KRONSTADT - the Soviet naval base - ROGER GEORGE CLARK photos
The English broadcaster and photographer ROGER GEORGE CLARK visited the island fortress and home base of the Baltic Fleet in September 1990.
'The Communists were still in power in Russia and the island was off-limits to most foreigners. I was the first BBC broadcaster to go there and record a feature for the BBC World Service. I also took my cameras. Time was short - just three afternoons - and the broadcast had priority. So I had to grab what photos I could between recordings. I know of no other Western photographer who visited Kronstadt in Soviet times, let alone tried to produce a photo essay there.
'Kronstadt, one naval officer told me, was the cradle of the Russian navy, the holy of holies. Situated in the Gulf of Finland the fortress was founded in 1704-04 by Peter the Great to protect his new city St Petersburg.
'Later the island became a hotbed of revolution. In 1905 and 1906 Kronstadt sailors mutinied, avenging years of maltreatment by throwing their officers into the ships' furnaces. They played a key role during the 1917 Revolution and revolted again in 1921 when Lenin failed to fulfil the democratic expectations of the revolution.
'What did the Kronstadt sailors want? - freedom of speech and assembly, free trade unions, the re-election of soviets by secret ballot, equal rations for all and for peasants to be able to do what they liked with their land. Lenin was enraged. Trotsky brutally suppressed the uprising, thousands of sailors were killed, executed and sent to concentration camps and the island's population deported. Many executions took place in the wooded ravine crossed by a suspension bridge. This charming-looking area was the scene of mass murder. And Anchor Square, which is dominated by the Sea Cathedral, contains mass graves.
'The crushing of the Kronstadt revolt was a key moment in the Bolshevik revolution. It destroyed all hope that Communism would lead to a more humane and democratic society. Dictatorship now became permanent and spread to other Communist regimes throughout the world. Russians had to wait until the 1980s to loosen its grip.
'I also photographed the former officers' club which still retained it's carved wooden staircase and a beautifully decorated theatre visited by the tsar. In fact, a surprising number of 18th- and 19th-century buildings survive despite revolutions and terrible damage during WWII, including vast warehouses stretching along the canals and a wooden lighthouse. Before 1917 Englishmen were a familiar sight in Kronstadt. One expert claimed half the Russian officers connected with the island's early days were English.
'Coming more up to date ... President Vladimir Putin's father was in the navy and must have known the island well. There were the usual Communist slogans and - a sign of the times - one that declared:- Submariners - what have you done for perestroika?
'A melancholy air hangs over Kronstadt. All that misery has seeped into the atmosphere. But, as you will see, I was greeted warmly by the modern inhabitants. The island was sealed off to outsiders during Communist times. I was one of the first Englishmen made welcome at the naval base since before the First World War in 1914 when Admiral Beatty arrived with a squadron of battle-cruisers. I, however, arrived in less style. A Russian friend drove me there in his Lada.
Now that Kronstadt is open to foreigners I would like to return and spend more time photographing island life in detail. I just scratched the surface in the three afternoons I was there. But whether I shall ever go back remains to be seen.
'Here on YouTube you can find more photos I took in Soviet Moscow and Leningrad/St Petersburg in the 1980s and early 1990s by typing my name - ROGER GEORGE CLARK - into the search box. If you're interested in naval matters you might like my video entitled Soviet sailors in Leningrad. They're just some of the 12,000 photos I took on my visits to Russia. Many more lurk in my archives! You can find more details on my website.'
World War Zero. Episode 2. Docudrama. English Subtitles. StarMediaEN
The War of 1853-1856 is most often known as The Crimean War. But the battle for the Crimea was only one episode of a much bigger war. The confrontation between the Russian Empire on the one hand and the Allied Forces of the British Empire, France, Turkey and the Kingdom of Sardinia on the other affected a huge territory stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean. In fact, it was a war for world domination - in effect a world war.
What were the overt and covert reasons that caused the confrontation between the great powers in the middle of the XIX century? How it all started and what role the Russian Empire ultimately played on the world political stage is all told in this challenging and insightful new four-part documentary series, WORLD WAR 0.
Type: historical reenactment
Genre: docudrama
Year of production: 2016
Number of episodes: 4
Directed by: Denis Bespalyi
Written by: Andrey Nazarov, Andrey Burovskiy, Vasiliy Shevtsov
Production designer: Mikhail Gavrilov
Director of photography: Ivan Barkhvart
Music by: Maksim Voitov
Producers: Valeriy Babich, Vlad Ryashin
Cast: Oleg Anoshkin, Dmitriy Yachevskiy, Anatoliy Bober, Dmitriy Eremenko, Yuriy Pimkin, Viktor Bashinskiy, Yulia Kharkovskaya, Vyacheslav Kramarev, Valeriy Lukyanov
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Великая Война. 13 Серия. Война на Море. StarMedia. Babich-Design
Все серии:
Проект посвящен 65-й годовщине Великой Победы Фильм рассказывает о главных событиях и сражениях Великой Отечественной войны. Уникальность проекта в широком использовании компьютерной графики в сочетании с кинохроникой военных лет. Благодаря новейшим технологиям зритель, даже неискушенный в вопросах истории, привычный к современному киноязыку, получает возможность, с одной стороны, разобраться в подробностях событий, с другой, - в полной мере ощутить масштабность и драматизм великой войны.
Серия 13. Война на Море:
Боевую готовность № 1 на флоте объявили незадолго до полуночи 21 июня 1941 года. Немцы и их союзники финны пытались полностью блокировать советские морские перевозки. К 1942 году немцам понадобилась долгосрочная защита морских коммуникаций. Командование Кригсмарине делало ставку на мины. Советские подводники удачно действовали на Балтике. Советские эсминцы Северного флота вместе с английскими кораблями участвовали в сопровождении транспортов, прикрывали их от атак авиации и подводных лодок. Вышел Приказ Верховного Главнокомандующего от 22 июля 1945 года: «Флот до конца выполнил свой долг перед Родиной»...
Формат: историческая реконструкция
Жанр: докудрама
Год производства: 2010
Количество серий: 18
Режиссер: Анна Граждан
Сценарий: Артем Драбкин, Алексей Исаев
Художник-постановщик: Валерий Бабич
Композитор: Борис Кукоба
Продюсеры: Валерий Бабич, Влад Ряшин, Сергей Титинков, Константин Эрнст
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Peace In The East - The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk I THE GREAT WAR Week 189
Germany and the Russian Bolshevik Government sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ending hostilities on the Eastern Front. Previously Germany had resumed the war in the East to put pressure on the Bolsheviks to accept the dictated terms. The Western Front Caucasian theatre were far from peaceful though.
» HOW CAN I SUPPORT YOUR CHANNEL?
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» WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION ABOUT WORLD WAR I AND WHERE ELSE CAN I FIND YOU?
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» CAN I EMBED YOUR VIDEOS ON MY WEBSITE?
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We are also happy to get your feedback, criticism or ideas in the comments. If you have interesting historical questions, just post them and we will answer in our OUT OF THE TRENCHES videos. You can find a selection of answers to the most frequently asked questions here:
» CAN I SHOW YOUR VIDEOS IN CLASS?
Of course! Tell your teachers or professors about our channel and our videos. We’re happy if we can contribute with our videos. If you are a teacher and have questions about our show, you can get in contact with us on one of our social media presences.
» WHAT ARE YOUR SOURCES?
Videos: British Pathé
Pictures: Mostly Picture Alliance
Background Map:
Literature (excerpt):
Gilbert, Martin. The First World War. A Complete History, Holt Paperbacks, 2004.
Hart, Peter. The Great War. A Combat History of the First World War, Oxford University Press, 2013.
Hart, Peter. The Great War. 1914-1918, Profile Books, 2013.
Stone, Norman. World War One. A Short History, Penguin, 2008.
Keegan, John. The First World War, Vintage, 2000.
Hastings, Max. Catastrophe 1914. Europe Goes To War, Knopf, 2013.
Hirschfeld, Gerhard. Enzyklopädie Erster Weltkrieg, Schöningh Paderborn, 2004
Michalka, Wolfgang. Der Erste Weltkrieg. Wirkung, Wahrnehmung, Analyse, Seehamer Verlag GmbH, 2000
Leonhard, Jörn. Die Büchse der Pandora: Geschichte des Ersten Weltkrieges, C.H. Beck, 2014
If you want to buy some of the books we use or recommend during our show, check out our Amazon Store:
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» WHAT IS “THE GREAT WAR” PROJECT?
THE GREAT WAR covers the events exactly 100 years ago: The story of World War I in realtime. Featuring: The unique archive material of British Pathé. Indy Neidell takes you on a journey into the past to show you what really happened and how it all could spiral into more than four years of dire war. Subscribe to our channel and don’t miss our new episodes every Thursday.
» WHO IS REPLYING TO MY COMMENTS? AND WHO IS BEHIND THIS PROJECT?
Most of the comments are written by our social media manager Florian. He is posting links, facts and backstage material on our social media channels. But from time to time, Indy reads and answers comments with his personal account, too.
The Team responsible for THE GREAT WAR is even bigger:
- CREDITS -
Presented by : Indiana Neidell
Written by: Indiana Neidell
Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig
Director of Photography: Toni Steller
Sound: Toni Steller
Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: above-zero.com
Editing: Toni Steller, Julian Zahn
Motion Design: Philipp Appelt
Research by: Indiana Neidell
Fact checking: Markus Linke
The Great War Theme composed by Karim Theilgaard:
A Mediakraft Networks Original Channel
Based on a concept by Spartacus Olsson
Author: Indiana Neidell
Visual Concept: David van Stephold
Producer: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig
Social Media Manager: Florian Wittig
Contains licenced Material by British Pathé
All rights reserved - © Mediakraft Networks GmbH, 2018
Нулевая Мировая. 4 серия. StarMedia. Babich-Design. Документальный Фильм
Войну 1853-1856 годов часто называют Крымской. Но битва за Крым была только эпизодом огромной войны. Противостояние Российской империи с объединенными силами союзников – Англии, Франции, Турции и Сардинского королевства – затронуло огромную территорию: от Балтийского моря до Тихого океана. Фактически это была война за мировое господство – мировая война. Каковы были явные и скрытые причины развернувшегося в середине XIX века противоборства великих держав?
С чего всё началось и какую роль в итоге занимала Российская империя на мировой политической арене рассказывается в новом документально-игровом фильме «Нулевая Мировая».
Формат: историческая реконструкция
Жанр: докудрама
Год производства: 2016
Количество серий: 4
Режиссер: Денис Беспалый
Сценарий: Андрей Назаров, Андрей Буровский, Василий Шевцов
Художник-постановщик: Михаил Гаврилов
Оператор-постановщик: Иван Бархварт
Композитор: Максим Войтов
Продюсеры: Валерий Бабич, Влад Ряшин
В ролях: Олег Аношкин, Дмитрий Ячевский, Анатолий Бобер, Дмитрий Еременко, Юрий Пимкин, Виктор Башинский, Юлия Харьковская, Вячеслав Крамарев, Валерий Лукъянов
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Нулевая Мировая. 4 серия
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Leon Trotsky The sold out revoluton Who paid Trotsky? Secrets of the World Revolution
Secrets of the World Revolution. Who paid Trotsky? Who did fund the Bolschevic Revolution? Rothschilds , German , Bankers, Schiff. Marx, Russian. English Subtitles , Лев Троцкий. Тайна мировой революции ,Galina Ogurnaya,Director: Галина Огурная.
Crimean War
The Crimean War (pronounced /kraɪˈmiːən/ or /krɨˈmiːən/) (October 1853 -- February 1856) was a conflict in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia.
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St. Petersburg | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:30 1 Name
00:03:33 2 History
00:03:43 2.1 Imperial era (1703–1917)
00:12:53 2.2 Revolution and Soviet era (1917–1941)
00:16:51 2.3 World War II (1941–1945)
00:18:42 2.4 Post-war Soviet era (1945–1991)
00:21:29 2.5 Contemporary era (1991–present)
00:25:32 3 Geography
00:29:05 3.1 Climate
00:31:12 3.2 Toponymy
00:35:43 4 Demographics
00:39:59 4.1 Religion
00:40:17 5 Government
00:43:07 6 Economy
00:49:37 7 Cityscape
00:58:06 8 Tourism
01:02:05 9 Dramatic Theatre
01:02:30 10 Media and communications
01:03:04 11 Culture
01:03:13 11.1 Museums
01:05:30 11.2 Music
01:11:14 11.3 Film
01:13:19 11.4 Literature
01:15:54 12 Education
01:16:56 13 Sports
01:20:57 13.1 2018 FIFA World Cup
01:21:30 14 Infrastructure
01:21:39 14.1 Transportation
01:22:37 14.1.1 Roads and public transport
01:25:12 14.2 Saint Petersburg public transportation statistics
01:26:06 14.2.1 Waterways
01:27:15 14.2.2 Rail
01:29:32 14.2.3 Air
01:31:02 14.3 Parks
01:33:13 15 Famous people
01:33:51 16 Crime
01:37:12 17 Twin towns and sister cities
01:37:44 18 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Speaking Rate: 0.8733509262978975
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, tr. Sankt-Peterburg, IPA: [ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk] (listen)) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015). An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea, it has a status of a federal subject (a federal city).
Situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May [O.S. 16 May] 1703. During the periods 1713–1728 and 1732–1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of Imperial Russia. In 1918, the central government bodies moved to Moscow, which is about 625 km (388 miles) to the south-east.
Saint Petersburg is often considered Russia's cultural capital. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Saint Petersburg is home to the Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world. Many foreign consulates, international corporations, banks and businesses have offices in Saint Petersburg.
Crimean War
The Crimean War :7 was a conflict in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. While neutral, the Austrian Empire also played a role in defeating the Russians.
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Operation Barbarossa | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Operation Barbarossa
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Operation Barbarossa (German: Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the code name for the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, which started on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II. The operation stemmed from Nazi Germany's ideological aims to conquer the western Soviet Union so that it could be repopulated by Germans, to use Slavs, especially Poles, as a slave-labour force for the Axis war effort, and to seize the oil reserves of the Caucasus and the agricultural resources of Soviet territories.In the two years leading up to the invasion, Germany and the Soviet Union signed political and economic pacts for strategic purposes. Nevertheless, the German High Command began planning an invasion of the Soviet Union in July 1940 (under the codename Operation Otto), which Adolf Hitler authorized on 18 December 1940. Over the course of the operation, about four million Axis powers personnel, the largest invasion force in the history of warfare, invaded the western Soviet Union along a 2,900-kilometer (1,800 mi) front. In addition to troops, the Wehrmacht employed some 600,000 motor vehicles, and between 600,000 and 700,000 horses for non-combat operations. The offensive marked an escalation of the war, both geographically and in the formation of the Allied coalition.
Operationally, German forces achieved major victories and occupied some of the most important economic areas of the Soviet Union, mainly in the Ukraine, and inflicted, as well as sustained, heavy casualties. Despite these Axis successes, the German offensive stalled in the Battle of Moscow and the subsequent Soviet winter counteroffensive pushed German troops back. The Red Army absorbed the Wehrmacht's strongest blows and forced the unprepared Germans into a war of attrition. The Wehrmacht never again mounted a simultaneous offensive along the entire Eastern front. The failure of the operation drove Hitler to demand further operations of increasingly limited scope inside the Soviet Union, such as Case Blue in 1942 and Operation Citadel in 1943 – all of which eventually failed.
The failure of Operation Barbarossa proved a turning point in the fortunes of the Third Reich. Most importantly, the operation opened up the Eastern Front, in which more forces were committed than in any other theater of war in world history. The Eastern Front became the site of some of the largest battles, most horrific atrocities, and highest casualties for Soviet and Axis units alike, all of which influenced the course of both World War II and the subsequent history of the 20th century. The German armies captured 5,000,000 Red Army troops, who were denied the protection guaranteed by the Hague Conventions and the 1929 Geneva Convention. A majority of Red Army POWs never returned alive. The Nazis deliberately starved to death, or otherwise killed, 3.3 million prisoners, as well as a huge number of civilians through the Hunger Plan that aimed at largely replacing the Slavic population with German settlers. Einsatzgruppen death squads and gassing operations murdered over a million Soviet Jews as part of the Holocaust.
Naval history of World War II | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:01 1 Main navies
00:00:10 1.1 Before and after the war
00:00:52 1.2 United States
00:02:59 1.2.1 1941–42
00:06:33 1.2.2 Midway
00:07:24 1.2.3 Guadalcanal
00:08:26 1.2.4 1943
00:09:01 1.2.5 1944
00:11:38 1.2.6 Okinawa 1945
00:12:50 1.2.7 Naval technology: US vs Japan
00:14:12 1.2.8 Ships
00:15:50 1.2.9 Battleships
00:18:07 1.2.10 Naval aviation
00:19:32 1.3 Germany
00:19:41 1.3.1 Submarines
00:21:32 1.3.2 Surface fleet
00:22:12 1.4 Great Britain
00:29:23 1.4.1 Norway campaign, 1940
00:32:45 1.4.2 German invasion threat 1940
00:33:49 1.4.3 Collaboration
00:34:21 1.5 France
00:35:27 1.6 Italy
00:36:29 1.7 Japan
00:36:38 1.7.1 Strength
00:37:26 1.7.2 1942 IJN Operation
00:38:46 1.8 Netherlands
00:40:53 1.9 USSR
00:42:35 1.10 Romania
00:43:56 2 Battles and campaigns
00:44:06 2.1 Pacific
00:44:14 2.1.1 Submarine war in Pacific
00:44:50 2.1.1.1 Allied doctrine and equipment
00:46:02 2.1.1.2 Japanese doctrine and equipment
00:47:58 2.1.1.3 Results
00:50:31 2.2 Atlantic
00:51:01 2.3 Mediterranean
00:51:33 3 Fleets overview
00:51:43 3.1 Allied Powers
00:51:51 3.2 Axis Powers and Co-belligerents
00:52:02 3.3 Neutral Powers
00:52:11 4 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9765458563149234
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Saint Petersburg | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Saint Petersburg
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, tr. Sankt-Peterburg, IPA: [ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk] (listen)) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015). An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea, it has a status of a federal subject (a federal city).
Situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May [O.S. 16 May] 1703. On 1 September 1914, the name was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd (Russian: Петрогра́д, IPA: [pʲɪtrɐˈgrat]), on 26 January 1924 to Leningrad (Russian: Ленингра́д, IPA: [lʲɪnʲɪnˈgrat]), and on 1 October 1991 back to Saint Petersburg. During the periods 1713–1728 and 1732–1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of Imperial Russia. In 1918, the central government bodies moved to Moscow, which is about 625 km (388 miles) to the south-east.
Saint Petersburg is one of the most modern cities of Russia, as well as its cultural capital. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Saint Petersburg is home to the Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world.
Many foreign consulates, international corporations, banks and businesses have offices in Saint Petersburg.
Crimean War | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Crimean War
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Crimean War (French: Guerre de Crimée; Russian: Кры́мская война́, translit. Krymskaya voina or Russian: Восто́чная война́, translit. Vostochnaya voina, lit. 'Eastern War'; Turkish: Kırım Savaşı; Italian: Guerra di Crimea) was a military conflict fought from October 1853 to February 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, Britain and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was a part of the Ottoman Empire. The French promoted the rights of Roman Catholics, while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the unwillingness of Britain and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at Ottoman expense. It has widely been noted that the causes, in one case involving an argument over a key, have never revealed a greater confusion of purpose, yet led to a war noted for its notoriously incompetent international butchery.While the churches worked out their differences and came to an agreement, Nicholas I of Russia and the French Emperor Napoleon III refused to back down. Nicholas issued an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Empire be placed under his protection. Britain attempted to mediate and arranged a compromise that Nicholas agreed to. When the Ottomans demanded changes, Nicholas refused and prepared for war. Having obtained promises of support from France and Britain, the Ottomans declared war on Russia in October 1853.
The war started in the Balkans in July 1853, when Russian troops occupied the Danubian Principalities (part of modern Romania), which were under Ottoman suzerainty, then began to cross the Danube. Led by Omar Pasha, the Ottomans fought a strong defensive campaign and stopped the advance at Silistra. A separate action on the fort town of Kars in eastern Anatolia led to a siege, and a Turkish attempt to reinforce the garrison was destroyed by a Russian fleet at Sinop. Fearing an Ottoman collapse, France and Britain rushed forces to Gallipoli. They then moved north to Varna in June 1854, arriving just in time for the Russians to abandon Silistra. Aside from a minor skirmish at Köstence (today Constanța), there was little for the allies to do. Karl Marx quipped, there they are, the French doing nothing and the British helping them as fast as possible.Frustrated by the wasted effort, and with demands for action from their citizens, the allied force decided to attack Russia's main naval base in the Black Sea at Sevastopol on the Crimean peninsula. After extended preparations, the forces landed on the peninsula in September 1854 and marched their way to a point south of Sevastopol after the successful Battle of the Alma. The Russians counterattacked on 25 October in what became the Battle of Balaclava and were repulsed, but at the cost of seriously depleting the British Army forces. A second counterattack, at Inkerman, ended in stalemate. The front settled into a siege and led to brutal conditions for troops on both sides. Smaller actions were carried out in the Baltic, the Caucasus, the White Sea, and in the North Pacific.
Sevastopol fell after eleven months, and neutral countries began to join the Allied cause. Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion from the west if the war continued, Russia sued for peace in March 1856. This was welcomed by France and Britain, as their subjects were beginning to turn against their governments as the war dragged on. The war was ended by the Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 March 1856. Russia was forbidden to host warships in the Black Sea. The Ottoman vassal states of Wallachia and Moldavia became largely independent. Christians there were granted a degree of official equality, and the Orthodox Church regained control of the Christian churches in dispute.The Crimean War was one ...
Naval mine | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:31 1 Description
00:03:06 2 History
00:03:15 2.1 Early use
00:05:24 2.2 19th century
00:11:14 2.3 Early 20th century
00:14:25 2.4 World War II
00:22:46 2.5 Cold War era
00:24:46 3 Types
00:25:03 3.1 Contact mines
00:27:18 3.1.1 Limpet mines
00:27:40 3.1.2 Moored contact mines
00:28:53 3.1.3 Drifting contact mines
00:30:21 3.2 Remotely controlled mines
00:31:47 3.3 Influence mines
00:35:59 3.3.1 Moored mines
00:37:19 3.3.2 Bottom mines
00:38:12 3.4 Unusual mines
00:38:28 3.4.1 Bouquet mine
00:38:53 3.4.2 Anti-sweep mine
00:39:36 3.4.3 Oscillating mine
00:39:55 3.4.4 Ascending mine
00:40:17 3.4.5 Homing mines
00:41:23 3.4.6 Mobile mine
00:42:20 3.4.7 Nuclear mine
00:42:56 3.4.8 Daisy-chained mine
00:43:46 3.4.9 Dummy mine
00:44:27 4 Mine laying
00:46:42 4.1 Aerial mining in World War II
00:46:52 4.1.1 Germany
00:47:50 4.1.2 Soviet Union
00:48:47 4.1.3 United Kingdom
00:49:54 4.1.4 United States
00:54:51 4.1.5 Clearing WWII aerial mines
00:56:52 5 Damage
00:57:39 5.1 Direct damage
00:58:28 5.2 Bubble jet effect
00:59:46 5.3 Shock effect
01:00:56 6 Countermeasures
01:02:16 6.1 Passive countermeasures
01:05:38 6.2 Active countermeasures
01:06:00 6.2.1 Mine sweeping
01:10:32 6.2.2 Mine hunting
01:12:42 6.2.3 Mine running
01:15:03 7 National arsenals
01:15:13 7.1 US mines
01:19:29 7.2 Royal Navy
01:21:07 8 Modern mine warfare challenges today
01:22:11 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Speaking Rate: 0.8611290022471526
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
A naval mine is a self-contained explosive device placed in water to damage or destroy surface ships or submarines. Unlike depth charges, mines are deposited and left to wait until they are triggered by the approach of, or contact with, any vessel. Naval mines can be used offensively, to hamper enemy shipping movements or lock vessels into a harbour; or defensively, to protect friendly vessels and create safe zones.
Axis Powers | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Axis Powers
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Axis powers (German: Achsenmächte; Italian: Potenze dell'Asse; Japanese: 枢軸国 Sūjikukoku), also known as the Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis, were the nations that fought in World War II against the Allies. The Axis powers agreed on their opposition to the Allies, but did not completely coordinate their activity.
The Axis grew out of the diplomatic efforts of Germany, Italy, and Japan to secure their own specific expansionist interests in the mid-1930s. The first step was the treaty signed by Germany and Italy in October 1936. Benito Mussolini declared on 1 November that all other European countries would from then on rotate on the Rome–Berlin axis, thus creating the term Axis. The almost simultaneous second step was the signing in November 1936 of the Anti-Comintern Pact, an anti-communist treaty between Germany and Japan. Italy joined the Pact in 1937. The Rome–Berlin Axis became a military alliance in 1939 under the so-called Pact of Steel, with the Tripartite Pact of 1940 leading to the integration of the military aims of Germany, Italy and Japan.
At its zenith during World War II, the Axis presided over territories that occupied large parts of Europe, North Africa, and East Asia. There were no three-way summit meetings and cooperation and coordination was minimal, with slightly more between Germany and Italy. The war ended in 1945 with the defeat of the Axis powers and the dissolution of their alliance. As in the case of the Allies, membership of the Axis was fluid, with some nations switching sides or changing their degree of military involvement over the course of the war.
Axis powers | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Axis powers
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Axis powers (German: Achsenmächte; Italian: Potenze dell'Asse; Japanese: 枢軸国 Sūjikukoku), also known as the Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis, were the nations that fought in World War II against the Allies. The Axis powers agreed on their opposition to the Allies, but did not completely coordinate their activity.
The Axis grew out of the diplomatic efforts of Germany, Italy, and Japan to secure their own specific expansionist interests in the mid-1930s. The first step was the treaty signed by Germany and Italy in October 1936. Benito Mussolini declared on 1 November that all other European countries would from then on rotate on the Rome–Berlin axis, thus creating the term Axis. The almost simultaneous second step was the signing in November 1936 of the Anti-Comintern Pact, an anti-communist treaty between Germany and Japan. Italy joined the Pact in 1937. The Rome–Berlin Axis became a military alliance in 1939 under the so-called Pact of Steel, with the Tripartite Pact of 1940 leading to the integration of the military aims of Germany, Italy and Japan.
At its zenith during World War II, the Axis presided over territories that occupied large parts of Europe, North Africa, and East Asia. There were no three-way summit meetings and cooperation and coordination was minimal, with slightly more between Germany and Italy. The war ended in 1945 with the defeat of the Axis powers and the dissolution of their alliance. As in the case of the Allies, membership of the Axis was fluid, with some nations switching sides or changing their degree of military involvement over the course of the war.
Axis powers of World War II | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:54 1 Origins and creation
00:03:29 1.1 Initial proposals of a German–Italian alliance
00:08:43 1.2 Danube alliance, dispute over Austria
00:15:38 1.3 Development of German–Italian–Japanese alliance
00:18:52 2 Ideology
00:19:24 3 Economic resources
00:21:48 4 Founding members of the Axis
00:21:58 4.1 Germany
00:22:06 4.1.1 War justifications
00:37:12 4.1.2 History
00:42:34 4.1.3 Colonies and dependencies
00:47:52 4.2 Italy
00:48:00 4.2.1 War justifications
00:51:19 4.2.2 History
01:09:43 4.2.3 Colonies and dependencies
01:09:51 4.2.3.1 In Europe
01:13:13 4.2.3.2 In Africa and Asia
01:14:02 4.3 Japan
01:14:10 4.3.1 War justifications
01:16:26 4.3.2 History
01:21:09 4.3.3 Colonies and dependencies
01:22:11 5 Subsequent signatories of the Tripartite Pact
01:22:59 5.1 Bulgaria
01:26:17 5.2 Hungary
01:30:15 5.3 Romania
01:36:28 5.4 Yugoslavia (two day membership)
01:38:00 6 Co-belligerent state combatants
01:38:23 6.1 Finland
01:42:48 6.2 Free City of Danzig
01:43:24 6.3 Iraq
01:45:47 6.4 Thailand
01:49:20 7 Client states
01:49:29 7.1 German
01:50:45 7.1.1 Albania (under German control)
01:52:33 7.1.2 Serbia (Nedic Regime Puppet Government under German control)
01:55:28 7.1.3 Italy (Italian Social Republic)
01:56:20 7.1.4 Slovakia (Tiso regime)
01:58:19 7.2 Italian
01:58:36 7.2.1 Monaco
01:59:30 7.3 Joint German-Italian client states
01:59:40 7.3.1 Croatia (Independent State of Croatia)
02:04:32 7.3.2 Greece (Hellenic State)
02:06:10 7.4 Japanese
02:06:33 7.4.1 Burma (Ba Maw regime)
02:07:06 7.4.2 Cambodia
02:08:40 7.4.3 China (Reorganized National Government of China)
02:11:33 7.4.4 India (Provisional Government of Free India)
02:13:08 7.4.5 Inner Mongolia (Mengjiang)
02:14:52 7.4.6 Laos
02:16:35 7.4.7 Manchuria (Manchukuo)
02:18:14 7.4.8 Philippines (Second Republic)
02:19:12 7.4.9 Vietnam (Empire of Vietnam)
02:19:59 8 Controversial cases
02:20:22 8.1 Denmark
02:22:52 8.2 Soviet Union
02:27:25 8.3 Spain
02:30:51 8.4 Vichy France
02:38:02 9 German, Italian and Japanese World War II cooperation
02:38:14 9.1 German-Japanese Axis-cooperation
02:38:25 9.2 Germany's and Italy's declaration of war against the United States
02:41:28 10 See also
02:42:20 11 Notes
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9743517129971768
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-E
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Axis powers (German: Achsenmächte; Italian: Potenze dell'Asse; Japanese: 枢軸国 Sūjikukoku), also known as Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis (also acronymized as Roberto), were the nations that fought in World War II against the Allies. The Axis powers agreed on their opposition to the Allies, but did not completely coordinate their activity.
The Axis grew out of the diplomatic efforts of Germany, Italy, and Japan to secure their own specific expansionist interests in the mid-1930s. The first step was the treaty signed by Germany and Italy in October 1936. Benito Mussolini declared on 1 November that all other European countries would from then on rotate on the Rome–Berlin axis, thus creating the term Axis. The almost simultaneous second step was the signing in November 1936 of the Anti-Comintern Pact, an anti-communist treaty between Germany and Japan. Italy joined the Pact in 1937. The Rome–Berlin Axis became a military alliance in 1939 under the so-called Pact of Steel, with the Tripartite Pact of 1940 leading to the integration of the military aims of Germany, Italy and Japan.
At its zenith during World War II, the Axis presided over territories that occupied large parts of Europe, North Africa, and East Asia. There were no three-way summit meetings and cooperation and coordination was minimal, with slightly more between Germany and Italy. The war ended in 1945 with the defeat of the Axis powers and the dissolution of their alliance. As in the case of the Allies, membership of the Axis was fluid, ...