Hampi | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Hampi
00:01:42 1 Location
00:02:34 2 Texts and history
00:04:46 2.1 Ancient to 14th century CE
00:06:16 2.2 14th century and after
00:09:26 2.3 Archaeological site
00:11:48 3 Description
00:14:04 3.1 Hindu monuments
00:14:12 3.1.1 Virupaksha temple and market complex
00:17:46 3.1.2 Krishna temple, market, Narasimha and linga
00:20:08 3.1.3 Achyutaraya temple and market complex
00:21:31 3.1.4 Vitthala temple and market complex
00:24:23 3.1.5 Hemakuta hill monuments
00:27:42 3.1.6 Hazara Rama temple
00:29:27 3.1.7 Kodandarama temple and riverside monuments
00:30:34 3.1.8 Pattabhirama temple complex
00:31:44 3.1.9 Mahanavami platform, public square complex
00:33:28 3.1.10 Water infrastructure
00:35:37 3.1.11 Fountains and community kitchen
00:36:14 3.1.12 Elephant stables and Zenana enclosure
00:37:55 3.1.13 Other Hindu temples and monuments
00:40:00 3.2 Jain monuments
00:40:23 3.2.1 Ganagitti temple complex
00:41:10 3.2.2 Other Jain temples and monuments
00:41:49 3.3 Muslim monuments
00:42:30 3.3.1 Ahmad Khan mosque and tomb
00:43:11 4 Reception
00:45:16 5 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Hampi, also referred to as the Group of Monuments at Hampi, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in east-central Karnataka, India. It became the centre of the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire capital in the 14th century. Chronicles left by Persian and European travellers, particularly the Portuguese, state Hampi was a prosperous, wealthy and grand city near the Tungabhadra River, with numerous temples, farms and trading markets. By 1500 CE, Hampi-Vijayanagara was the world's second-largest medieval-era city after Beijing, and probably India's richest at that time, attracting traders from Persia and Portugal. The Vijayanagara Empire was defeated by a coalition of Muslim sultanates; its capital was conquered, pillaged and destroyed by sultanate armies in 1565, after which Hampi remained in ruins.Located in Karnataka near the modern-era city of Hosapete, Hampi's ruins are spread over 4,100 hectares (16 sq mi) and it has been described by UNESCO as an austere, grandiose site of more than 1,600 surviving remains of the last great Hindu kingdom in South India that includes forts, riverside features, royal and sacred complexes, temples, shrines, pillared halls, mandapas, memorial structures, water structures and others. Hampi predates the Vijayanagara Empire; there is evidence of Ashokan epigraphy, and it is mentioned in the Ramayana and the Puranas of Hinduism as Pampaa Devi Tirtha Kshetra. Hampi continues to be an important religious centre, housing the Virupaksha Temple, an active Adi Shankara-linked monastery and various monuments belonging to the old city.
Tomb of Bahamani Sultan Ahmad Shah al-Wali
Kalil Shah Bahamani, a descendant of Bahamani dynasty, narrates good deeds of Bahamani Badhshah.
Tomb of Shafdarjang | Travel Indian in 4K
Your Travel Guide - Tomb of Shafdarjang Tomb | Travel Indian in 4K
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The structure was constructed in 1754 in the late Mughal Empire style Safdarjung.
Mirza Muqim Abul Mansur Khan, who was popularly known as Safadarjung, who ruled over Avadh was an independent ruler of Avadh as viceroy of Muhammad Shah.He was very rich and most powerful. With the death of Emperor Muhammad Shah of Mughal Empire, he moved to Delhi. When Mohammed Shah Ahmed Shah ascended the throne of the Mughal Empire in Delhi in 1748, Safdarjung was made the Chief Minister (Vizier) of the empire with the title of Wazir ul-Mamalk-i-Hindustan and at that time the empire was on decline as their rule extended only to North India.
As Vizier he had taken all powers under his control as the king was only a puppet, a figurehead, who was into enjoying life with wine, opium and women. But he overestimated and over exercised his powers with the result that the Emperor’s family called their Hindu Maratha confederacy to help them get rid of their Vizier. A civil strife ensued and eventually in 1753 Safdarjung was driven out of Delhi. He died soon thereafter in 1754. After his death his son Nawab Shujaud Daula pleaded with the Mughal Emperor to permit him to erect a tomb for his father in Delhi. He then built the tomb, which was designed by an Abyssininan architect.
To the south of this tomb is the historic site of the battle that was fought in 1386 between Timur of Mangol and Mohammed Tughlaq when the latter was defeated.
Isometric view of the mausoleum
The main entry gate to the tomb is two-storied and its façade has very elaborate ornamentation over plastered surfaces and is in ornate purple colour. There is an inscription in Arabic on the surface and its translation reads “When the hero of plain bravery departs from the transitory, may he become a resident of god’s paradise”. The rear side of the façade, which is seen after entering through the gate, has many rooms and the library. To the right of the gate is the mosque which is a three-domed structure marked with stripes.
The façade, though built in the style of the Taj Mahal, lacks symmetry as the vertical axis has been given prominence which has resulted in an unbalanced appearance to the tomb. The dome is more elongated; the central part has a taller pishtaq. The four minarets at the four corners are part of the main mausoleum which was totally a different concept in elevation compared to the Taj Mahal where the towers are detached and away from the facade of the tomb.
The architecture of the tomb is praised and also derided; it is derided for the lack of proportioning of its various units and use of poor material for construction. Reginald Heber, who was Bishop of Calcutta between 1823 and 1826, based on the light brown colour of the stone used, had observed that the tomb has the “colour of potted meat”. Even ASI has observed that the marble used for ornamentation in the towers though pleasing is “rather florid”. Another observation is that the tomb can not be compared to the Taj Mahal or the Humayun Tomb, as, at the time it was built, the Mughal Empire was on the decline and sandstone had to be used and lines were set improperly and the quality appeared “thread bare”.
The garden is in the Mughal charbagh garden style, and is a smaller version of the garden of the Humayun Tomb which is also built in Delhi. One channel leads to the entrance gate and the other leads to the three pavilions. The main podium over which the mausoleum is built measures 50 metres (160 ft) on each side. The high walls have been built in rubble stone masonry and have recessed arches in the interior. The towers or chatris are octagonal in shape. Its overall layout consists of four pavilions which have multiple chambers and the entrance gateway to the east is impressive. On the eastern side adjoining the gate are many apartments and a mosque, and a courtyard. The pavilions are laid out in the western, northern and southern directions and are named Jangli Mahal (palace in the forest), Moti Mahal (pearl palace) and Badshah Pasand (King’s favorite) respectively. Nawab’s family used to reside in these pavilions. Now the entire monument is under the control of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) who have their offices in the pavilions and also a library over the main gate.
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mosque inside bidar fort, karnataka
mosque inside bidar fort, karnataka
Bibi Ka Maqbara, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
The Bibi Ka Maqbara (English: Tomb of the Lady)[1][2] is a tomb located in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India. It was commissioned in 1660[1] by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb[3] in the memory of his first and chief wife Dilras Banu Begum (posthumously known as Rabia-ud-Daurani)[4][5][6][7][8] and is considered to be a symbol of Aurangzeb's 'conjugal fidelity'.[9] It bears a striking resemblance to the Taj Mahal,[8] the mausoleum of Aurangzeb's mother, Mumtaz Mahal. Aurangzeb was not much interested in architecture though he had commissioned the small, but elegant, Pearl Mosque at Delhi. Bibi Ka Maqbara was the largest structure that Aurangzeb had to his credit.[6]
The comparison to the Taj Mahal has often obscured its very own considerable charm.[10] Due to the strong resemblance, it is also called the Dakkhani Taj (Taj of the Deccan).[5] The Bibi Ka Maqbara is the principal monument of Aurangabad and its historic city.[7][11] An inscription found on the main entrance door mentions that this mausoleum was designed and erected by Ata-ullah, an architect and Hanspat Rai, an engineer respectively.[5] Ata-ullah was the son of Ustad Ahmad Lahauri, the principal designer of the Taj Mahal.[12]
The inscription, however, incorrectly attributes the construction of the mausoleum to Aurangzeb's son, Azam Shah. Bibi Ka Maqbara was commissioned in 1660 when Azam Shah (born 1653) was still a child. In later years, however, the prince was put in charge of overseeing the repair-work of the mausoleum by Aurangzeb.
Dilras Banu Begum was born a princess of the prominent Safavid dynasty of Iran (Persia)[13] and was the daughter of Mirza Badi-uz-Zaman Safavi (titled Shahnawaz Khan),[14] who was the Viceroy of Gujarat.[15] She married Prince Muhi-ud-din (later known as Aurangzeb upon his accession) on 8 May 1637 in Agra.[16] Dilras was his first wife and chief consort, as well as his favourite.[17][18][19][20] She bore her husband five children: Zeb-un-Nissa, Zinat-un-Nissa, Zubdat-un-Nissa, Muhammad Azam Shah and Sultan Muhammad Akbar.
After giving birth to her fifth child, Muhammad Akbar, Dilras Banu Begum possibly suffered from puerperal fever, due to complications caused by the delivery and died a month after the birth of her son on 8 October 1657. Upon her death, Aurangzeb's pain was extreme and their eldest son, Azam Shah, was so grieved that he had a nervous breakdown.[21] It became Dilras' eldest daughter, Princess Zeb-un-Nissa's responsibility to take charge of her newborn brother.[14] Zeb-un-Nissa doted on her brother a lot, and at the same time, Aurangzeb greatly indulged his motherless son and the prince soon became his best-loved son.[22]
In 1660, Aurangzeb commissioned a mausoleum at Aurangabad to act as Dilras' final resting place, known as Bibi Ka Maqbara (Tomb of the Lady). Here, Dilras was buried under the posthumous title of 'Rabia-ud-Daurani' (Rabia of the Age). In the following years, her tomb was repaired by her son Azam Shah under Aurangzeb's orders. Bibi Ka Maqbara was the largest structure that Aurangzeb had to his credit and bears a striking resemblance to the Taj Mahal, the mausoleum of Dilras' mother-in-law, Empress Mumtaz Mahal, who herself died in childbirth. Aurangzeb, himself, is buried a few kilometers away from her mausoleum in Khuldabad.
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Karnataka 'best of' stock footage showreel
Best of archival footage of Karnataka state of India.
Karnataka /kɑrˈnaːtəkə/ is a state in south western region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act. Originally known as the State of Mysore, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. The capital and largest city is Bengaluru. Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea and the Laccadive Sea to the west, Goa to the north west, Maharashtra to the north, Telangana to the North east, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the south east, and Kerala to the south west. The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres (74,122 sq mi), or 5.83 per cent of the total geographical area of India. It is the seventh largest Indian state by area. With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada is the most widely spoken and official language of the state.
Source : WIkipedia
This footage is part of the professionally-shot broadcast stock footage archive of Wilderness Films India Ltd., the largest collection of HD imagery from South Asia. The Wilderness Films India collection comprises of tens of thousands of hours of high quality broadcast imagery, mostly shot on HDCAM / SR 1080i High Definition, Alexa, SR, HDV and XDCAM. Write to us for licensing this footage on a broadcast format, for use in your production! We are happy to be commissioned to film for you or else provide you with broadcast crewing and production solutions across South Asia. We pride ourselves in bringing the best of India and South Asia to the world... Reach us at rupindang @ gmail . com and admin@wildfilmsindia.com.
Death place of Tipu Sultan Tiger of Mysore
Death place of Tipu Sultan or Tiger of Mysore. For more information on this video click -
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Tope of Bahamani's
Gulbarga
Qutb Minar - Is India's First Muslim Monument, a Hindu Temple?
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Hey guys, I am at this brilliant monument called Qutb Minar, historians say that this fantastic tower was built by a Muslim ruler called Qutb al-Din Aibak also known as Qutb-ud-din, about 800 years ago. This site is recognized as a UNESCO world heritage site because it full of Islamic structures like India's first mosque, the Qutb Minar and tombs of famous Mughal kings. However, were these structures really built by Muslim kings?
Now let's take a good look at these structures, they are definitely Islamic structures. You can see the domes on top, verses of Quran in Arabic carved on the walls, and typical Mughal designs all over the structure. There should be absolutely no doubt in your mind that these were built by Muslim rulers. But let's take a look at this unfinished structure nearby.
Here you can see how a dome has been constructed on top, but is not finished. Below this dome, you can see that the pillars look very similar to the pillars of a Hindu temple. You can see typical temple bells carved on these pillars. But let's go closer and see if we can find more evidence. Here we can see the defaced carving of Lord Ganesha, the Elephant God who belongs to Hinduism. What is he doing in the Qutb Minar complex built by Islamic rulers? On the top, you can even see the war scene from the Hindu epic Ramayana. Remember, carvings of God, saints and human beings are completely prohibited in Islam, so this absolutely not an Islamic structure. In fact, we can see many, many carvings of Indian Gods that have been disfigured in this site. Here you can even see the Hindu religious altar called Balipeetam.
Now, let's go back and look at the big picture. On the left, is the Jama Masjid which is hailed as India's very first mosque built by Islamic rulers. On the right, is a Hindu temple, on top of which an Islamic dome has been built.
Read the rest of the story here:
#Hindu #India #Search4Truth
Facts about Biwi Ka Maqbara of Aurangabad Maharashtra India
Watch what a guide at Bibi Ka Maqbara in Aurangabad says about this monument. Often called as Dakhkhani Taj or the Taj of the Deccan, it is one of the most important tourist places as well of the Aurangabad city.
Following is the text about it on Wikipedia:
Bibi Ka Maqbara or Tomb of the Lady is located in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India. It was commissioned in 1660 by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in the memory of his first and chief wife Dilras Banu Begum (posthumously known as Rabia-ud-Daurani). It is considered to be a symbol of Aurangzeb's conjugal fidelity. It bears a striking resemblance to the Agra's Taj Mahal, the mausoleum of Aurangzeb's mother, Mumtaz Mahal. Aurangzeb was not much interested in architecture though he had commissioned the small, but elegant, Pearl Mosque at Delhi. Bibi Ka Maqbara was the largest structure that Aurangzeb had to his credit.
The comparison to the Taj Mahal has often obscured its very own considerable charm. Due to the strong resemblance, it is also called the Dakkhani Taj or the Taj of the Deccan. The Bibi Ka Maqbara is the principal monument of Aurangabad and its historic city. An inscription found on the main entrance door mentions that this mausoleum was designed and erected by Ata-ullah, an architect and Hanspat Rai, an engineer respectively. Ata-ullah was the son of Ustad Ahmad Lahauri, the principal designer of the Taj Mahal.
The inscription, however, incorrectly attributes the construction of the mausoleum to Aurangzeb's son, Azam Shah. Bibi Ka Maqbara was commissioned in 1660 when Azam Shah (born 1653) was still a child. In later years, however, the prince was put in charge of overseeing the repair work of the mausoleum by Aurangzeb.
#BibiKaMaqbara #Aurangabad #Indianmonuments #touristplacesAurangabad #Maharashtra #Aurangzeb #Mumtaz Mahal #TajMahal #Mangrol Multimedia
mughal empires building india
mughal empires building india
Golkonda Fort, Hydrabad
Golkonda, also known as Golconda, Gol konda (Round shaped hill), or Golla konda, (Shepherds Hill) is a citadel and fort in Southern India and was the capital of the medieval sultanate of the Qutb Shahi dynasty (c.1518–1687), is situated 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) west of Hyderabad. It is also a tehsil of Hyderabad district, Telangana, India. The region is known for the mines that have produced some of the world's most famous gems, including the Koh-i-Noor, the Hope Diamond, Nassak Diamond and the Noor-ul-Ain.
Golkonda was originally known as Mankal.[1] Golkonda Fort was first built by the Kakatiya dynasty as part of their western defenses along the lines of the Kondapalli Fort. The city and the fortress were built on a granite hill that is 120 meters (480 ft) high, surrounded by massive battlements. The fort was rebuilt and strengthened by Rani Rudrama Devi and her successor Prataparudra.[2][3] Later, the fort came under the control of the Musunuri Nayaks, who defeated the Tughlaqi army occupying Warangal.[4] It was ceded by the Musunuri Kapaya Naidu to the Bahmani Sultanate as part of a treaty in 1364.[5][6]
Under the Bahmani Sultanate, Golkonda slowly rose to prominence. Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk (r. 1487–1543), sent as a governor of Telangana, established it as the seat of his government around 1501. Bahmani rule gradually weakened during this period, and Sultan Quli formally became independent in 1538, establishing the Qutb Shahi dynasty based in Golkonda.[7][8] Over a period of 62 years, the mud fort was expanded by the first three Qutb Shahi sultans into the present structure, a massive fortification of granite extending around 5 km in circumference. It remained the capital of the Qutb Shahi dynasty until 1590 when the capital was shifted to Hyderabad. The Qutb Shahis expanded the fort, whose 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) outer wall enclosed the city.
The fort finally fell into ruin in 1687, after a eight year long siege leading to its fall at the hands of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.[9]
Ziarat e Dargah Hazrat Tawakkal Mastan Shah (R.A.), Bangalore, Karnataka
65. Hazrat Tawakkal Mastan Shah (R.A.), Bangalore, Karnataka
Brother of Tipu Mastan (R.A.)
Masjid built by Sultan Firoz Shah Bahmani
This Masjid has a lot of specialties; this is 600-700 yrs old. It looks like it made only 100 yrs back. It has very nice sound System. If Moazzin gives Azan and if Pesh Imam sermons each can listen.
Bibi Ka Maqbara under-construction!!!!
Bibi Ka Maqbara (Urdu: بیبی كا مقبرہ Tomb of the Lady) is a maqbara, located in ,Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India. It was commissioned by the sixth Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in the late 17th, century, in the, memory, of his ,first wife, Dilras, Banu ,Begum (posthumously known as Rabia-ud-Daurani).[1][2] It bears a striking resemblance to the famous Taj Mahal, the mausoleum of his mother, Mumtaz Mahal. Aurangzeb was not very interested in architecture, though he had built the small, but elegant, Pearl Mosque at Delhi. The Bibi Ka Maqbara was the largest structure that he had to his credit.[1]
The comparison to the Taj Mahal has often obscured its very own considerable charm.[3] Due to its strong resemblance to the Taj Mahal, it is also called the Dakkhani Taj (Taj of the Deccan).[4] Bibi Ka Maqbara is the principal monument of Aurangabad and its historic city.[2][5] An inscription found on the main entrance door mentions that this mausoleum was designed and erected by Ata-ullah, an architect and Hanspat Rai, an engineer respectively.[4] Ata-ullah was the son of Ustad Ahmad Lahauri, the principal designer of the Taj MahalIn the form of a hexagon and angles are ornamented with minarets.[8] Bibi-ka-maqbara was built in 1660 by prince Azam Shah in the memory of his mother, Dilras Banu Begam. In 1720, Nizam-ul-Mulk Asif Jah, a distinguished General of Aurangzeb with the intention of founding his own dynasty in the Deccan, arrived at Aurangabad and made it his capital. He paid a visit to Delhi in 1723, but returned in 1724. Nizam Ali Khan Asaf Jah II transferred his capital from Aurangabad to Hyderabad i.
Deccan sultanates | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Deccan sultanates
00:01:26 1 Ahmadnagar sultanate
00:04:43 1.1 Rulers
00:06:03 2 Berar sultanate
00:07:33 2.1 Rulers
00:08:04 3 Bidar sultanate
00:09:14 3.1 Rulers
00:10:06 4 Bijapur sultanate
00:11:33 4.1 Rulers
00:12:26 5 Golkonda Sultanate
00:13:17 5.1 Rulers
00:14:07 6 Decline
00:14:16 7 Cultural contributions
00:15:22 7.1 Ahmadnagar sultanate
00:17:47 7.2 Berar sultanate
00:18:04 7.3 Bidar sultanate
00:18:57 7.4 Bijapur sultanate
00:22:48 7.5 Golkonda sultanate
00:26:14 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Deccan Sultanates were five dynasties that ruled late medieval Indian kingdoms, namely, Bijapur, Golkonda, Ahmadnagar, Bidar, and Berar in south-western India. The Deccan sultanates were located on the Deccan Plateau, between the Krishna River and the Vindhya Range. These kingdoms became independent during the break-up of the Bahmani Sultanate. In 1490, Ahmadnagar declared independence, followed by Bijapur and Berar in the same year. Golkonda became independent in 1518 and Bidar in 1528.The five sultanates were of diverse origin; Ahmadnagar Sultanate and Berar Sultanate were of Hindu lineage (Ahmadnagar being Brahmin-Hindu and Berar being Kanarese-Hindu), Bidar Sultanate were of former Turkic slave, Bijapur Sultanate were of former Georgian-Oghuz Turkic slave, and Golconda Sultanate were of Turkmen origin.Although generally rivals, they did ally against the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565, permanently weakening Vijayanagar in the Battle of Talikota. In 1574, after a coup in Berar, Ahmadnagar invaded and conquered it. In 1619, Bidar was annexed by Bijapur. The sultanates were later conquered by the Mughal Empire; Berar was stripped from Ahmadnagar in 1596, Ahmadnagar was completely taken between 1616 and 1636, and Golkonda and Bijapur conquered by Aurangzeb's 1686-87 campaign.
Ahmadnagar Sultanate | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Ahmadnagar Sultanate
00:00:41 1 History
00:06:54 2 Army of the Nizam Shahi dynasty of Ahmadnagar Sultanate
00:07:22 3 Revenue System of Malik Ambar
00:08:11 4 List of rulers
00:09:44 5 Lineage
00:09:53 6 Art and architecture
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Ahmadnagar Sultanate was a late medieval Indian kingdom, located in the northwestern Deccan, between the sultanates of Gujarat and Bijapur. Malik Ahmad, the Bahmani governor of Junnar after defeating the Bahmani army led by general Jahangir Khan on 28 May 1490 declared independence and established the Nizam Shahi dynasty rule over the sultanate of Ahmednagar. Initially his capital was in the town of Junnar with its fort, later renamed Shivneri. In 1494, the foundation was laid for the new capital Ahmadnagar. In 1636 Aurangzeb, then Mugal viceroy of Deccan finally annexed the sultanate to the Mughal empire.
Political history of medieval Karnataka | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Political history of medieval Karnataka
00:02:04 1 Kadambas and Gangas
00:06:22 2 Badami Chalukyas
00:10:04 3 Rashtrakutas
00:13:27 4 Western Chalukyas
00:16:59 5 Hoysalas
00:19:33 6 Vijayanagara Empire
00:22:16 7 Bahmani Sultanate
00:26:01 8 Bijapur Sultanate
00:29:32 9 Modern era
00:31:21 10 Timeline
00:31:30 11 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The political history of medieval Karnataka spans the 4th to the 16th centuries, when the empires that evolved in the Karnataka region of India made a lasting impact on the subcontinent. Before this, alien empires held sway over the region, and the nucleus of power was outside modern Karnataka. The medieval era can be broadly divided into several periods: The earliest native kingdoms and imperialism; the successful domination of the Gangetic plains in northern India and rivalry with the empires of Tamilakam over the Vengi region; and the domination of the southern Deccan and consolidation against Muslim invasion. The origins of the rise of the Karnataka region as an independent power date back to the fourth-century birth of the Kadamba Dynasty of Banavasi, the earliest of the native rulers to conduct administration in the native language of Kannada in addition to the official Sanskrit. This is the historical starting point in studying the development of the region as an enduring geopolitical entity and of Kannada as an important regional language.
In the southern regions of Karnataka, the Western Gangas of Talakad were contemporaries of the Kadambas. The Kadambas and Gangas were followed by the imperial dynasties of the Badami Chalukya Empire, the Rashtrakuta Empire, the Western Chalukya Empire, the Hoysala Empire and the Vijayanagara Empire, all patronising the ancient Indic religions while showing tolerance to the new cultures arriving from the west of the subcontinent. The Muslim invasion of the Deccan resulted in the breaking away of the feudatory Sultanates in the 14th century. The rule of the Bahamani Sultanate of Bidar and the Bijapur Sultanate from the northern Deccan region caused a mingling of the ancient Hindu traditions with the nascent Islamic culture in the region. The hereditary ruling families and clans ably served the large empires and upheld the local culture and traditions. The fall of the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565 brought about a slow disintegration of Kannada-speaking regions into minor kingdoms that struggled to maintain autonomy in an age dominated by foreigners until unification and independence in 1947.