation from the 16th century. A merchant class grew out of city states, initially in the Italian peninsula (see Italian city-states), and Europe experienced the Renaissance from the 14th to the 17th century, heralding an age of technological and artistic advance and ushering in the Age of Discovery which saw the rise of such global European Empires as those of Spain and Portugal.
The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 18th century. Under the influence of the Enlightenment, the Age of Revolution emerged from the United States and France as part of the transformation of the West into its industrialised, democratised modern form. The lands of North and South America, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand became first part of European Empires and then home to new Western nations, while Africa and Asia were largely carved up between Western powers. Laboratories of Western democracy were founded in Britain's colonies in Australasia from the mid-19th centuries, while South America largely created new autocracies. In the 20th century, absolute monarchy disappeared from Europe, and despite episodes of Fascism and Communism, by the close of the century, virtually all of Europe was electing its leaders democratically. Most Western nations were heavily involved in the First and Second World Wars and protracted Cold War. World War II saw Fascism defeated in Europe, and the emergence of the United States and Soviet Union as rival global powers and a new East-West political contrast.
Other than in Russia, the European Empires disintegrated after World War II and civil rights movements and widescale multi-ethnic, multi-faith migrations to Europe, the Americas and Oceania lowered the earlier predominance of ethnic Europeans in Western culture. European nations moved towards greater economic and political co-operation through the European Union. The Cold War ended around 1990 with the collapse of Soviet imposed Communism in Central and Eastern Europe. In the 21st century, the Western World retains significant global economic power and influ ...
Adriatic Sea | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Adriatic Sea
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Adriatic Sea is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan peninsula. The Adriatic is the northernmost arm of the Mediterranean Sea, extending from the Strait of Otranto (where it connects to the Ionian Sea) to the northwest and the Po Valley. The countries with coasts on the Adriatic are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Italy, Montenegro and Slovenia. The Adriatic contains over 1,300 islands, mostly located along its eastern, Croatian coast. It is divided into three basins, the northern being the shallowest and the southern being the deepest, with a maximum depth of 1,233 metres (4,045 ft). The Otranto Sill, an underwater ridge, is located at the border between the Adriatic and Ionian Seas. The prevailing currents flow counterclockwise from the Strait of Otranto, along the eastern coast and back to the strait along the western (Italian) coast. Tidal movements in the Adriatic are slight, although larger amplitudes are known to occur occasionally. The Adriatic's salinity is lower than the Mediterranean's because the Adriatic collects a third of the fresh water flowing into the Mediterranean, acting as a dilution basin. The surface water temperatures generally range from 30 °C (86 °F) in summer to 12 °C (54 °F) in winter, significantly moderating the Adriatic Basin's climate.
The Adriatic Sea sits on the Apulian or Adriatic Microplate, which separated from the African Plate in the Mesozoic era. The plate's movement contributed to the formation of the surrounding mountain chains and Apennine tectonic uplift after its collision with the Eurasian plate. In the Late Oligocene, the Apennine Peninsula first formed, separating the Adriatic Basin from the rest of the Mediterranean. All types of sediment are found in the Adriatic, with the bulk of the material transported by the Po and other rivers on the western coast. The western coast is alluvial or terraced, while the eastern coast is highly indented with pronounced karstification. There are dozens of marine protected areas in the Adriatic, designed to protect the sea's karst habitats and biodiversity. The sea is abundant in flora and fauna—more than 7,000 species are identified as native to the Adriatic, many of them endemic, rare and threatened ones.
The Adriatic's shores are populated by more than 3.5 million people; the largest cities are Bari, Venice, Trieste and Split. The earliest settlements on the Adriatic shores were Etruscan, Illyrian, and Greek. By the 2nd century BC, the shores were under Rome's control. In the Middle Ages, the Adriatic shores and the sea itself were controlled, to a varying extent, by a series of states—most notably the Byzantine Empire, the Croatian Kingdom, the Republic of Venice, the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire. The Napoleonic Wars resulted in the First French Empire gaining coastal control and the British effort to counter the French in the area, ultimately securing most of the eastern Adriatic shore and the Po Valley for Austria. Following Italian unification, the Kingdom of Italy started an eastward expansion that lasted until the 20th century. Following World War I and the collapse of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, the eastern coast's control passed to Yugoslavia and Albania. The former disintegrated during the 1990s, resulting in four new states on the Adriatic coast. Italy and Yugoslavia agreed on their maritime boundaries by 1975 and this boundary is recognised by Yugoslavia's successor states, but the maritime boundaries between Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian-Herzegovinian, and Montenegrin waters are still disputed. Italy and Albania agreed on their maritime boundary in 1992.
Fisheries and tourism are significant sources of income all along the Adriatic coast. Adriatic Croatia's tourism industry has grown faster economically than the rest of the Adriatic Basin's. Maritime transport is also a significant branch of the are ...
A Call to Integrate Faith, Ecology and the Global Economy
Watch this video-synced-to-Powerpoint presentation at:
Presented by
David Kane
Associate for Latin America
Maryknoll Office for Global Concerns
Music
16 Piano Pieces by John Field
Catholic Internet Television Network
© May 2012 | Creative Commons | Educational Fair Use
Timeline of Christian missions | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:12 1 Apostolic Age
00:01:57 2 Early Christianity
00:05:57 3 Era of the seven Ecumenical Councils
00:16:04 4 Middle Ages
00:19:07 5 1000 to 1499
00:27:30 6 1500 to 1600
00:44:58 7 1600 to 1699
01:03:37 8 1700 to 1799
01:26:16 9 1800 to 1849
01:42:16 10 1850 to 1899
01:59:20 11 1900 to 1949
02:11:58 12 1950 to 1999
02:24:01 13 2000 to present
02:26:46 14 Footnotes
02:26:55 15 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Speaking Rate: 0.7752023995226462
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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This timeline of Christian missions chronicles the global expansion of Christianity through a listing of the most significant missionary outreach events.
Napoleon | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:06:16 1 Early life
00:10:02 2 Early career
00:11:38 2.1 Siege of Toulon
00:13:20 2.2 13 Vendémiaire
00:16:50 2.3 First Italian campaign
00:21:01 2.4 Egyptian expedition
00:24:39 3 Ruler of France
00:26:43 3.1 French Consulate
00:31:19 3.1.1 Temporary peace in Europe
00:34:56 3.2 French Empire
00:37:47 3.2.1 War of the Third Coalition
00:44:52 3.2.2 Middle-Eastern alliances
00:45:49 3.2.3 War of the Fourth Coalition and Tilsit
00:50:53 3.2.4 Peninsular War and Erfurt
00:56:16 3.2.5 War of the Fifth Coalition and Marie Louise
01:03:10 3.2.6 Invasion of Russia
01:07:21 3.2.7 War of the Sixth Coalition
01:11:21 3.2.8 Exile to Elba
01:12:51 3.2.9 Hundred Days
01:16:02 4 Exile on Saint Helena
01:17:57 4.1 Death
01:19:34 4.1.1 Cause of death
01:22:17 5 Religion
01:23:51 5.1 Concordat
01:25:19 5.2 Arrest of Pope Pius VII
01:26:05 5.3 Religious emancipation
01:28:07 6 Personality
01:31:04 7 Image
01:37:29 8 Reforms
01:38:30 8.1 Napoleonic Code
01:41:41 8.2 Warfare
01:44:28 8.3 Metric system
01:45:30 8.4 Education
01:47:00 9 Memory and evaluation
01:47:10 9.1 Criticism
01:50:55 9.2 Propaganda and memory
01:54:22 9.3 Long-term influence outside France
01:55:47 10 Marriages and children
01:59:43 11 Titles, styles, honours, and arms
01:59:54 12 Ancestry
02:00:03 13 See also
02:00:14 14 Notes
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Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Napoléon Bonaparte (, French: [napɔleɔ̃ bɔnɑpaʁt]; Italian: Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars. He was Emperor of the French as Napoleon I from 1804 until 1814 and again briefly in 1815 during the Hundred Days. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over much of continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. He is considered one of the greatest commanders in history, and his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy has endured as one of the most celebrated and controversial leaders in human history.He was born in Corsica to a relatively modest family of Italian origin from minor nobility. He was serving as an artillery officer in the French army when the French Revolution erupted in 1789. He rapidly rose through the ranks of the military, seizing the new opportunities presented by the Revolution and becoming a general at age 24. The French Directory eventually gave him command of the Army of Italy after he suppressed a revolt against the government from royalist insurgents. At age 26, he began his first military campaign against the Austrians and the Italian monarchs aligned with the Habsburgs—winning virtually every battle, conquering the Italian Peninsula in a year while establishing sister republics with local support, and becoming a war hero in France. In 1798, he led a military expedition to Egypt that served as a springboard to political power. He orchestrated a coup in November 1799 and became First Consul of the Republic.
Napoleon's ambition and public approval inspired him to go further, and he became the first Emperor of the French in 1804. Intractable differences with the British meant that the French were facing a Third Coalition by 1805. Napoleon shattered this coalition with decisive victories in the Ulm Campaign and a historic triumph over the Russian Empire and Austrian Empire at the Battle of Austerlitz which led to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1806, the Fourth Coalition took up arms against him because ...
MOMENTS IN HISTORY YEAR 1 FULL MOVIE DAM STUDIO MOVIE NIGHT
MOMENTS IN HISTORY YEAR 1 FULL MOVIE DAM STUDIO MOVIE NIGHT takes all the first years 01 - 106 episodes - combined together as 1 complete documentary.
The Truth About George Washington
George Washington was unanimously elected as the first president of the United States of America after winning the American Revolutionary War as the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army.
Washington was first called Father of his Country three years after the beginning of the Revolutionary War – a status he earned not only for his military accomplishments, but also because of the numerous virtues he was perceived to possess as a human being.
But within Washington's impeccable character, one quality stood out the most – a unique immunity to the corrupting effects of power, which stemmed from his selfless nature. I often say of George Washington that he was one of the few in the whole history of the world who was not carried away by power, stated Robert Frost, America's great poet-philosopher.
After overthrowing the tyranny of the British Empire, Americans were unwilling to trust anyone with the power of a central government, yet in George Washington they saw a man who had transcended human fallibility. Had he lived in the days of idolatry, the Pennsylvania Journal noted in 1777, Washington would have been worshipped as a god.
How could such a man ever abuse his power, let alone become a tyrant? Furthermore, if men like Washington exist and can be elected into power, perhaps the United States government would never follow in the footsteps of the hated British Empire.
Does the mortal George Washington live up to his immortal legend? What is the Truth About George Washington?
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