Warsaw Ghetto boundary markers
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The Warsaw Ghetto boundary markers are memorial plaques and boundary lines that mark the maximum perimeter of the former ghetto established by the Germans in 1940 in occupied Warsaw, Poland.The markers were erected in 2008 and 2010 on 22 sites along the borders of the Jewish quarter, where from 1940-1943 stood the gates to the ghetto, wooden footbridges over Aryan streets, and the buildings important to the ghetto inmates.
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Warsaw Poland Warsaw Jewish Ghetto wall marker
Searching for the Warsaw Ghetto - Poland 4K Travel Channel
No major city in Europe suffered more under the Nazi terror regime than Warsaw. After the withdrawal of German troops, the city was largely destroyed and in most parts practically uninhabitable. All the more remarkable is the considerable achievement the Poles have made in rebuilding the city. Today you see modern urban features in which international star architects like Norman Foster and Daniel Libeskind have played a part. However, the first steps towards reconstruction were taken immediately after the war and aimed at the construction of the old town true to the original.
Later one rebuilt the streets Miodowa, Diuga, and Senatorskaand restored innumerable palaces.
A central topic in Warsaw's war history is the Warsaw Ghetto, into which hundreds of thousands of people were crammed and later deported to concentration camps. The Pawiak prison plays a particular role. 37000 people were murdered and 60000 were transferred to concentration camps from there. Today it is a museum. Another important museum is the Museum of the History of Polish Jews.
But we want to see the quarters and buildings of the Warsaw Ghetto and start our search. We are aware that almost everything has been destroyed after the war and many prefabricated buildings stand on the sites today.
We take the Metro to the station Metro Ratusz Arsenał. It was the location of the main synagogue from Warsaw until it was blown up.
But there is no trace of the synagogue anymore. There is supposed to be a plaque (Warsaw Ghetto boundary marker) somewhere, but we didn't come for commemorative plaques. Where once stood the synagogue is the Blue Tower Plaza, an office complex with the logo of the insurance company MetLife at the top today.
On the opposite side of the street is the City Hall of Warsaw with the seat of the Lord Mayor. The museum Kolekcji is in the round extension of the former stock exchange in this at the left end of the complex, in Jana Pawła II. It houses the most important collection of European art in Warsaw, dedicated to Pope John II. 450 exhibits are donations of Zbigniew and Janina Porczyński.
We turn off in into the Senatorska. Here is the Teatr Wielki Opera Narodowa, the national theater, and the national opera.
......
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Keine Großstadt in Europa hat unter dem Nazi-Terrorregime mehr gelitten als Warschau. Nach dem Abzug der deutschen Truppen war die Stadt zum größten Teil zerstört und praktisch unbewohnbar. Umso bemerkenswerter ist die beachtliche Leistung, die die Polen für den Wiederaufbau erbracht haben. Heute zeigt sich ein modernes Stadtbild, an dem internationale Stararchitekten wie Norman Foster und Daniel Libeskind mitgewirkt haben. Doch die ersten Schritte beim Wiederaufbau wurden bereits unmittelbar nach dem Krieg unternommen und hatten den originalgetreuen Aufbau der Altstadt zum Ziel.
Später wurden die Straßen Miodowa, Diuga und Senatorska wieder aufgebaut. Außerdem wurden unzählige Paläste und Palais wieder hergestellt.
Ein zentrales Thema der Kriegsgeschichte in Warschau stellt das Warschauer Ghetto dar, in das hunderttausende Menschen gepfercht und später in Konzentrationslager deportiert wurden. Eine besondere Rolle spielt das Gefängnis Pawiak, in dem 37.000 Menschen ermordet wurden und 60.000 an Konzentrationslager weitergeleitet wurden. Heute ist es ein Museum. Ein weiteres bedeutendes Museum ist das Museum der Geschichte der polnischen Juden.
Wir wollen aber die Viertel und Gebäude des Warschauer Ghettos sehen und machen uns auf die Suche. Dabei ist uns bewusst, das fast alles nach dem Krieg zerstört war und viele Plattenbauten auf dem Gelände errichtet wurden.
Wir fahren mit der Metro zur Station Metro Ratusz Arsenal. Hier befand sich ursprünglich die Hauptsynagoge von Warschau bis zu ihrer Sprengung.
Von der Synagoge gibt es aber keine Spur mehr. Es soll zwar eine Gedenktafel (Warsaw Ghetto boundary marker) irgendwo geben, aber wir sind nicht wegen Gedenktafeln gekommen. Wo einst die Synagoge stand befindet sich heute das Blue Tower Plaza, ein Bürokomplex der an der Spitze das Logo des Versicherungskonzerns MetLife trägt.
Auf der gegenüberliegenden Straßenseite befindet sich das Rathaus der Stadt Warschau mit dem Sitz des Oberbürgermeisters. Am linken Ende des Komplexes befindet sich im runden Anbau der ehemaligen Börse das Muzeum Kolekcji, im Jana Pawła II. Hier befindet sich die bedeutendste Sammlung europäischer Kunst in Warschau, die Papst Johannes II gewidmet ist. 450 Exponate wurden von Zbigniew und Janina Porczyński gestiftet.
Wir biegen ab in die Senatorska. Hier befinden sich das Teatr Wielki Opera Narodowa, das Nationaltheater und die Nationaloper.
......
weitere Infos im Reisevideoblog:
(the) Remaining fragment of the Warszawa Ghetto Wall. Warszawa, Poland, December 2017.
Remaining fragment of the Warszawa Ghetto Wall.
- The only surviving fragment of the Ghetto wall is located in the yard of a house in Sienna Street, between Sienna Street and Złota Street. To see it, you have to enter from 62 Złota Street as the gate at 55 Sienna Street has been permanently closed.
To create the Warsaw Ghetto, 11 miles of brick walls was erected around the Jewish quarter; which was then closed to outsiders on November 15, 1940. There were over 400,000 people imprisoned there, at an area of 3.4 km2 (1.3 sq mi), with an average of 7.2 persons per room. The wall was torn down in 1943 when the Ghetto was liquidated. Today only this tiny fraction of the wall remains.
E.g. see:
Warsaw Ghetto survivor recalls losing her family in uprising
Interview with Krystyna Budnicka, survivor of the Warsaw ghetto, on the eve of the 75th anniversary of the ghetto uprising on 19 April 1943.
Standing in 3 States at Once NJ | DE | PA [Kult America]
Did you know that one of the most famous Revolutionary war heroes in America was from Poland? As I've been living in Poland for a while now, I've decided to visit the house of Tadeusz Kościuszko in Philadelphia, PA.
On today's episode of Kult America I invite you to join me and my cousin on a road trip across the US to see some important historical sites: Benjamin Franklin's grave, a marker from the Mason-Dixon line, which divided America into slave and nonslave states, and of corse the point where three states collide!
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Standing in 3 States at Once | NY, NJ, PA | [Kult America]
People assume that America is a country with no cultural differentiation. In my experience this is untrue. On today's episode of Kult America we will go the place where three states collide and discover what is the real culture of New Jersey on our way. We've see the house of Albert Einstein, the headquarters of George Washington, the crash site of the hindenburg, the filming location of the jersey shore, the high point monument, and took an epic walk through the old cemetery. I believe that this is one of the best trips we've ever made on Kult America and I am extremely proud to invite you on this adventure.
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2018.4.29 【ワルシャワ】旧市街 Hala Koszyki
From the center of Warszaw to the suburbs
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The Art of Afterward: Documenting Collective Memory
March 4, 2015
The Art of Afterward: Documenting Collective Memory”
Mr. Clifford Chanin, Director of Education and Public Programs at the National September 11 Memorial and Museum, and founder of “The Legacy Project,” will discuss the responsibilities and challenges of interpreting, documenting and educating the public about artifacts which respond to mass atrocity. Mr. Chanin will also discuss the human impulse toward creative response to mass violence and how societies use art to recognize common ground in the historical experience of others.
Mr. Chanin will co-present with Dr. Edward Paulino, assistant professor of global history at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, CUNY, who teaches the history of genocide and specializes in the Dominican-Haitian border conflict and the African Diaspora. Dr. Paulino is also the founder and publisher of “Border of Lights,” an organization dedicated to using culture and art to promote historical awareness and healing. He will focus his comments on historical artistic responses to genocide, with specific attention to the Dominican-Haitian conflict.
Dissolution of the Soviet Union | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The dissolution of the Soviet Union occurred on 26 December 1991, officially granting self-governing independence to the Republics of the Soviet Union (USSR). It was a result of the declaration number 142-Н of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and created the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), although five of the signatories ratified it much later or did not do so at all. On the previous day, 25 December, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, the eighth and final leader of the Soviet Union, resigned, declared his office extinct and handed over its powers—including control of the Soviet nuclear missile launching codes—to Russian President Boris Yeltsin. That evening at 7:32 p.m., the Soviet flag was lowered from the Kremlin for the last time and replaced with the pre-revolutionary Russian flag.Previously, from August to December all the individual republics, including Russia itself, had either seceded from the union or at the very least denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR. The week before formal dissolution, eleven republics signed the Alma-Ata Protocol formally establishing the CIS and declaring that the USSR had ceased to exist. Both the Revolutions of 1989 and the dissolution of the USSR also marked the end of the Cold War.
Several of the former Soviet republics have retained close links with the Russian Federation and formed multilateral organizations such as the Commonwealth of Independent States, Eurasian Economic Community, the Union State, the Eurasian Customs Union and the Eurasian Economic Union to enhance economic and security cooperation. On the other hand, the Baltic states have joined NATO and the European Union.
Dissolution of the Soviet Union | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The dissolution of the Soviet Union occurred on 26 December 1991, officially granting self-governing independence to the Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). It was a result of the declaration number 142-Н of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and created the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), although five of the signatories ratified it much later or did not do so at all. On the previous day, 25 December, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, the eighth and final leader of the USSR, resigned, declared his office extinct and handed over its powers—including control of the Soviet nuclear missile launching codes—to Russian President Boris Yeltsin. That evening at 7:32 p.m., the Soviet flag was lowered from the Kremlin for the last time and replaced with the pre-revolutionary Russian flag.Previously, from August to December all the individual republics, including Russia itself, had either seceded from the union or at the very least denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR. The week before formal dissolution, eleven republics signed the Alma-Ata Protocol formally establishing the CIS and declaring that the USSR had ceased to exist. Both the Revolutions of 1989 and the dissolution of the USSR also marked the end of the Cold War.
Several of the former Soviet republics have retained close links with the Russian Federation and formed multilateral organizations such as the Commonwealth of Independent States, Eurasian Economic Community, the Union State, the Eurasian Customs Union and the Eurasian Economic Union to enhance economic and security cooperation. On the other hand, the Baltic states have joined NATO and the European Union.
Czech Republic | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Czech Republic
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The Czech Republic ( ( listen); Czech: Česká republika [ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpublɪka] ( listen)), also known by its short-form name, Czechia ( ( listen); Czech: Česko [ˈtʃɛsko] ( listen)), is a landlocked country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast. The Czech Republic covers an area of 78,866 square kilometres (30,450 sq mi) with a mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate. It is a unitary parliamentary republic, with 10.6 million inhabitants; its capital and largest city is Prague, with 1.3 million residents. Other major cities are Brno, Ostrava and Pilsen. The Czech Republic is a member of the European Union (EU), NATO, the OECD, the United Nations, the OSCE, and the Council of Europe.
It is a developed country with an advanced, high income export-oriented social market economy based in services, manufacturing and innovation. The UNDP ranks the country 14th in inequality-adjusted human development. The Czech Republic is a welfare state with a continental European social model, a universal health care system, tuition-free university education an is ranked 14th in the Human Capital Index. It ranks as the 6th safest or most peaceful country and is one of the most non-religious countries in the world, while achieving strong performance in democratic governance.
The Czech Republic includes the historical territories of Bohemia, Moravia, and Czech Silesia. The Czech state was formed in the late 9th century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire. After the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power transferred from Moravia to Bohemia under the Přemyslid dynasty. In 1002, the duchy was formally recognized as part of the Holy Roman Empire, becoming the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 and reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century. Besides Bohemia itself, the king of Bohemia ruled the lands of the Bohemian Crown, he had a vote in the election of the Holy Roman Emperor, and Prague was the imperial seat in periods between the 14th and 17th century. In the Hussite Wars of the 15th century driven by the Protestant Bohemian Reformation, the kingdom faced economic embargoes and defeated five consecutive crusades proclaimed by the leaders of the Catholic Church.
Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy alongside the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. The Protestant Bohemian Revolt (1618–20) against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years' War. After the Battle of the White Mountain, the Habsburgs consolidated their rule, eradicated Protestantism and reimposed Catholicism, and also adopted a policy of gradual Germanization. This contributed to the anti-Habsburg sentiment. A long history of resentment of the Catholic Church followed and still continues. With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Bohemian Kingdom became part of the Austrian Empire and the Czech language experienced a revival as a consequence of widespread romantic nationalism. In the 19th century, the Czech lands became the industrial powerhouse of the monarchy and were subsequently the core of the Republic of Czechoslovakia, which was formed in 1918 following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War I.
Czechoslovakia remained the only democracy in this part of Europe in the interwar period. However, the Czech part of Czechoslovakia was occupied by Germany in World War II, while the Slovak region became the Slovak Republic; Czechoslovakia was liberated in 1945 by the armies of the Soviet Union and the United States. The Czech country lost the majority of its German-speaking inhabitants after they were expelled following the war. The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia won the 1946 elections and after the 1948 coup d'état, Czechoslovakia became a one-party communist state under Soviet influence. In 19 ...
Czech Republic | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Czech Republic
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The Czech Republic ( ( listen); Czech: Česká republika [ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpublɪka] ( listen)), also known by its short-form name, Czechia ( ( listen); Czech: Česko [ˈtʃɛsko] ( listen)), is a landlocked country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast. The Czech Republic covers an area of 78,866 square kilometres (30,450 sq mi) with a mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate. It is a unitary parliamentary republic, with 10.6 million inhabitants; its capital and largest city is Prague, with 1.3 million residents. Other major cities are Brno, Ostrava and Pilsen. The Czech Republic is a member of the European Union (EU), NATO, the OECD, the United Nations, the OSCE, and the Council of Europe.
It is a developed country with an advanced, high income export-oriented social market economy based in services, manufacturing and innovation. The UNDP ranks the country 14th in inequality-adjusted human development. The Czech Republic is a welfare state with a continental European social model, a universal health care system, tuition-free university education an is ranked 14th in the Human Capital Index. It ranks as the 6th safest or most peaceful country and is one of the most non-religious countries in the world, while achieving strong performance in democratic governance.
The Czech Republic includes the historical territories of Bohemia, Moravia, and Czech Silesia. The Czech state was formed in the late 9th century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire. After the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power transferred from Moravia to Bohemia under the Přemyslid dynasty. In 1002, the duchy was formally recognized as part of the Holy Roman Empire, becoming the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 and reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century. Besides Bohemia itself, the king of Bohemia ruled the lands of the Bohemian Crown, he had a vote in the election of the Holy Roman Emperor, and Prague was the imperial seat in periods between the 14th and 17th century. In the Hussite Wars of the 15th century driven by the Protestant Bohemian Reformation, the kingdom faced economic embargoes and defeated five consecutive crusades proclaimed by the leaders of the Catholic Church.
Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy alongside the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. The Protestant Bohemian Revolt (1618–20) against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years' War. After the Battle of the White Mountain, the Habsburgs consolidated their rule, eradicated Protestantism and reimposed Catholicism, and also adopted a policy of gradual Germanization. This contributed to the anti-Habsburg sentiment. A long history of resentment of the Catholic Church followed and still continues. With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Bohemian Kingdom became part of the Austrian Empire and the Czech language experienced a revival as a consequence of widespread romantic nationalism. In the 19th century, the Czech lands became the industrial powerhouse of the monarchy and were subsequently the core of the Republic of Czechoslovakia, which was formed in 1918 following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War I.
Czechoslovakia remained the only democracy in this part of Europe in the interwar period. However, the Czech part of Czechoslovakia was occupied by Germany in World War II, while the Slovak region became the Slovak Republic; Czechoslovakia was liberated in 1945 by the armies of the Soviet Union and the United States. The Czech country lost the majority of its German-speaking inhabitants after they were expelled following the war. The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia won the 1946 elections and after the 1948 coup d'état, Czechoslovakia became a one-party communist state under Soviet influence. In 19 ...
History of Russia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of Russia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The History of Russia begins with that of the East Slavs and the Finno-Ugric peoples. The traditional beginning of Russian history is the establishment of Kievan Rus', the first united Eastern Slavic state, in 882. The state adopted Christianity from the Byzantine Empire in 988, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Orthodox Slavic culture for the next millennium. Kievan Rus' ultimately disintegrated as a state due to the Mongol invasions in 1237–1240 along with the resulting deaths of about half the population of Rus'.
After the 13th century, Moscow became a cultural center, and by the 18th century, the Tsardom of Russia had grown to become the Russian Empire, stretching from eastern Poland to the Pacific Ocean. Peasant revolts were common, and all were fiercely suppressed. Russian serfdom was abolished in 1861, but the peasants fared poorly and often turned to revolutionary pressures. In the following decades, reform efforts such as the Stolypin reforms, the constitution of 1906, and the State Duma attempted to open and liberalize the economy and political system, but the tsars refused to relinquish autocratic rule or share their power.
The Russian Revolution in 1917 was triggered by a combination of economic breakdown, war-weariness, and discontent with the autocratic system of government. It initially brought to power a coalition of liberals and moderate socialists, but their failed policies led to seizure of power by the communist Bolsheviks on 25 October. Between 1922 and 1991, the history of Russia is essentially the history of the Soviet Union, effectively an ideologically based state which was roughly conterminous with the Russian Empire before the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The approach to the building of socialism, however, varied over different periods in Soviet history, from the mixed economy and diverse society and culture of the 1920s to the command economy and repressions of the Joseph Stalin era to the era of stagnation in the 1980s. From its first years, government in the Soviet Union was based on the one-party rule of the Communists, as the Bolsheviks called themselves, beginning in March 1918.
By the mid-1980s, with the weaknesses of its economic and political structures becoming acute, Mikhail Gorbachev embarked on major reforms, which led to the overthrow of the communist party and the breakup of the USSR, leaving Russia again on its own and marking the start of the history of post-Soviet Russia. The Russian Federation began in January 1992 as the legal successor to the USSR. Russia retained its nuclear arsenal but lost its superpower status. Scrapping the socialist central planning and state ownership of property of the socialist era, new leaders, led by President Vladimir Putin, took political and economic power after 2000 and engaged in an energetic foreign policy. Russia's recent annexation of the Crimean peninsula has led to severe economic sanctions imposed by the United States and the European Union.