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Aquavit - 1:43 scale resin models of Peugeot trucks and station wagons.
AR - French diecast from the 1930s.
AR Maquettes - 1:43 scale GP Ferraris from 1940s to 1960s.
Arcade - Primitive producer of cast vehicles mainly in the 1930s
Arena 38 - 1:43 scale handbuilts.
Arii - 1980s 1:24 scale kits from Japan.
ARKO Models - Hong Kong diecaster of mainly historic Ford vehicles.
Armour - 1:72 diecast military vehicles.
Arnold - West German tinplate toys.
ARS - 1:43 scale diecast from Italy. Mainly Alfas.
Arsenal - 1:43 scale diecast trucks and kits made in Ukraine.
Art Model - 1:43 scale resin classic LeMans cars. NOT AUTOArt. Ferraris from 1950s and 1960s.
Artin - Chinese manufacturer of 1/64, 1/43, and 1/32 scale cars and track.
Asahi - Japanese tin, but also diecast Model Pet series as agent in Japan for Corgi & Lone Star.
Asakusa - Japanese tin toys about 15 inches long like the Olds Vista Cruiser.
ASC - Japanese tinplate cars of the 1960s, also Aoshin. Name later used for diecast series of buses and other vehicles, possibly related to Tomica / Diapet.
Asgaard Models - 1:43 scale, often F1. Also HO and other semi-trucks.
Ashton Models - large white metal fire trucks and older cars like the Ford Model A.
AS Model - 1:43 scale cars and trucks (resin?) from Voronezh, Russia.
ATC - trading company marketing many Japanese toys, including Japanese tinplate cars; notably a striking Edsel.
ATEK - 1:43 scale tractors and shovels made in Kiev, Ukraine.
Atelier car models - 1:43 scale handbuilts, mostly Ferraris from 1960s and 1970s.
Athearn - Mostly HO cars and trucks for train setups. From Long Beach, CA.
Atlas - 1:32 scale race slot cars made in the mid-1960s, based on Marusan kits. Later, HO sized vehicles.
Atlas - Chinese 1:43 scale diecast, some recasts of Norevs also reissues of old Dinkys with old packaging designs.
Auburn Rubber Company - Early American producer of rubber cars.
Aurora Plastics Corporation - American manufacturer of 1:24 static kits and developer of the pioneering Model Motoring and AFX lines (HO) as well as 1:32 and 1:48 slot cars.
Aurore - 1:43 scale kits from Switzerland, Bugattis among selections.
Austin Craft - Early 1940s balsa wood kits of U.S. Army trucks and others, made in Burbank, California.
Authentic Models - 1:43 scale resin models line made in Belgium by Formule Kit.
AUTOart - 1:18 scale die-cast manufacturer from Hong Kong. Related to Gateway Global and Gate.
Autobahn - Line of 1:43 scale cars by Bauer.
Auto Buff - 1:43 scale white metal models made in the USA.
AutoDux - East German windup metal and plastic toys from the 1960s.
auto kit (without caps) - Diecast kits of 1930s sports cars. Made in England during the 1960s.
Automodelers - 1:43 scale resin models. From Hong Kong.
Automodelli HiFi - 1:43 scale white metal and resin F1 race cars and Ferraris. From Italy.
Automodello - Hand-built, highly detailed, signed/autographed, limited and standard edition 1:43 scale resincast manufacturer. Features TVR, Griffith, Fitch, and Bricklin.
Auto Place Models - APM. Consortium of builders making models to order.
Auto Pilen - Spanish manufacturer of die-cast models in 1:43 and 1:64. Made by Pilen S.A.
Auto Replicas - 1:43 scale handbuilts. Since the 1970s, made in Parkstone, Poole, Dorset, England.
Autoshow - 1:43 scale handbuilts of other manufacturers, made in Vienna, Austria.
Autostile - Line by ABC of mostly Alfas and Lancias.
Autotime Collection - 1:43 scale Russian diecast. UAZ Police Patriot.
Avanti Models - 1:43 scale. 1950s Ferraris.
AWM - German 1:87 scale (HO) plastic, mostly trucks and buses/coaches with authentic liveries.
Axel'R - 1:43 scale resin models of strange 1960s race cars like Lotus and Elva.
Azzara Models - 1:43 scale, many Porsche 9
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Leon Trotsky | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Leon Trotsky
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Leon Trotsky (; born Lev Davidovich Bronstein; 7 November [O.S. 26 October] 1879 – 21 August 1940) was a Russian revolutionary, Marxist theorist, and Soviet politician whose particular strain of Marxist thought is known as Trotskyism.
Initially supporting the Menshevik Internationalists faction within the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, he joined the Bolsheviks (majority) just before the 1917 October Revolution, immediately becoming a leader within the Communist Party. He would go on to become one of the seven members of the first Politburo, founded in 1917 to manage the Bolshevik Revolution.During the early days of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and the Soviet Union, he served first as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs and later as the founder and commander of the Red Army, with the title of People's Commissar of Military and Naval Affairs. He became a major figure in the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War (1918–1922).After leading a failed struggle of the Left Opposition against the policies and rise of Joseph Stalin in the 1920s and against the increasing role of bureaucracy in the Soviet Union, Trotsky was removed as Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs (January 1925), removed from the Politburo (October 1926), removed from the Central Committee (October 1927), expelled from the Communist Party (November 1927), exiled to Alma–Ata (January 1928), and exiled from the Soviet Union (February 1929). As the head of the Fourth International, Trotsky continued to oppose the Stalinist bureaucracy in the Soviet Union while in exile.
Trotsky was assassinated in Mexico City by Ramón Mercader, a Spanish-born NKVD agent. On 20 August 1940, Mercader attacked Trotsky with an ice axe and Trotsky died the next day in a hospital. Mercader acted upon instruction from Stalin and was nearly beaten to death by Trotsky's bodyguards, and spent the next 20 years in a Mexican prison for the murder. Stalin presented Mercader with an Order of Lenin in absentia.Trotsky's ideas formed the basis of Trotskyism, a major school of Marxist thought that opposes the theories of Stalinism. He was written out of the history books under Stalin, and was one of the few Soviet political figures who was not rehabilitated by the government under Nikita Khrushchev in the 1950s.
Mikhail Gorbachev | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Mikhail Gorbachev
00:03:36 1 Early life
00:03:45 1.1 Childhood: 1931–1950
00:07:38 1.2 University: 1950–1955
00:11:31 2 Rise in the Communist Party
00:11:41 2.1 Stavropol Komsomol: 1955–1969
00:15:58 2.2 Heading the Stavropol Region: 1970–1978
00:19:24 2.3 Secretary of the Central Committee: 1978–1984
00:23:45 3 General Secretary of the CPSU
00:24:37 3.1 Early years: 1985–1986
00:29:39 3.1.1 iPerestroika/i
00:32:11 3.1.2 iGlasnost/i
00:34:50 3.2 Presidency of the Soviet Union
00:36:18 3.2.1 Foreign engagements
00:37:41 3.2.1.1 Bold arms control proposal
00:39:52 3.2.1.2 Withdrawal from Afghanistan
00:40:25 3.2.1.3 Relinquishing control of East Bloc
00:44:34 3.2.2 Dissolution of the Soviet Union
00:49:04 3.2.2.1 Crisis of the Union: 1990–1991
00:58:27 3.2.2.2 Coup of August 1991
01:00:01 3.2.2.3 Final collapse
01:04:31 4 Post-presidency
01:14:51 4.1 Criticism of Vladimir Putin
01:17:27 4.2 Call for global restructuring
01:18:24 5 Personal life
01:20:50 5.1 Attitude to religion
01:22:45 5.2 Port-wine birthmark
01:23:17 6 Ideology
01:24:14 7 Works
01:25:03 8 Legacy
01:25:52 8.1 Honours and accolades
01:26:01 8.1.1 Soviet Union and Russia decorations
01:27:06 8.1.2 Foreign decorations and awards
01:30:24 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (born 2 March 1931) is a Russian and formerly Soviet politician. He was the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union, having been General Secretary of the governing Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. He was the country's head of state from 1988 until 1991, serving as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1988 to 1989, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 1989 to 1990, and President of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991. Ideologically a socialist, he initially adhered to Marxism-Leninism although following the Soviet collapse moved toward social democracy.
Gorbachev was born in Privolnoye, Stavropol Krai to a peasant Ukrainian–Russian family. In his youth he operated combine harvesters on a collective farm before joining the Communist Party, which then governed the Soviet Union as a one-party state. While studying at Moscow State University, he married fellow student Raisa Gorbacheva in 1953 prior to receiving his law degree in 1955. Moving to Stavropol, he worked for the Komsomol youth organisation and became a keen proponent of the de-Stalinization reforms of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. He was appointed the First Party Secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee in 1970, in which position he oversaw construction of the Great Stavropol Canal. In 1974 he moved to Moscow to become First Secretary to the Supreme Soviet and in 1979 became a candidate member of the Politburo. Within three years of the death of Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, following the brief interregna of Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko, Gorbachev was elected general secretary by the Politburo in 1985.
Although committed to preserving the Soviet state and to its socialist ideals, Gorbachev believed significant reform was necessary and following the Chernobyl disaster of 1986 pursued this agenda. Gorbachev's policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) and his reorientation of Soviet strategic aims contributed to the end of the Cold War. Under this program, the role of the Communist Party in governing the state was removed from the constitution, which inadvertently led to crisis-level political instability with a surge of regional nationalist and anti-communist activism culminating in the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Gorbachev later expressed regret for his failure to save the Soviet state, though he has insisted that his policies were not failures but rather were vitally necessary reforms, which were sabotaged and exploited by opportunists. He was awarded the Otto Hahn Peace Medal in 1989, the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990, and the Harvey Prize in 1992, as well as honorary doctor ...