Come and Stroll with ''TheCelotajs'' around the City of Riga--
Come join ''TheCelotajs'' take a stroll around Riga Centre City. As we stroll along the streets of centre city, we will see the sights of Riga Centre City. As we stroll along Kalku iela you will pass by Livu laukums, T.G.I. Fridays building with the figure of the Chimney Sweeper atop it. Then we come across Rigas Doma, Riga City Hall, and its steeple. We have now arrive in Ratslaukums, as you look around, you will see the building that houses the Museum of the Occupation of Latvia 1940-1991, Saint Peters Church and other buildings. Now we will head for Doma laukums (Square), where you will see Doma Cathedral, Castle on the corner, and Riga Radio Station. As we leave Doma laukums and walk along Rozera iela you will come upon the Rozengrals Medieval Restaurant, decorated in medieval décor. The waiters and waitress are also dressed in medieval costumes. As we turn the corner onto Kamu iela and head back to Kalku iela you pass a banded Soviet era built building. As we turn onto Kalku iela and walk back to Brīvības bulvāris and Raina bulvāris we pass by T.G.I. Fridays again, a very good place to eat at great food with very friendly service staff. How that we have arrived at Raina bulvāris you will pass by the Riga Grammar School and the Latvian University. As we stroll around Riga Centre City more, and stroll down Teātra iela and pass by Teātra iela 9 you will see gracing the top of Teātra iela 9 are three stooped atlantes holding on their shoulders a globe. Made in 1903 by August Volz, the work is symbolic of Riga at the turn of the 20th century. Also the balcony is supported by two figures of atlas. As we move onto Brīvības bulvāris and to the corner of Brīvības bulvāris and Tērbatas iela where we will see the District Courthouse was built in 1888 to the designs of Jānis Fridrihs Baumanis. It was designed so that from the air the building looks like the Tsar's crown. Then we move up Tērbatas iela and pass the Council of Ministers building. Then we will move onto Kalpaka bulvāris where we will see the Gothic-styled Latvian Academy of Art, which opened in 1921. Then we move onto the Kronvalda park where we will find the Riga Congress Hall and across Kalpaka bulvāris you will see the Embassy of the Federation of Russia and the Zālīša Elementary School, which was built in 1883 and on the front of the building you will find this lovely allegorical figure Mother City and her children, which was created by the sculptor August Volz. Then we move back to Tērbatas iela where you will find the 24 hour Flower Market, which is open all year around. Now we move onto Marijas iela and cross Marijas iela where you will see Riga Clock Tower, Riga Central Railway Station, and Origo Shopping Mall. As we stroll to 13 Janvāra iela and cross under 13 Janvāra iela we find small shops. Now we will work our way back to Merķeļa iela and to Merķeļa iela 13 is the headquarters of The Latvian Society which was built in 1910 to the design of Ernests Pole and remodeled in 1938 by Eižens Laube. The paintings on the façade, which depict the ancient Latvian gods Pīkols, Pērkons and Potrimps are by Jānis Rozentāls. Again we work our way back to Marijas iela and Stacijas laukums and the area surrounding it. Then we move onto Pragas iela where you will find a mixture of building, from early 1900 to mid to 1900. As we again work our way back to Centre City we see another mixture of buildings and sights. Again we will cross under 13. Janvāra iela were we will find more small shops.
Ātruma cilts - Krastin auto - Rīgas Motormuzejs
Raidījums Ātruma cilts stāsta par KRASTIN auto, ko 20.gs. sākumā ASV uzbūvēja latvietis Augusts Krastins.
TV programme about cars Ātruma cilts telling about KRASTIN automobile (USA, 1903) built by a young Latvian inventor Augusts Krastins.
Latvia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Latvia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Latvia ( or ( listen); Latvian: Latvija [ˈlatvija]), officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvian: Latvijas Republika), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. Since its independence, Latvia has been referred to as one of the Baltic states. It is bordered by Estonia in the northern region, Lithuania in the southern, to the east is Russia, and Belarus to the southeast, as well as sharing a maritime border with Sweden to the west. Latvia has 1,957,200 inhabitants and a territory of 64,589 km2 (24,938 sq mi). The country has a temperate seasonal climate.After centuries of Swedish, Polish and Russian rule, a rule mainly executed by the Baltic German aristocracy, the Republic of Latvia was established on 18 November 1918 when it broke away and declared independence from Russia in the aftermath of World War I. However, by the 1930s the country became increasingly autocratic after the coup in 1934 establishing an authoritarian regime under Kārlis Ulmanis. The country's de facto independence was interrupted at the outset of World War II, beginning with Latvia's forcible incorporation into the Soviet Union, followed by the invasion and occupation by Nazi Germany in 1941, and the re-occupation by the Soviets in 1944 to form the Latvian SSR for the next fifty years.
The peaceful Singing Revolution, starting in 1987, called for Baltic emancipation from Soviet rule and condemning the Stalinist regime's illegal takeover. It ended with the Declaration on the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia on 4 May 1990, and restoring de facto independence on 21 August 1991. Latvia is a democratic sovereign state, parliamentary republic and a very highly developed country according to the United Nations Human Development Index. Its capital Riga served as the European Capital of Culture in 2014. Latvian is the official language. Latvia is a unitary state, divided into 119 administrative divisions, of which 110 are municipalities and 9 are cities. Latvians and Livonians are the indigenous people of Latvia. Latvian and Lithuanian are the only two surviving Baltic languages.
Despite foreign rule from the 13th to 20th centuries, the Latvian nation maintained its identity throughout the generations via the language and musical traditions. However, as a consequence of centuries of Russian rule (1710–1918) and later Soviet occupation, Latvia is home to a large number of ethnic Russians (26.9% in Latvia), some of whom (14.1% of Latvian residents) have not gained citizenship, leaving them with no citizenship at all. Until World War II, Latvia also had significant minorities of ethnic Germans and Jews. Latvia is historically predominantly Lutheran Protestant, except for the Latgale region in the southeast, which has historically been predominantly Roman Catholic. The Russian population are largely Eastern Orthodox Christians.
Latvia is a member of the European Union, NATO, the Council of Europe, the United Nations, CBSS, the IMF, NB8, NIB, OECD, OSCE, and WTO. For 2014, the country was listed 46th on the Human Development Index and as a high income country on 1 July 2014. A full member of the Eurozone, it uses the euro as its currency since 1 January 2014, replacing the Latvian lats.
Viestura dārzs
Come and join ''TheCelotajs'' take a stroll through Viestura dārzs. Viestura dārzs is the oldest public park in Riga. It is on the site of Tsar Peter I summer palace and private garden. In 1721 Peter himself planted an elm tree, and so started a tradition of VIPs planting trees that continues to this day. In about 1812, the gardens, which were originally named Ķeizardārzs, were opened to the public, and so became the first public garden in Riga. In 1923, they were renamed after Viesturs, the Latvian ruler of Tērvete. During the Nazi occupation the park was named in honour of Otto von Hindenburg. Other features of the park include Alexander's Gate, the Song Festival Monument, the park keepers cottage, and various stone and wood sculptures. As we enter Viestura dārzs from Hanzas iela we can see many foot paths the run through Viestura dārzs. As we move along one of the foot paths we come across a stone sculpture of a pair of lions. Moving on along the foot path we will come across the pond located in Viestura dārzs as we still move on we can see another play ground. Moving on, we come across the monument to the first Latvian song festival that was held in Viestura Park in 1873 and to commemorate the centenary a pool and a wall with bronze portraits of eight Latvian composers and a memorial stone by Georgs Baumanis 19361999 was erected. The composers portrayed are: Pēteris Barisons, Kārlis Baumaņis, Alfreds Kalniņš, Emilis Melngailis, Emīls Dārziņš, Jānis Cimze, Jurjanu Andrejs and Jāzeps Vītols. Moving on to the north end of Viestura dārzs we come across a monument to the Latvian Cycle Association 1886-1986. Moving past the monument we see many more foot paths. Moving back to Hanzas iela we will see Alexander's Gate which was built in 1817 by Johann Daniel Gottfried to commemorate the victory of Alexander I over Napoleon in 1812. Originally sat on Brīvības iela, this ten-meter high structure was moved to Šmerļa iela in 1904. It was relocated here in 1936. Moving back into Viestura dārzs we come across the site of where Tsar Peter I, planted an elm tree in 1721. The tree was fenced in and metal plaques were engraved to commemorate the planting. Although these were restored in 1840, and again in 1903 they were taken down and replaced by the inscribed stone and wrought iron fence that we see today. The tree itself survived until 1973. The stone, inscribed in Russian and German, tells us that 'Emperor Peter the Great, founder of fame and prosperity in Russia, planted this tree in 1721. As we get ready to leave Viestura dārzs we come across a wooden sculpture carved from a tree trunk. What it is called, I have never been able to find out.
Art Nouveau
Art Nouveau (French pronunciation: [aʁ nuvo], Anglicised to /ˈɑːrt nuːˈvoʊ/; cz Secese; at. Sezession, germ. Jugendstil, eng. Modern Style) or Jugendstil is an international philosophy and style of art, architecture and applied art—especially the decorative arts—that was most popular during 1890–1910. English uses the French name Art nouveau (new art), but the style has many different names in other countries. A reaction to academic art of the 19th century, it was inspired by natural forms and structures, not only in flowers and plants, but also in curved lines. Architects tried to harmonize with the natural environment.
Art Nouveau is considered a total art style, embracing architecture, graphic art, interior design, and most of the decorative arts including jewellery, furniture, textiles, household silver and other utensils and lighting, as well as the fine arts. According to the philosophy of the style, art should be a way of life. For many well-off Europeans, it was possible to live in an art nouveau-inspired house with art nouveau furniture, silverware, fabrics, ceramics including tableware, jewellery, cigarette cases, etc. Artists desired to combine the fine arts and applied arts, even for utilitarian objects.
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Creative Commons image source in video
TulipHouse Slovakia Promo
Tulip House Boutique Hotel Bratislava***** is a unique boutique hotel, built in 1903 in Art Nouveau style, offering accommodation in luxurious, roomy and above standard equipped appartments Bratislava and roof-top penthouses suitable also for long-term stay. Come and enjoy the unique atmosphere with a touch of history. You will find comfort, elegance and modern style with historical elements in the luxurious contemporary setting.
1770 David Tannenberg organ - Zion Lutheran Church, Moselem Springs, PA
Brent Johnson talks with Philip Cooper, about this historic restored organ. More information about David Tannenberg can be found on Philip's site,
The piece labeled Magnificat octavi toni by Pachelbel is really the 1st verse of Warum sollt ich mich denn grämen by Johann Gottfried Walther. Other recordings of this organ can be found on our channel.
Ray Brunner's book That Ingenious Business can be found at
Listen to an episode of At The Organ about David Tannenberg at
Phil's CDs:
Volume 1:
Volume 2:
History of the Jews in Russia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of the Jews in Russia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Jews in Russia have historically constituted a large religious diaspora; the vast territories of the Russian Empire at one time hosted the largest population of Jews in the world. Within these territories the primarily Ashkenazi Jewish communities of many different areas flourished and developed many of modern Judaism's most distinctive theological and cultural traditions, while also facing periods of anti-Semitic discriminatory policies and persecutions. The largest group among Russian Jews are Ashkenazi Jews, but the community also includes a significant number of other Diasporan Jewish groups, such as Mountain Jews, Sephardic Jews, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks, Bukharan Jews, and Georgian Jews.
The presence of Jewish people in the European part of Russia can be traced to the 7th–14th centuries CE. In the 11th and 12th centuries, the Jewish population in Kiev, in present-day Ukraine, was restricted to a separate quarter. Evidence of the presence of Jewish people in Muscovite Russia is first documented in the chronicles of 1471. During the reign of Catherine II in the 18th century, Jewish people were restricted to the Pale of Settlement within Russia, the territory where they could live or immigrate to. Alexander III escalated anti-Jewish policies. Beginning in the 1880s, waves of anti-Jewish pogroms swept across different regions of the empire for several decades. More than two million Jews fled Russia between 1880 and 1920, mostly to the United States and what is today the State of Israel.The Pale of Settlement took away many of the rights that the Jewish people of the late 17th century Russia were experiencing. At this time, the Jewish people were restricted to an area of what is current day Belarus, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine. Where Western Europe was experiencing emancipation at this time, the laws for the Jewish people were getting more strict. The general attitude towards Jewish people was to look down on the religion and the people. It was as both a religion and a race, something that one could not escape if they tried. Slowly, the Jewish people were allowed to move further east towards a less crowded population. This was a small change, and did not come to all Jewish people, and not even a small minority of them. In this more spread out area, the Jewish people lived in communities, known as Schtetls. These communities were very similar to what would be known as ghettos in World War II, with the cramped and subpar living conditions.Before 1917 there were 300,000 Zionists in Russia, while the main Jewish socialist organization, the Bund, had 33,000 members. Only 958 Jews had joined the Bolshevik Party before 1917; thousands joined after the Revolution. The chaotic years of World War I, the February and October Revolutions, and the Russian Civil War had created social disruption that led to anti-Semitism. Some 150,000 Jews were killed in the pogroms of 1918–1922, 125,000 of them in Ukraine, 25,000 in Belarus. The pogroms were mostly perpetrated by anti-communist forces; sometimes, Red Army units engaged in pogroms as well. After a short period of confusion, the Soviets started executing guilty individuals and even disbanding the army units whose men had attacked Jews. Although pogroms were still perpetrated after this, mainly by Ukrainian units of the Red Army during its retreat from Poland (1920), in general, the Jews regarded the Red Army as the only force which was able and willing to defend them. The Russian Civil War pogroms shocked world Jewry and rallied many Jews to the Red Army and the Soviet regime, and also strengthened the desire for the creation of a homeland for the Jewish people.In August 1919 the Soviet government arrested many rabbis, seized Jewish properties, including synagogues, and dissolved many Jewish communities. The Jewish section of the Communist Party labeled the use of the Hebrew language reactionary and elitist and the teaching of Hebrew was banned ...
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire (Pre-reform Russian orthography: Россійская Имперія, Modern Russian: Российская империя, translit: Rossiyskaya Imperiya) was a state that existed from 1721 until overthrown by the short-lived liberal February Revolution in 1917. One of the largest empires in world history, stretching over three continents, the Russian Empire was surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires. It played a major role in 1812–14 in defeating Napoleon's ambitions to control Europe, and expanded to the west and south. It was often in conflict with the Ottoman Empire (which in turn was usually protected by the British).
At the beginning of the 19th century, it extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea on the south, from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Pacific Ocean, and (until 1867) into Alaska in North America on the east. With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census, it had the third largest population in the world at the time, after Qing China and the British Empire. Like all empires, it included a large disparity in terms of economics, ethnicity, and religion. There were numerous dissident elements, who launched numerous rebellions and assassination attempts; they were closely watched by the secret police, with thousands exiled to Siberia. Economically it was heavily rural with low productivity on large estates worked by serfs, until they were freed in 1861. The economy slowly industrialized with the help of foreign investments in railways and factories. The land was ruled by a nobility called Boyars from the 10th through the 17th centuries, and then was ruled by an emperor called the Tsar. Tsar Ivan III (1462 – 1505) laid the groundwork for the empire that later emerged. He tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. Tsar Peter the Great (1682 - 1725) fought numerous wars and built a huge empire that became a major European power. He moved the capital from Moscow to the new model city of St. Petersburg, and led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political system with a modern, scientific, Europe-oriented, and rationalist system. Catherine the Great (1761 - 1796) presided over a golden age. She expanded the nation rapidly by conquest, colonization and diplomacy. She continued Peter the Great's policy of modernisation along West European lines. Tsar Alexander II (1855 - 1881) promoted numerous reforms, most dramatically the emancipation of all 23 million serfs in 1861. His policy in Eastern Europe was to protect the Orthodox Christians under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. That involvement by 1914 led to Russia's entry into the First World War on the side of Serbia and the Allies, and against the German, Austrian and Ottoman empires. Russia was an absolute monarchy until the Revolution of 1905 and then became a constitutional monarchy. The empire collapsed during the February Revolution of 1917, the result of massive failures in its participation in the First World War.
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Creative Commons image source in video
Art Nouveau | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:04 1 Naming
00:05:49 2 History
00:05:58 2.1 Influences
00:09:19 2.2 Origins of Art Nouveau – Brussels (1893–1898)
00:13:54 2.3 Paris – Maison de l'Art Nouveau (1895)
00:15:29 2.4 Paris iExposition Universelle/i (1900)
00:18:02 3 Local variations
00:18:12 3.1 Art Nouveau in France
00:21:13 3.2 Art Nouveau in Belgium
00:23:49 3.3 iNieuwe Stijl/i in the Netherlands
00:27:01 3.4 Modern Style and Glasgow School in Britain
00:30:11 3.5 iJugendstil/i in Germany
00:34:29 3.6 Secession in Austria-Hungary
00:34:39 3.6.1 Vienna Secession
00:37:38 3.6.2 Hungarian iSzecesszió/i
00:41:17 3.6.3 Other variations
00:43:27 3.7 iStile Liberty/i in Italy
00:45:18 3.8 iModernismo/i in Spain
00:49:39 3.9 iArte Nova/i in Portugal
00:51:01 3.10 iJugendstil/i in the Nordic countries
00:51:11 3.10.1 Finland
00:53:11 3.10.2 Norway
00:54:22 3.10.3 Sweden and Denmark
00:54:59 3.11 iModern/i in Russia
00:59:00 3.12 iJūgendstils/i (Art Nouveau in Riga)
01:00:39 3.13 iStyle Sapin/i in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
01:01:26 3.14 iTiffany Style/i and Louis Sullivan in the United States
01:04:44 3.15 Art Nouveau in Argentina
01:06:17 3.16 Art Nouveau in the rest of the world
01:07:45 4 Characteristics
01:11:14 5 Relationship with contemporary styles and movements
01:13:00 6 Genres
01:13:26 6.1 Posters and graphic art
01:16:12 6.2 Painting
01:18:25 6.3 Glass art
01:21:53 6.4 Metal art
01:23:06 6.5 Jewellery
01:25:36 6.6 Architecture and ornamentation
01:29:03 6.7 Sculpture
01:30:09 6.8 Furniture
01:35:25 6.9 Ceramics
01:38:31 6.9.1 Mosaics
01:38:59 6.10 Textiles and wallpaper
01:41:07 7 Museums
01:42:12 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8638567520618012
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Art Nouveau (; French: [aʁ nuvo]) is an international style of art, architecture and applied art, especially the decorative arts, known in different languages by different names: Jugendstil in German, Stile Liberty in Italian, Modernisme in Catalan, etc. In English it is also known as the Modern Style (not to be confused with Modernism and Modern architecture). The style was most popular between 1890 and 1910. It was a reaction against the academic art, eclecticism and historicism of 19th century architecture and decoration. It was often inspired by natural forms such as the sinuous curves of plants and flowers. Other characteristics of Art Nouveau were a sense of dynamism and movement, often given by asymmetry or whiplash curves, and the use of modern materials, particularly iron, glass, ceramics and later concrete, to create unusual forms and larger open spaces. One major objective of Art Nouveau was to break down the traditional distinction between fine arts (especially painting and sculpture) and applied arts. It was most widely used in interior design, graphic arts, furniture, glass art, textiles, ceramics, jewelry and metal work. The style responded to leading 19-century theoreticians, such as French architect Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (1814–1879) and British art critic John Ruskin (1819–1900). In Britain, it was influenced by William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement. German architects and designers sought a spiritually uplifting Gesamtkunstwerk (“total work of art”) that would unify the architecture, furnishings, and art in the interior in a common style, to uplift and inspire the residents.The first Art Nouveau houses and interior decoration appeared in Brussels in the 1890s, in the architecture and interior design of houses designed by Paul Hankar, Henry Van de Velde, and especially Victor Horta, whose Hôtel Tassel was completed in 1893. It moved quickly to Paris, where it was adapted by Hector Guimard, who saw Horta's work in Brussels and applied the style for the entrances of the new Paris Metro. It reached its peak at the 1900 Paris Internationa ...
Часть 29. Город Рига. Part 29. City Riga
Картографические данные: Google, DigitalGlobe
Map data : Google, DigitalGlobe
Видео создано на основе дорожных панорам и Карт Google
Videos created on the basis of road panoramas and Google Maps
Субтитры к данному видео опубликованы по материалам статей из Википедии.
Лицензия: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
Ссылки:
Subtitles for this video posted on the articles from Wikipedia.
License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
Links:
_________________________________________________________________
ВИРТУАЛЬНОЕ ПУТЕШЕСТВИЕ С УКРАИНЫ В НОРВЕГИЮ
Часть 29. Город Рига (Латвия)
Part 29. City Riga (Latvia)
Это бы Вы увидели, находясь за рулём своего автомобиля, проезжая через город Рига
_________________________________________________________________
СПРАВКА: REFERENCE:
Ри́га (латыш. Rīga [ˈriːɡa]) — столица Латвии и самый крупный город в Прибалтике с численностью населения 639 630 человек (2016 год). Рига — политический, экономический и культурный центр страны. Находится на обоих берегах реки Даугавы, недалеко от её впадения в Рижский залив.
К 1200 г. папой римским было издано постановление, согласно которому единственным разрешённым торговым пунктом устанавливалось устье речки Риги. Вслед за тем, в 1201 г. прибывшему из Бремена епископу Альберту Буксгевдену старейшина разрешил построить в главном городе ливов каменную церковь, что для немцев и служит началом Риги. Впоследствии город стал главным вЛивонии. В первые десятилетия своего существования Рига развивалась со значительной быстротой.
С началом Ливонской войны в 1558 году и после распада Ливонской конфедерации в 1561—1562 годах. Рига не поддержала решение архиепископа и Ордена присоединиться к Речи Посполитой, а добивалась статуса вольного имперского города Священной Римской империи. Вольный город Рига просуществовал почти два десятилетия. Только когда при очередном русском наступлении на город в 1581 году стало ясно, что помощи ждать неоткуда, Рига присягнула польско-литовскому королю Стефану Баторию.
40-летнее польско-литовское господство, в течение которого горожане подверглись контрреформации (что привело, в частности, к календарным беспорядкам), прекратилось с завоеванием Риги шведским королём Густавом II Адольфомв 1622 году. В Шведском королевстве Рига считалась вторым городом после Стокгольма, что было связано с её стратегическим значением для защиты интересов Швеции
4 июля 1710 года в ходе Северной войны началась долгая осада города русскими войсками генерала Б. П. Шереметева. Подъём России как великой державы в регионе Балтийского моря был закреплён Ништадтским миром 1721 года. Рига стала частью Российской империи и центром Рижской губернии, в 1783—1796 годах была центром Рижского наместничества, в 1796—1918 годах — Лифляндской губернии. К концу XIX века Рига стала одним из важнейших портов России
Рост Риги был прерван Первой мировой войной. Город находился на линии фронта, поэтому для обеспечения военной экономики около 200 000 жителей (работники со своими семьями) были эвакуированы вместе с заводами в Центральную Россию. В сентябре 1917 года город был захвачен германской армией.
После окончания войны, 18 ноября 1918 года в оккупированной немцами Риге была провозглашена независимая Латвийская Республика.
В пакте Молотова — Риббентропа в августе 1939 года две державы признали Прибалтику советской сферой влияния. 17 июня 1940 года на улицах Риги появились советские танки, и город стал столицей Латвийской Советской Социалистической Республики.
Летом 1941 года в ходе нападения на Советский Союз германские войска заняли Ригу. Во время германской оккупации с 1941 по 1944 гг. Рига являлась местопребыванием генерального комиссара генерального округа ЛатвияОтто-Генриха Дрекслера, а также штаба рейхскомиссариата Остланд.
Жители еврейского происхождения, которых в 1933 году насчитывалось 44 000 человек, были интернированы вРижское гетто (с 21 июля 1941 года), убиты или депортированы в другие концентрационные лагеря. В дальнейшем заключённые перевозились в концлагерь Саласпилс
В ходе боёв при наступлении вермахта в 1941 году и его отступлении в 1944 году Старый город Риги был серьёзно повреждён.
После восстановления независимости в 1991 году, Рига снова стала столицей суверенной Латвийской Республики.
Ссылка:
ПУТЕШЕСТВУЕМ ДОРОГАМИ И ГОРОДАМИ ЛАТВИИ!
TRAVELLING ОN THE ROADS AND CITIES IN THE LATVIA!
Канал Otto Bismark
Channel Otto Bismarck
Подпишись на интересный канал!
Subscribe to interesting channel!
Жми на палец вверх!
Like it!
Liepāja In Your Pocket - Liepāja, Latvia Highlights
In Your Pocket editor Martins Zaprauskis visits Liepaja, Latvia's third largest city. It is located in the far southwest corner of Latvia on the Baltic coast only 100km from Klaipeda in Lithuania. Straddling a narrow strip of land between the sea and a lake, it began as a humble fishing village, eventually becoming a major trading port under the leadership of Jacob (or James) Kettler (1610 - 1681), Duke of Courland and godson of England's King James I. The burgeoning city suffered heavily during the Great Northern War when the population was decimated by an outbreak of the plague in 1710. The city only regained its importance as a port and mercantile centre in the 19th century as a part of the Russian empire. Its significance was further buoyed by the creation of the Naval Port from 1890 -- 1904 when it was home to the first Baltic fleet of Russian submarines.
Boutique hotels have become the standard, not the exception, in a city where nearly every guesthouse, hotel and hostel provides completely renovated rooms with interesting interior design. Whether it's white sandy beaches and the sea you're after, culture and centuries-old architecture, or extreme sports and even extremer nightlife, Latvia's hippest city has it all.
For more on Liepāja go to Liepāja In Your Pocket
Swastika | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Swastika
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The swastika (as a character 卐 or 卍) is a geometrical figure and an ancient religious icon from the cultures of Eurasia, where it is a symbol of divinity and spirituality in some Eastern religions. In the Western world it was a symbol of auspiciousness and good luck until the 1930s, when it became a feature of Nazi symbolism as an emblem of Aryan race identity and, as a result, was stigmatized by association with ideas of racism and antisemitism.The name swastika comes from Sanskrit (Devanagari: स्वस्तिक), pronounced swastika in Sanskrit and swastik in Hindi and other languages which drop a short final ‘a’. and denotes conducive to well being or auspicious. In Hinduism, the clockwise symbol is called swastika, symbolizing surya (sun), prosperity and good luck, while the counterclockwise symbol is called sauvastika, symbolizing night or tantric aspects of Kali. In Jainism, a swastika is the symbol for Suparshvanatha—the seventh of 24 Tirthankaras (spiritual teachers and saviours), while in Buddhism it symbolizes the auspicious footprints of the Buddha.
The swastika is an icon widely found in human history and the modern world. In various forms it is alternatively known in various European languages as the Hakenkreuz, gammadion, cross cramponnée, croix gammée, fylfot or tetraskelion and in East Asia as the wàn 卐/卍/萬, meaning all things, and the manji. A swastika generally takes the form of a cross whose arms are of equal length and perpendicular to the adjacent arms, each bent midway at a right angle. It is found in the archeological remains of the Indus Valley Civilization and Mesopotamia as well as in early Byzantine and Christian artwork.The swastika was adopted by several organizations in pre–World War I Europe and later, and most notably, by the Nazi Party and Nazi Germany prior to World War II. It was used by the Nazi Party to symbolize German nationalistic pride. To Jews and the enemies of Nazi Germany, it became a symbol of antisemitism and terror. In many Western countries, the swastika is viewed as a symbol of racial supremacy and intimidation because of its association with Nazism. The reverence for the swastika symbol in Asian cultures, in contrast to the stigma in the West, has led to misinterpretations and misunderstandings.
Liepāja In Your Pocket - Karosta (Naval Port)
In Your Pocket editor Martins Zaprauskis tours Karosta, Liepāja's naval port. Once completely off limits to civilians, the former naval port has become Liepāja's main tourist attraction. Built from 1890 - 1904 at the behest of Tsar Alexander III, the city within a city cost the Russian treasury a modest sum of 45 million gold roubles. Ironically, the massive fortifications constructed on the coast were dynamited before the First World War even began as a result of the friendship treaty signed between Germany and Russia in 1908. The complex of imposing brick buildings and barracks became known as the Kara osta (war port) during the first Latvian republic and is now simply called Karosta. The Soviets also used the base and left their mark in typical fashion in the form of ugly concrete apartment blocks surrounding the soaring Orthodox Cathedral, many of which are now abandoned. If you've got plenty of time then you can cover the area on foot, but we recommend a bicycle tour.
For more on Liepāja go to Liepāja In Your Pocket
Castles in Donji Miholjac (Croatia)
Prandau - Mailath ( Donji Miholjac , Croatia )
Old castle, one of the first larger buildings in Donji Miholjac, was built in 1818 for the aristocratic Prandau family. The building was constructed in late Baroque style and it was the first to be covered with roof tiles in its entirety. It has two parlors, fourteen rooms and several kitchens and pantries. In the park surrounding the castle a glasshouse for tropical and winter plants was also built. Construction of the new castle begun in 1903 after the visit by Emperor Francis Joseph to Donji Miholjac. Administrator of the Miholjac manor, Count Ladislav Mailath built it in English Tudor style, which is abundant with numerous towers, mansard windows and spacious terraces and balconies. Building has 50 rooms with circa 3,500 square meters of usable space. The interior was decorated with count's hunting trophies from trips to Asia and Africa. The ground floor was designed for everyday stay, located here were winter and summer dinning room, music room, dance hall, library and castle's office rooms. All the rooms were covered with oakwood panels. Servant rooms were located in the loft. Castle possessed its own source of electric energy, a water supply system and central heating with a combination of tile stoves and open fireplaces.
video : SHIMAsf (2018.)
music: SHIMAsf - Deception (2009. The Traveller)
Vladimir Lenin | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Vladimir Lenin
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (22 April 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known by the alias Lenin, was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. Under his administration, Russia and then the wider Soviet Union became a one-party communist state governed by the Russian Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, he developed political theories known as Leninism.
Born to a wealthy middle-class family in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced revolutionary socialist politics following his brother's 1887 execution. Expelled from Kazan Imperial University for participating in protests against the Russian Empire's Tsarist government, he devoted the following years to a law degree. He moved to Saint Petersburg in 1893 and became a senior Marxist activist. In 1897, he was arrested for sedition and exiled to Shushenskoye for three years, where he married Nadezhda Krupskaya. After his exile, he moved to Western Europe, where he became a prominent theorist in the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). In 1903, he took a key role in a RSDLP ideological split, leading the Bolshevik faction against Julius Martov's Mensheviks. Encouraging insurrection during Russia's failed Revolution of 1905, he later campaigned for the First World War to be transformed into a Europe-wide proletarian revolution, which as a Marxist he believed would cause the overthrow of capitalism and its replacement with socialism. After the 1917 February Revolution ousted the Tsar and established a Provisional Government, he returned to Russia to play a leading role in the October Revolution, in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the new regime.
Lenin's Bolshevik government initially shared power with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, elected soviets, and a multi-party Constituent Assembly, although by 1918 it had centralised power in the new Communist Party. Lenin's administration redistributed land among the peasantry and nationalised banks and large-scale industry. It withdrew from the First World War by signing a treaty with the Central Powers and promoted world revolution through the Communist International. Opponents were suppressed in the Red Terror, a violent campaign administered by the state security services; tens of thousands were killed or interned in concentration camps. His administration defeated right and left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922 and oversaw the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921. Responding to wartime devastation, famine, and popular uprisings, in 1921 Lenin encouraged economic growth through the market-oriented New Economic Policy. Several non-Russian nations secured independence after 1917, but three re-united with Russia through the formation of the Soviet Union in 1922. In increasingly poor health, Lenin died at his dacha in Gorki, with Joseph Stalin succeeding him as the pre-eminent figure in the Soviet government.
Widely considered one of the most significant and influential figures of the 20th century, Lenin was the posthumous subject of a pervasive personality cult within the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991. He became an ideological figurehead behind Marxism–Leninism and thus a prominent influence over the international communist movement. A controversial and highly divisive individual, Lenin is viewed by supporters as a champion of socialism and the working class, while critics on both the left and right emphasize his role as founder and leader of an authoritarian regime responsible for political repression and mass killings.
Svante Arrhenius | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Svante Arrhenius
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Svante August Arrhenius (; 19 February 1859 – 2 October 1927) was a Swedish scientist. Originally a physicist, but often referred to as a chemist, Arrhenius was one of the founders of the science of physical chemistry. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1903, becoming the first Swedish Nobel laureate, and in 1905 became director of the Nobel Institute where he remained until his death. His lasting contributions to science are exemplified and memorialized by the Arrhenius equation, Arrhenius definition of an acid, lunar crater Arrhenius, the mountain of Arrheniusfjellet and the Arrhenius Labs at Stockholm University, all named after him. He was the first to use basic principles of physical chemistry to calculate estimates of the extent to which increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide increase Earth's surface temperature, leading David Keeling to conclude that human-caused carbon dioxide emissions are large enough to cause global warming.
Jāzeps Vītols - Pastorale
Jāzeps Vītols - Pastorale (a Monsieur Jacques Handschin)
Jāzeps Vītols (1863 – 1948) was a famous Latvian composer, pedagogue, conductor, pianist and music critic. He left various orchestral, chamber, vocal and piano music compositions. Pastorale is the only his piece for organ.
Laura Gedgaudaitė - organ
Live in concert at St. Paul's Lutheran Church, Riga
2019 02 07
The organ of St. Paul's Church in Riga was built 1912, by famous organ maker „E. F. Walcker & Co”. This instrument has 2 manuals and pedals, 35 registers, 4 combinations (p, mf, f, tutti) and 2 free combinations. It has tubular-pneumatic action, with fairly sluggish response. But wonderful romantic colors of sounds make a playing on it to very special experience.
Video and montage: Fox & Do
Age of Deceit (2) - Hive Mind Reptile Eyes Hypnotism Cults World Stage - Multi - Language
An information packed documentary ranging from topics to the Upside Down Cross to Alister Crowley to The Beatles to Sigil Trances to Archetypal Symbolic Programming to Subliminal Magic to 5G Hive Programming to Project Mauntak to Triggering MK Ultra Programming to Witchcraft in Hollywood to transgender CEOs to Ancient Witch Covens to Ley Line Satellite Cities to the City of The Fallen Angels to The Curse of Griffith Park to just so much more.
XtremerealitcyCheck... Like really cutting edge info. Check it out.
Free Truth Productions
The whole Truth n nothing but...
freetruthproductions.com
Icelandic: fallinn engill
Italian: Angelo caduto
Hebrew: מלאך שנפל
Japanese: 堕天使
Javanese: widodari tiba
Georgian: დაცემული ანგელოზი
Kazakh: құлаған ангел
Khmer: ទេវតាធ្លាក់ចុះ
Kannada: ಬಿದ್ದ ದೇವದೂತ
Korean: 타락한 천사
Latin: fallen angel
Lao: fallen angel
Lithuanian: kritęs angelas
Latvian: kritušais enģelis
Malagasy: anjely nianjera
Maori: anahera hinga
Macedonian: паднат ангел
Malayalam: വീണുപോയ ദൂതൻ
Mongolian: унасан тэнгэр элч
Marathi: पडलेला देवदूत
Malay: malaikat yang jatuh
Maltese: waqa 'anġlu
Myanmar (Burmese): ပြိုလဲကောငျးကငျတမနျ
Nepali: गिर परी
Dutch: gevallen engel
Norwegian: Fallen engel
Chichewa: mngelo wakugwa
Punjabi: ਡਿੱਗ ਦੂਤ
Polish: upadły anioł
Portuguese: anjo caído
Romanian: inger decazut
Russian: падший ангел
Sinhala: වැටුනාවූ දූතයා
Slovak: padlý anjel
Slovenian: padli angel
Somali: malaa'igtii dhacday
Albanian: engjell i rene
Serbian: пали анђео
Sesotho: lengeloi le oeleng
Sundanese: malaikat fallen
Swedish: fallen ängel
Swahili: malaika aliyeanguka
Tamil: விழுந்த தேவதை
Telugu: స్వర్గం నుంచి పడిన దేవత
Tajik: фариштаи золим
Thai: เทวดาตกสวรรค์
Filipino: nahulog na anghel
Turkish: düşmüş melek
Ukrainian: занепалий ангел
Urdu: باغی فرشتہ
Uzbek: tushgan farishta
Vietnamese: Thiên thần sa ngã
Yiddish: געפאלן מלאך
Yoruba: angẹli ti o ṣubu
Chinese: 堕落的天使
Chinese (Simplified): 堕落的天使
Chinese (Traditional): 墮落的天使
Zulu: ingelosi ewile
Afrikaans: transhumanisme
Arabic: بعد إنسانية
Azerbaijani: transhumanism
Belarusian: трансгуманизма
Bulgarian: трансхуманизъм
Bengali: transhumanism
Bosnian: transhumanizam
Catalan: transhumanisme
Cebuano: transhumanism
Czech: transhumanismus
Welsh: trahumaniaeth
Danish: transhumanisme
German: Transhumanismus
Greek: διανθρωπισμό
English: transhumanism
Esperanto: transhumanism
Spanish: transhumanismo
Estonian: transhumanism
Basque: transhumanism
Persian: transhumanism
Finnish: Transhumanismi
French: transhumanisme
Irish: trashumanachas
Galician: transhumanismo
Gujarati: ટ્રાન્સહ્યુમેનિઝમ
Hausa: transhumanism
Hindi: ट्रांसह्युमेनिज़म
Hmong: transhumanism
Croatian: transhumanizam
Haitian Creole: transhumanism
Hungarian: transzhumanizmust
Armenian: տրանսմունաբանություն
Indonesian: transhumanisme
Igbo: transhumanism
Icelandic: transhumanism
Italian: transumanesimo
Hebrew: טרנסומניזם
Japanese: トランスヒューマニズム
Javanese: transhumanisme
Georgian: ტრანსჰუმანიზმი
Kazakh: траншуманизм
Khmer: transhumanism
Kannada: ಟ್ರಾನ್ಸ್ಹ್ಯೂಮನಿಸಂ
Korean: 트랜스 휴머니즘
Latin: transhumanism
Lao: transhumanism
Lithuanian: transhumanizmas
Latvian: transhumanismu
Malagasy: transhumanism
Maori: transhumanism
Macedonian: трансхуманизам
Malayalam: മനുഷ്യത്വവാദം
Mongolian: transhumanism
Marathi: ट्रान्सहुमनिझ्म
Malay: transhumanisme
Maltese: transumaniżmu
Myanmar (Burmese): transhumanism
Nepali: transhumanism
Dutch: transhumanisme
Norwegian: transhumanism
Chichewa: transhumanism
Punjabi: transhumanism
Polish: transhumanizm
Portuguese: transumanismo
Romanian: transumanismului
Russian: трансгуманизма
Sinhala: අධිරාජ්යවාදය
Slovak: transhumanism
Slovenian: transhumanizem
Somali: transhumanism
Albanian: Transhumanizmi
Serbian: трансхуманизам
Sesotho: transhumanism
Sundanese: transhumanism
Swedish: transhumanism
Swahili: transhumanism
Tamil: மீவு மனிதத்துவம்
Telugu: రూపాంతరణ
Tajik: transhumanism
Thai: transhumanism
Filipino: transhumanism
Turkish: transhumanism
Ukrainian: трансгуманізм
Urdu: ٹرانسمیشنزم
Uzbek: transhumanizm
Vietnamese: siêu nhân
Yiddish: טראַנסהומאַניסם
Yoruba: transhumanism
Chinese: 超人
Chinese (Simplified): 超人
Chinese (Traditional): 超人
Zulu: transhumanism
In a Little Spanish Town
Song #1 on roll O-101. We built this Orchestrion at Ragtime more than 30 years ago. It has been in use on the High Plains of Nevada for most of that time. It needed no service whatsoever and everything works fine. It has full expression, glock cutout, Bass and Snare drums, Triangle, woodblock, Cymbal, Glockenspiel, Tambourine, mandolin rail and coin op. Great piano too, built around 1903. The cabinet was refaced to match the customers home. He is scaling down now, nearly 90.