Puebla, Mexico - Unravel Travel TV
Puebla City Centre is a UNESCO World Heritage site and it is one of Mexico's best-preserved Spanish Colonial treasures. It contains some 2,600 designated historic buildings. As Mexican cities go, this is a very pedestrian-friendly city and easy to explore on foot. If you'd rather not walk, a red double-decker Turibus runs narrated tours departing every half hour. You'll find both a bus stop and a tourist information booth in the zócalo.
Metropolitan Cathedral of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception: built from 1575 -- 1640, its towers (at 73.9 m; 244 f) are considered the highest in the country and even Latin America. It is noted for its marble floors, rich gold leaf interior, and awesome main altar -- designed by Manuel Tolsa and depicting the kings and queens of 17th century Europe.
Palacio Municipal (Town Hall): Built on the original Spanish authority seat of government, the current Palacio dates from the beginning of the 2oth century, with a strong neoclassical architecture of the period of Dictator Porfirio Diaz. The style was also inspired by French architecture, which was fashionable at that time. In the interior houses a courtyard with a beautiful marble staircase.
Church of Santo Domingo: Considered by some to be Mexico's most exuberantly decorated temple, Santo Domingo dates from 1650. Its Capilla del Rosario is a dazzling mix of painted tiles, gold leaf, and sculpture. The Chapel dates from the second half of the 17th century and constitutes one of the greatest achievements of baroque art in the Americas. The chapel is laminated with 22k gold over stucco. A true wonder to behold.
Biblioteca Palafoxiana: Don't miss a visit to the New World's first public library! This site dates to the 17th century and once housed the hemisphere's finest collection of manuscripts. Today there are over 43,000 books in its inventory, including rare works from the 15th century. The site is located on the upper level of the Casa de la Cultura, next to the Cathedral.
Some other masterpieces of colonial architecture you can admire in Puebla Centre are the Ex-Convent of Santa Rosa, home to Puebla's excellent Museo de Artesanias; the Secret Convent of Santa Monica, built in the 17th century; the Museo Universitario - Casa De Los Muñecos, one of the most peculiar examples of civil baroque style in New Spain; the Iglesia de San Francisco, located in the oldest part of the city, and Museo Casa de Alfeñique, that owes its name to the abundant and fine ornamentation of white argamasa which looks like the famous sugar candies made in Puebla called alfeñiques.
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Mexico's Cutest Beach Town | Exploring Sayulita
The first thing you notice when you arrive in Sayulita is the VIBE. This little Mexican beach town has soaked up the energy of the laid-back surfers and sunbathers you see everywhere. Surfboards and bare feet are common sights, as well as golf carts which are the town’s main form of transportation. Sayulita is friendly, walkable, and chilled out. There’s a charm you feel from the people and colourful flags that hang above the narrow streets. Sayulita is a Pueblo Magico, a special designation given to places in Mexico that have a distinct cultural identity. Mexico is full of colour to begin with, but Sayulita is one of the most colourful towns I’ve visited in the whole country. When everywhere you look is bright and cheerful, you can’t help but feel bright and cheerful yourself.
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SAYULITA
????Behind-the-scenes at the Bachelor in Paradise Resort:
????Yummy Food in Sayulita:
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PUERTO VALLARTA
????How to have FUN in Puerto Vallarta:
????Mexican Taco Adventure:
????Epic Mexican Feast in Puerto Vallarta:
????Virgin of Guadalupe Pilgrimages:
MEXICO CITY (CDMX)
????Mexico City Arrival:
????Taking the Subway in Mexico City + Polanco:
????Mexico City Market + Quesadillas:
????Riding a Bike in Mexico City:
????Xochimilco Boat Ride:
????Lucha Libre Wresting in Mexico City:
????Pyramids of Teotihuacan:
????Eating Vegan in Mexico City:
????How to Take the Metro in Mexico City:
????Enormous Anthropology Museum:
????Futuristic Library in Mexico City:
????A Castle in Mexico City:
????What To Do in Mexico City:
????Frida Kahlo Tour of Mexico City:
????Zocalo Guide in Mexico City:
GUANAJUATO
????A Day in Guanajuato:
????Mummies of Guanajuato:
????Tunnels of Guanajuato:
????Canadians Try Mexican Hot Sauces:
SAN MIGUEL DE ALLENDE
????Holy Week (Semana Santa) in San Miguel de Allende:
????San Miguel de Allende:
PUERTO ESCONDIDO
????Surfing Puerto Escondido:
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????Laguna de Manialtepec, Oaxaca:
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????MEXICO:
????MEXICO CITY:
????PUERTO VALLARTA:
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????FRIDA KAHLO:
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【K】Mexico Travel-Yucatan[멕시코 여행-유카탄]여인의 섬, 이슬라무헤레스/Isla Mujeres 1/Caribbean Sea/Women's Island/Sea
■ KBS 걸어서 세계속으로 PD들이 직접 만든 해외여행전문 유투브 채널 【Everywhere, K】
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[한국어 정보]
칸쿤에서 배로 30분, '이슬라무헤레스'라고 불리는 여인의 섬에 도착한다. 이곳 여행객의 운송수단은 골프카트. 섬은 동서로 8킬로미터, 남북으로 1킬로미터다. 해안도로를 따라서 달리면 두 시간 만에 섬을 다 볼 수 있다. 여행은 일상적인 삶의 속에서의 이탈이다. 에메랄드빛 바다를 바라보며 자신 밖으로 걸어 나와 자신을 바라보는 일이다. 초록빛 바다 속에서 살아가는 산호초 군락과 가오리는 자연이 빚은 예술이었다. 스노쿨링은 여인의 섬에서 즐길 수 있는 백미중 하나다. 스노쿨링은 바다가 제공하는 모든 아름다움과 수려한 경관을 직접 보게 한다. 카리브해가 그려 낸 작은 섬의 파도를 따라가 보니 익첼 신과 마주쳤다. 익첼 신은 풍요와 다산을 상징하는 여신이다. 1517년 꼬르도바를 앞세운 스페인군이 왔을 때 이 섬의 주민들이 익첼 신을 숭배하는 모습을 보고 '여인의 섬'이라 이름 붙였다. 마야 천문대는 6백여 년 전, 익첼여신에게 바쳐졌다고 한다. 지금은 허물어져가고 있었다. 멕시코의 동쪽 끝에 위치한 마야천문대는 카리브해와 유카탄반도를 지나던 마야인들의 등대가 되기도 했다.
[English: Google Translator]
30 minutes by boat from Cancun, 'dew Lamu Jerez, arrived on the island the woman called. This means of transportation is golf carts travelers. The island is 8 kilometers from east to west, is one kilometers from north to south. When people can see it along the coastal road to the island in just two hours. Travel is a departure in everyday life. Overlooking the emerald waters a day watching me walk out of their own. Verdant coral reef communities and stingrays live in the sea was a natural artistic debt. Snorkeling is one baekmijung to enjoy the island's women. Snorkeling is a must see for yourself all the beauty and the beautiful scenery provided by the sea. It will follow the waves of the Caribbean small island figured drawn stumbled ikchel God. Ikchel God is a symbol of abundance and fertility goddess. When he is also apseun bar CORPS 1517 Spanish troops at the sight of residents ikchel worship God put the name of the island called island of women. Mayan Observatory is dedicated to jyeotdago six hundred years ago, ikchel goddess. Now it was going off torn down. Mayan observatory located at the eastern end of Mexico was also a beacon of Mayan jinadeon the Caribbean and the Yucatan Peninsula.
[Spanish : Google Translator]
30 minutos en barco desde Cancún, 'rocío Lamu Jerez, llegaron a la isla la mujer llamada. Este medio de transporte es de carritos de golf viajeros. La isla se encuentra a 8 kilómetros de este a oeste, es uno de kilómetros de norte a sur. Cuando la gente puede ver a lo largo de la carretera costera a la isla en apenas dos horas. Travel es una partida en la vida cotidiana. Con vistas a la esmeralda riega un día viendo me salgo de los suyos. Comunidades y rayas de arrecifes de coral Verdant viven en el mar era una deuda artística natural. El buceo es uno baekmijung para disfrutar las mujeres de la isla. El buceo es una visita obligada para usted toda la belleza y el paisaje hermoso proporcionada por el mar. Se seguirá las olas de la isla pequeña Caribe figuró dibujan tropezó ikchel Dios. Ikchel Dios es un símbolo de la abundancia y la fertilidad diosa. Cuando él también está apseun bar CORPS 1517 tropas españolas a la vista de los residentes ikchel adoran a Dios puso el nombre de la isla llamada isla de las mujeres. Observatorio maya se dedica a jyeotdago Hace 600 años, diosa ikchel. Ahora que iba fuera derribado. Observatorio maya situado en el extremo oriental de México también fue un faro de jinadeon maya el Caribe y la Península de Yucatán.
[Information]
■클립명 : 남미002-멕시코03-10 카리브해 여인의 섬, 이슬라무헤레스/Isla Mujeres 1/Caribbean Sea/Women's Island/Sea/Ship/Snorkeling
■여행, 촬영, 편집, 원고 : 송기윤 PD (travel, filming, editing, writing : KBS Kiyun Song TV Producer)
■촬영일자 : 2008년 6월(June)
[Keywords]
남미,America,아메리카,멕시코,Mexico,Mexico,송기윤,2008,6월 June,유카탄,Yucatan,Yucatan
MEXICO - WikiVidi Documentary
Mexico , officially the United Mexican States , is a federal republic in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometers , Mexico is the sixth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 120 million, Mexico is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world while being the second most populous country in Latin America. Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and a special federal entity that is also its capital and most populous city. Other metropolises include Guadalajara, León, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, and Tijuana. Pre-Columbian Mexico was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Olmec, To...
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Shortcuts to chapters:
00:04:06: Etymology
00:08:09: Pre-Columbian Mexico
00:13:55: Conquest of the Aztec Triple Alliance (1519–1521)
00:17:33: Viceroyalty of New Spain (1521–1821)
00:23:50: War of Independence (1810–1821)
00:26:28: First Empire and First Republic (1821–1846)
00:29:45: Second Republic and Second Empire (1846–1867)
00:32:11: Porfiriato (1876–1911)
00:33:48: Mexican Revolution and one-party rule (1910–2000)
00:37:17: One-party rule (1929–2000)
00:40:48: Contemporary Mexico
00:41:49: Geography
00:44:51: Climate
00:47:32: Biodiversity
00:50:26: Government
00:53:30: Law enforcement
00:56:02: Crime
00:57:52: Foreign relations
01:00:31: Military
01:03:00: Administrative divisions
01:04:03: Economy
01:12:40: Communications
01:15:13: Energy
01:17:55: Science and technology
01:19:40: Tourism
01:23:13: Transportation
01:25:24: Water supply and sanitation
01:26:39: Demographics
01:28:44: Ethnicity and race
01:38:18: Official censuses
01:43:45: Languages
01:45:24: Religion
01:47:53: Women
01:50:26: Culture
01:51:39: Literature
01:52:37: Visual arts
01:53:53: Cinema
01:55:48: Media
01:56:46: Music
01:59:03: Cuisine
02:01:48: Sports
02:04:52: Health
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Mestizo | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Mestizo
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Mestizo (; Spanish: [mesˈtiθo]) is a term traditionally used in Spain, Latin America and the Philippines that originally referred to a person of combined European and Native American descent, regardless of where the person was born. The term was used as an ethnic/racial category in the casta system that was in use during the Spanish Empire's control of its American and Asian colonies. Nowadays though, particularly in Latin America, mestizo has become more of a cultural term, with culturally mainstream Latin Americans regarded or termed as mestizos regardless of their actual ancestry and with the term Indian being reserved exclusively for people who have maintained a separate indigenous ethnic identity, language, tribal affiliation, etc. Consequently, today, the vast majority of Spanish-speaking Latin Americans are regarded as Mestizos.The term mestizaje – taking as its root mestizo or mixed – is the Spanish word for miscegenation, the general process of mixing ancestries.
To avoid confusion with the original usage of the term mestizo, mixed people started to be referred to collectively as castas. In some Latin American countries, such as Mexico, the concept of the mestizo became central to the formation of a new independent identity that was neither wholly Spanish nor wholly indigenous and the word mestizo acquired its current meaning, with it being used by the government to refer to all Mexicans who do not speak indigenous languages, including people of complete European or indigenous descent as well as Asians and Africans.In colonial Venezuela, pardo was more commonly used instead of mestizo. Pardo means being mixed without specifying which mixture; it was used to describe anyone born in the Americas whose ancestry was a mixture of European, Amerindian and black African.In the Spanish system of racial hierarchy, the sistema de castas, mestizos/pardos, who formed the majority, had fewer rights than the minority elite European-born persons called peninsulares, and the minority white colonial-born whites criollo, but more rights than the now-minority indio, negro, mulato and zambo populations.
The Portuguese cognate, mestiço, historically referred to any mixture of Portuguese and local populations in the Portuguese colonies. In colonial Brazil most of the non-slave population was initially mestiço de indio, i.e. mixed white and native Brazilian. There was no descent-based casta system, and children of upper class white landlord males and female slaves would enjoy privileges higher than the ones given to the lower classes, such as formal education, though such cases were not so common and they tended to not inherit property, generally given to the children of free women, who tended to be legitimate offspring in cases of concubinage (also a common practice, inherited from Amerindian and African customs). In Portuguese India also, the mixed population was known as mestiços and the local Indian Christians as indiacatos.
In the Philippines, which was a colony of Spain, the term mestizo came to refer to a Filipino with any foreign ancestry, especially white, and usually shortened as Tisoy.
In Canada, the Métis people is a distinct community composed of the descendants of Europeans (usually French, sometimes Scottish or English) involved in the fur trade and North American Indigenous peoples of what is now Western Canada.
In Saint Barthélemy, the term mestizo refers to people of mixed European (usually French) and East Asian ancestry.
Mestizo | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Mestizo
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Mestizo (; Spanish: [mesˈtiθo]) is a term traditionally used in Spain, Latin America and the Philippines that originally referred to a person of combined European and Native American descent, regardless of where the person was born. The term was used as an ethnic/racial category in the casta system that was in use during the Spanish Empire's control of its American and Asian colonies. Nowadays though, particularly in Latin America, mestizo has become more of a cultural term, with culturally mainstream Latin Americans regarded or termed as mestizos regardless of their actual ancestry and with the term Indian being reserved exclusively for people who have maintained a separate indigenous ethnic identity, language, tribal affiliation, etc. Consequently, today, the vast majority of Spanish-speaking Latin Americans are regarded as Mestizos.The term mestizaje – taking as its root mestizo or mixed – is the Spanish word for miscegenation, the general process of mixing ancestries.
To avoid confusion with the original usage of the term mestizo, mixed people started to be referred to collectively as castas. In some Latin American countries, such as Mexico, the concept of the mestizo became central to the formation of a new independent identity that was neither wholly Spanish nor wholly indigenous and the word mestizo acquired its current meaning, with it being used by the government to refer to all Mexicans who do not speak indigenous languages, including people of complete European or indigenous descent as well as Asians and Africans.In colonial Venezuela, pardo was more commonly used instead of mestizo. Pardo means being mixed without specifying which mixture; it was used to describe anyone born in the Americas whose ancestry was a mixture of European, Amerindian and black African.In the Spanish system of racial hierarchy, the sistema de castas, mestizos/pardos, who formed the majority, had fewer rights than the minority elite European-born persons called peninsulares, and the minority white colonial-born whites criollo, but more rights than the now-minority indio, negro, mulato and zambo populations.
The Portuguese cognate, mestiço, historically referred to any mixture of Portuguese and local populations in the Portuguese colonies. In colonial Brazil most of the non-slave population was initially mestiço de indio, i.e. mixed white and native Brazilian. There was no descent-based casta system, and children of upper class white landlord males and female slaves would enjoy privileges higher than the ones given to the lower classes, such as formal education, though such cases were not so common and they tended to not inherit property, generally given to the children of free women, who tended to be legitimate offspring in cases of concubinage (also a common practice, inherited from Amerindian and African customs). In Portuguese India also, the mixed population was known as mestiços and the local Indian Christians as indiacatos.
In the Philippines, which was a colony of Spain, the term mestizo came to refer to a Filipino with any foreign ancestry, especially white, and usually shortened as Tisoy.
In Canada, the Métis people is a distinct community composed of the descendants of Europeans (usually French, sometimes Scottish or English) involved in the fur trade and North American Indigenous peoples of what is now Western Canada.
In Saint Barthélemy, the term mestizo refers to people of mixed European (usually French) and East Asian ancestry.
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For 10 years, Mom of 2 in South Dakota suffered terrible tooth decay! Was quoted $18,000 from Dentist. We visit South Dakota for her Extreme Salon Makeover and Give her an Amazing Smile, With NO DENTIST! We gave her Smile Back and Changed Her Life for less than $1,000 in a day!
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Aztec | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:08:13 1 Definitions
00:14:50 2 History
00:14:59 2.1 Sources of knowledge
00:19:48 2.2 Central Mexico in the classic and postclassic
00:22:14 2.3 Mexica migration and foundation of Tenochtitlan
00:25:01 2.4 Early Mexica rulers
00:28:34 2.5 Early rulers of the Aztec Empire
00:28:45 2.5.1 Motecuzoma I Ilhuicamina
00:31:51 2.5.2 Axayacatl and Tizoc
00:34:57 2.5.3 Ahuitzotl
00:36:51 2.6 Final Aztec rulers and the Spanish conquest
00:42:11 3 Political and social organization
00:42:22 3.1 Nobles and commoners
00:44:47 3.2 Family and gender
00:46:55 3.3 iAltepetl/i and icalpolli/i
00:50:06 3.4 Triple Alliance and Aztec Empire
00:53:55 4 Economy
00:54:05 4.1 Agriculture and subsistence
00:57:16 4.2 Crafts and trades
00:58:40 4.3 Trade and distribution
01:01:28 4.4 Tribute
01:03:32 5 Urbanism
01:04:28 5.1 Tenochtitlan
01:07:14 5.1.1 The Great Temple
01:09:11 5.2 Other major city-states
01:10:28 6 Religion
01:11:13 6.1 Deities
01:13:53 6.2 Mythology and worldview
01:16:44 6.3 Calendar
01:19:38 6.4 Human sacrifice and cannibalism
01:24:11 7 Art and cultural production
01:25:11 7.1 Writing and iconography
01:28:20 7.2 Music, song and poetry
01:28:27 7.3 Ceramics
01:28:38 7.4 Painted art
01:30:56 7.5 Sculpture
01:31:05 7.6 Featherwork
01:33:38 8 Colonial period, 1521–1821
01:33:47 8.1 Population decline
01:36:56 8.2 Social and political continuity and change
01:37:05 9 Legacy
01:40:08 9.1 The Aztecs and national identity
01:40:17 9.2 Aztec history and international scholarship
01:42:55 9.3 Language and placenames
01:43:09 9.4 Cuisine
01:45:43 9.5 In popular culture
01:45:53 10 See also
01:48:12 11 Notes
01:48:24 12 References
01:52:53 13 Bibliography
01:53:03 14 Primary sources in English
01:54:18 15 External links
02:04:48 Aztec history and international scholarship
02:09:35 Language and placenames
02:10:59 Cuisine
02:12:22 In popular culture
02:15:07 See also
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I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Aztecs () were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521. The Aztec peoples included different ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica from the 14th to the 16th centuries. Aztec culture was organized into city-states (altepetl), some of which joined to form alliances, political confederations, or empires. The Aztec Empire was a confederation of three city-states established in 1427, Tenochtitlan, city-state of the Mexica or Tenochca; Texcoco; and Tlacopan, previously part of the Tepanec empire, whose dominant power was Azcapotzalco. Although the term Aztecs is often narrowly restricted to the Mexica of Tenochtitlan, it is also broadly used to refer to Nahua polities or peoples of central Mexico in the prehispanic era, as well as the Spanish colonial era (1521–1821). The definitions of Aztec and Aztecs have long been the topic of scholarly discussion, ever since German scientist Alexander von Humboldt established its common usage in the early nineteenth century.Most ethnic groups of central Mexico in the post-classic period shared basic cultural traits of Mesoamerica, and so many of the traits that characterize Aztec culture cannot be said to be exclusive to the Aztecs. For the same reason, the notion of Aztec civilization is best understood as a particular horizon of a general Mesoamerican civilization. The culture of central Mexico includes maize cultivation, the social division between nobility (pipiltin) and commoners (macehualtin), a pantheon (featuring Tezcatlipoca, Tlaloc and Quetzalcoatl), and the calendric system of a xiuhpohualli of 365 days intercalated with a tonalpohualli of 260 days. Particular to the Mexica of Tenochtitlan was the patron God Huitzilopochtli, ...
New Spain | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
New Spain
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Viceroyalty of New Spain (Spanish: Virreinato de Nueva España [birei̯ˈnato ðe ˈnweβa esˈpaɲa]) was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. It covered a huge area that included territories in North America, Central America, Asia and Oceania. It originated after the fall of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, the main event of the Spanish conquest, which did not properly end until much later, as its territory continued to grow to the north. It was officially created on 8 March 1535 as a viceroyalty (Spanish: virreinato), the first of four viceroyalties Spain created in the Americas. Its first viceroy was Antonio de Mendoza y Pacheco, and the capital of the viceroyalty was Mexico City, established on the ancient Mexico-Tenochtitlan.
It included what is now Mexico plus the current U.S. states of California, Nevada, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, Oregon, Washington, Florida and parts of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Kansas, Oklahoma and Louisiana; as well as the southwestern part of British Columbia of present-day Canada; plus the Captaincy General of Guatemala (which included the current countries of Guatemala, the Mexican state of Chiapas, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua); the Captaincy General of Cuba (current Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago and Guadeloupe); and the Captaincy General of the Philippines (including the Philippines, Guam, the Caroline Islands, the Mariana Islands and the short lived Spanish Formosa in modern day northern Taiwan).
The political organization divided the viceroyalty into kingdoms and captaincies general. The kingdoms were those of New Spain (different from the viceroyalty itself); Nueva Galicia (1530); Captaincy General of Guatemala (1540); Nueva Vizcaya (1562); New Kingdom of León (1569); Santa Fe de Nuevo México (1598); Nueva Extremadura (1674) and Nuevo Santander (1746). There were four captaincies: Captaincy General of the Philippines (1574), Captaincy General of Cuba, Captaincy General of Puerto Rico and Captaincy General of Santo Domingo. These territorial subdivisions had a governor and captain general (who in New Spain was the viceroy himself, who added this title to his other dignities). In Guatemala, Santo Domingo and Nueva Galicia, these officials were called presiding governors, since they were leading real audiences. For this reason, these hearings were considered praetorial.
There were two great estates. The most important was the Marquisate of the Valley of Oaxaca, property of Hernán Cortés and his descendants that included a set of vast territories where marquises had civil and criminal jurisdiction, and the right to grant land, water and forests and within which were their main possessions (cattle ranches, agricultural work, sugar mills, fulling houses and shipyards). The other estate was the Duchy of Atlixco, granted in 1708, by King Philip V to José Sarmiento de Valladares, former viceroy of New Spain and married to the Countess of Moctezuma, with civil and criminal jurisdiction over Atlixco, Tepeaca, Guachinango, Ixtepeji and Tula de Allende. King Charles III introduced reforms in the organization of the viceroyalty in 1786, known as Bourbon reforms, which created the intendencias, which allowed to limit, in some way, the viceroy's attributions.
New Spain developed highly regional divisions, reflecting the impact of climate, topography, indigenous populations, and mineral resources. The areas of central and southern Mexico had dense indigenous populations with complex social, political, and economic organization. The northern area of Mexico, a region of nomadic and semi-nomadic indigenous populations, was not generally conducive to dense settlements, but the discovery of silver in Zacatecas in the 1540s drew settlement there to exploit the mines. Silver mining not only became ...
Aztec | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Aztec
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Aztecs () were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521. The Aztec peoples included different ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica from the 14th to the 16th centuries. Aztec culture was organized into city-states (altepetl), some of which joined to form alliances, political confederations, or empires. The Aztec empire was a confederation of three city-states established in 1427, Tenochtitlan, city-state of the Mexica or Tenochca; Texcoco; and Tlacopan, previously part of the Tepanec empire, whose dominant power was Azcapotzalco. Although the term Aztecs is often narrowly restricted to the Mexica of Tenochtitlan, it is also broadly used to refer to Nahua polities or peoples of central Mexico in the prehispanic era, as well as the Spanish colonial era (1521–1821). The definitions of Aztec and Aztecs have long been the topic of scholarly discussion, ever since German scientist Alexander von Humboldt established its common usage in the early nineteenth century.Most ethnic groups of central Mexico in the post-classic period shared basic cultural traits of Mesoamerica, and so many of the traits that characterize Aztec culture cannot be said to be exclusive to the Aztecs. For the same reason, the notion of Aztec civilization is best understood as a particular horizon of a general Mesoamerican civilization. The culture of central Mexico includes maize cultivation, the social division between nobility (pipiltin) and commoners (macehualtin), a pantheon (featuring Tezcatlipoca, Tlaloc and Quetzalcoatl), and the calendric system of a xiuhpohualli of 365 days intercalated with a tonalpohualli of 260 days. Particular to the Mexica of Tenochtitlan was the patron God Huitzilopochtli, twin pyramids, and the ceramic ware known as Aztec I to IV.From the 13th century, the Valley of Mexico was the heart of dense population and the rise of city-states. The Mexica were late-comers to the Valley of Mexico, and founded the city-state of Tenochtitlan on unpromising islets in Lake Texcoco, later becoming the dominant power of the Aztec Triple Alliance or Aztec Empire. It was a tributary empire that expanded its political hegemony far beyond the Valley of Mexico, conquering other city states throughout Mesoamerica in the late post-classic period. It originated in 1427 as an alliance between the city-states Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan; these allied to defeat the Tepanec state of Azcapotzalco, which had previously dominated the Basin of Mexico. Soon Texcoco and Tlacopan were relegated to junior partnership in the alliance, with Tenochtitlan the dominant power. The empire extended its reach by a combination of trade and military conquest. It was never a true territorial empire controlling a territory by large military garrisons in conquered provinces, but rather dominated its client city-states primarily by installing friendly rulers in conquered territories, by constructing marriage alliances between the ruling dynasties, and by extending an imperial ideology to its client city-states. Client city-states paid tribute to the Aztec emperor, the Huey Tlatoani, in an economic strategy limiting communication and trade between outlying polities, making them dependent on the imperial center for the acquisition of luxury goods. The political clout of the empire reached far south into Mesoamerica conquering polities as far south as Chiapas and Guatemala and spanning Mesoamerica from the Pacific to the Atlantic oceans.
The empire reached its maximal extent in 1519, just prior to the arrival of a small group of Spanish conquistadors led by Hernán Cortés. Cortés allied with city-states opposed to the Mexica, particularly the Nahuatl-speaking Tlaxcalteca as well as other central Mexican polities, including Texcoco, its former ally in the Trip ...
New Spain | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
New Spain
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Viceroyalty of New Spain (Spanish: Virreinato de Nueva España [birei̯ˈnato ðe ˈnweβa esˈpaɲa]) was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. It covered a huge area that included territories in North America, Central America, Asia and Oceania. It originated after the fall of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, the main event of the Spanish conquest, which did not properly end until much later, as its territory continued to grow to the north. It was officially created on 8 March 1535 as a viceroyalty (Spanish: virreinato), the first of four viceroyalties Spain created in the Americas. Its first viceroy was Antonio de Mendoza y Pacheco, and the capital of the viceroyalty was Mexico City, established on the ancient Mexico-Tenochtitlan.
It included what is now Mexico plus the current U.S. states of California, Nevada, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, Oregon, Washington, Florida and parts of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Kansas, Oklahoma and Louisiana; as well as the southwestern part of British Columbia of present-day Canada; plus the Captaincy General of Guatemala (which included the current countries of Guatemala, the Mexican state of Chiapas, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua); the Captaincy General of Cuba (current Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago and Guadeloupe); and the Captaincy General of the Philippines (including the Philippines, Guam, the Caroline Islands, the Mariana Islands and the short lived Spanish Formosa in modern day northern Taiwan).
The political organization divided the viceroyalty into kingdoms and captaincies general. The kingdoms were those of New Spain (different from the viceroyalty itself); Nueva Galicia (1530); Captaincy General of Guatemala (1540); Nueva Vizcaya (1562); New Kingdom of León (1569); Santa Fe de Nuevo México (1598); Nueva Extremadura (1674) and Nuevo Santander (1746). There were four captaincies: Captaincy General of the Philippines (1574), Captaincy General of Cuba, Captaincy General of Puerto Rico and Captaincy General of Santo Domingo. These territorial subdivisions had a governor and captain general (who in New Spain was the viceroy himself, who added this title to his other dignities). In Guatemala, Santo Domingo and Nueva Galicia, these officials were called presiding governors, since they were leading real audiences. For this reason, these hearings were considered praetorial.
There were two great estates. The most important was the Marquisate of the Valley of Oaxaca, property of Hernán Cortés and his descendants that included a set of vast territories where marquises had civil and criminal jurisdiction, and the right to grant land, water and forests and within which were their main possessions (cattle ranches, agricultural work, sugar mills, fulling houses and shipyards). The other estate was the Duchy of Atlixco, granted in 1708, by King Philip V to José Sarmiento de Valladares, former viceroy of New Spain and married to the Countess of Moctezuma, with civil and criminal jurisdiction over Atlixco, Tepeaca, Guachinango, Ixtepeji and Tula de Allende. King Charles III introduced reforms in the organization of the viceroyalty in 1786, known as Bourbon reforms, which created the intendencias, which allowed to limit, in some way, the viceroy's attributions.
New Spain developed highly regional divisions, reflecting the impact of climate, topography, indigenous populations, and mineral resources. The areas of central and southern Mexico had dense indigenous populations with complex social, political, and economic organization. The northern area of Mexico, a region of nomadic and semi-nomadic indigenous populations, was not generally conducive to dense settlements, but the discovery of silver in Zacatecas in the 1540s drew settlement there to exploit the mines. Silver mining not only became ...
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Icelandic: fallinn engill
Italian: Angelo caduto
Hebrew: מלאך שנפל
Japanese: 堕天使
Javanese: widodari tiba
Georgian: დაცემული ანგელოზი
Kazakh: құлаған ангел
Khmer: ទេវតាធ្លាក់ចុះ
Kannada: ಬಿದ್ದ ದೇವದೂತ
Korean: 타락한 천사
Latin: fallen angel
Lao: fallen angel
Lithuanian: kritęs angelas
Latvian: kritušais enģelis
Malagasy: anjely nianjera
Maori: anahera hinga
Macedonian: паднат ангел
Malayalam: വീണുപോയ ദൂതൻ
Mongolian: унасан тэнгэр элч
Marathi: पडलेला देवदूत
Malay: malaikat yang jatuh
Maltese: waqa 'anġlu
Myanmar (Burmese): ပြိုလဲကောငျးကငျတမနျ
Nepali: गिर परी
Dutch: gevallen engel
Norwegian: Fallen engel
Chichewa: mngelo wakugwa
Punjabi: ਡਿੱਗ ਦੂਤ
Polish: upadły anioł
Portuguese: anjo caído
Romanian: inger decazut
Russian: падший ангел
Sinhala: වැටුනාවූ දූතයා
Slovak: padlý anjel
Slovenian: padli angel
Somali: malaa'igtii dhacday
Albanian: engjell i rene
Serbian: пали анђео
Sesotho: lengeloi le oeleng
Sundanese: malaikat fallen
Swedish: fallen ängel
Swahili: malaika aliyeanguka
Tamil: விழுந்த தேவதை
Telugu: స్వర్గం నుంచి పడిన దేవత
Tajik: фариштаи золим
Thai: เทวดาตกสวรรค์
Filipino: nahulog na anghel
Turkish: düşmüş melek
Ukrainian: занепалий ангел
Urdu: باغی فرشتہ
Uzbek: tushgan farishta
Vietnamese: Thiên thần sa ngã
Yiddish: געפאלן מלאך
Yoruba: angẹli ti o ṣubu
Chinese: 堕落的天使
Chinese (Simplified): 堕落的天使
Chinese (Traditional): 墮落的天使
Zulu: ingelosi ewile
Afrikaans: transhumanisme
Arabic: بعد إنسانية
Azerbaijani: transhumanism
Belarusian: трансгуманизма
Bulgarian: трансхуманизъм
Bengali: transhumanism
Bosnian: transhumanizam
Catalan: transhumanisme
Cebuano: transhumanism
Czech: transhumanismus
Welsh: trahumaniaeth
Danish: transhumanisme
German: Transhumanismus
Greek: διανθρωπισμό
English: transhumanism
Esperanto: transhumanism
Spanish: transhumanismo
Estonian: transhumanism
Basque: transhumanism
Persian: transhumanism
Finnish: Transhumanismi
French: transhumanisme
Irish: trashumanachas
Galician: transhumanismo
Gujarati: ટ્રાન્સહ્યુમેનિઝમ
Hausa: transhumanism
Hindi: ट्रांसह्युमेनिज़म
Hmong: transhumanism
Croatian: transhumanizam
Haitian Creole: transhumanism
Hungarian: transzhumanizmust
Armenian: տրանսմունաբանություն
Indonesian: transhumanisme
Igbo: transhumanism
Icelandic: transhumanism
Italian: transumanesimo
Hebrew: טרנסומניזם
Japanese: トランスヒューマニズム
Javanese: transhumanisme
Georgian: ტრანსჰუმანიზმი
Kazakh: траншуманизм
Khmer: transhumanism
Kannada: ಟ್ರಾನ್ಸ್ಹ್ಯೂಮನಿಸಂ
Korean: 트랜스 휴머니즘
Latin: transhumanism
Lao: transhumanism
Lithuanian: transhumanizmas
Latvian: transhumanismu
Malagasy: transhumanism
Maori: transhumanism
Macedonian: трансхуманизам
Malayalam: മനുഷ്യത്വവാദം
Mongolian: transhumanism
Marathi: ट्रान्सहुमनिझ्म
Malay: transhumanisme
Maltese: transumaniżmu
Myanmar (Burmese): transhumanism
Nepali: transhumanism
Dutch: transhumanisme
Norwegian: transhumanism
Chichewa: transhumanism
Punjabi: transhumanism
Polish: transhumanizm
Portuguese: transumanismo
Romanian: transumanismului
Russian: трансгуманизма
Sinhala: අධිරාජ්යවාදය
Slovak: transhumanism
Slovenian: transhumanizem
Somali: transhumanism
Albanian: Transhumanizmi
Serbian: трансхуманизам
Sesotho: transhumanism
Sundanese: transhumanism
Swedish: transhumanism
Swahili: transhumanism
Tamil: மீவு மனிதத்துவம்
Telugu: రూపాంతరణ
Tajik: transhumanism
Thai: transhumanism
Filipino: transhumanism
Turkish: transhumanism
Ukrainian: трансгуманізм
Urdu: ٹرانسمیشنزم
Uzbek: transhumanizm
Vietnamese: siêu nhân
Yiddish: טראַנסהומאַניסם
Yoruba: transhumanism
Chinese: 超人
Chinese (Simplified): 超人
Chinese (Traditional): 超人
Zulu: transhumanism
Mexico | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Mexico
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Mexico (Spanish: México [ˈmexiko] (listen); Nahuatl languages: Mēxihco), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos, listen ), is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometres (770,000 sq mi), the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world. With an estimated population of over 120 million people, the country is the eleventh most populous state and the most populous Spanish-speaking state in the world, while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil. Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and Mexico City, a special federal entity that is also the capital city and its most populous city. Other metropolises in the state include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, and Tijuana.
Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of five cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec before first contact with Europeans. In 1521, the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan (part of Mexico City), which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain. Three centuries later, the territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the colony's Mexican War of Independence. The post-independence period was tumultuous, characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes. The Mexican–American War (1846–1848) led to a territorial cession of the extant northern territories to the United States. The Pastry War, the Franco-Mexican War, a civil war, two empires, and the Porfiriato occurred in the 19th century. The Porfiriato was ended by the start of the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system as a federal, democratic republic.
Mexico has the 15th largest nominal GDP and the 11th largest by purchasing power parity. The Mexican economy is strongly linked to those of its 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) partners, especially the United States. In 1994, Mexico became the first Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It is classified as an upper-middle income country by the World Bank and a newly industrialized country by several analysts. The country is considered both a regional power and a middle power, and is often identified as an emerging global power. Due to its rich culture and history, Mexico ranks first in the Americas and seventh in the world for number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Mexico is an ecologically megadiverse country, ranking fourth in the world for its biodiversity. Mexico has many tourists: in 2016, it was the eighth most-visited country in the world, with 35 million international arrivals. Mexico is a member of the United Nations (UN), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the G8+5, the G20, the Uniting for Consensus group of the UN, and the Pacific Alliance trade bloc.
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire | Wikipedia audio article
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Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, or the Spanish–Aztec War (1519–21), was the conquest of the Aztec Empire by the Spanish Empire within the context of the Spanish colonization of the Americas. It was one of the most significant and complex events in world history. There are multiple 16th-century narratives of the events by Spanish conquerors, their indigenous allies and the defeated Aztecs. It was not solely a contest between a small contingent of Spaniards defeating the Aztec Empire but rather the creation of a coalition of Spanish invaders with tributaries to the Aztecs, and most especially the Aztecs' indigenous enemies and rivals. They combined forces to defeat the Mexica of Tenochtitlan over a two-year period. For the Spanish, the expedition to Mexico was part of a project of Spanish colonization of the New World after twenty-five years of permanent Spanish settlement and further exploration in the Caribbean.
The Spanish made landfall in Mexico in 1517. A Spanish settler in Cuba, Hernán Cortés, led an expedition (entrada) to Mexico, landing in February 1519, following an earlier expedition led by Juan de Grijalva to Yucatán in 1517. Two years later Cortés and his retinue set sail, thus beginning the expedition of exploration and conquest. The Spanish campaign against the Aztec Empire had its final victory on August 13, 1521, when a coalition army of Spanish forces and native Tlaxcalan warriors led by Cortés and Xicotencatl the Younger captured the emperor Cuauhtemoc and Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire. The fall of Tenochtitlan marks the beginning of Spanish rule in central Mexico, and they established their capital of Mexico City on the ruins of Tenochtitlan.
Cortés made alliances with tributaries city-states (altepetl) of the Aztec Empire as well as their political rivals, particularly the Tlaxcalteca and Texcocans, a former partner in the Aztec Triple Alliance. Other city-states also joined, including Huexotzinco and polities bordering Lake Texcoco, the inland lake system of the Valley of Mexico. Particularly important to the Spanish success was a multilingual (Nahuatl, a Maya dialect, and Spanish) indigenous slave woman, known to the Spanish conquistadors as Doña Marina, and generally as La Malinche. After eight months of battles and negotiations, which overcame the diplomatic resistance of the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II to his visit, Cortés arrived in Tenochtitlan on November 8, 1519, where he took up residence with fellow Spaniards and their indigenous allies. When news reached Cortés of the death of several of his men during the Aztec attack on the Totonacs in Veracruz, he took Moctezuma captive, along with Cuitláhuac, his kinsman. Capturing the cacique or indigenous ruler was standard operating procedure for Spaniards in their expansion in the Caribbean, so capturing Moctezuma had considerable precedent, which might well have included those in Spain during the Christian reconquest of territory held by Muslims.When Cortés left Tenochtitlan to return to the coast and deal with the expedition of Pánfilo de Narváez, sent to rein in Cortés's expedition that had exceeded its specified limits, Cortés's right-hand man Pedro de Alvarado was left in charge. Alvarado allowed a significant Aztec feast to be celebrated in Tenochtitlan and on the pattern of the earlier massacre in Cholula, closed off the square and massacred the celebrating Aztec noblemen. The official biography of Cortés by Francisco López de Gómara contains a description of the massacre. The Alvarado massacre at the Main Temple of Tenochtitlan precipitated rebellion by the population of the city. Moctezuma was killed, although the sources do not agree on who murdered him. According to one account, when Moctezuma, now seen by the population as a mere puppet of the invading Spaniards, attempted to calm the outraged populace, he was killed by a projectile. According to an indigenous account, the S ...
Mexico | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Mexico
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language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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SUMMARY
=======
Mexico (Spanish: México [ˈmexiko] ( listen); Nahuatl languages: Mēxihco), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos, listen ), is a federal republic in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometres (770,000 sq mi), the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world. With an estimated population of over 120 million people, the country is the eleventh most populous state and the most populous Spanish-speaking state in the world, while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil. Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and Mexico City, a special federal entity that is also the capital city and its most populous city. Other metropolises in the state include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, and Tijuana.
Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of five cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec before first contact with Europeans. In 1521, the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan (part of Mexico City), which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain. Three centuries later, the territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the colony's Mexican War of Independence. The post-independence period was tumultuous, characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes. The Mexican–American War (1846–1848) led to a territorial cession of the extant northern territories to the United States. The Pastry War, the Franco-Mexican War, a civil war, two empires, and the Porfiriato occurred in the 19th century. The Porfiriato was ended by the start of the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system as a democratic republic.
Mexico has the 15th largest nominal GDP and the 11th largest by purchasing power parity. The Mexican economy is strongly linked to those of its 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) partners, especially the United States. In 1994, Mexico became the first Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It is classified as an upper-middle income country by the World Bank and a newly industrialized country by several analysts. The country is considered both a regional power and a middle power, and is often identified as an emerging global power. Due to its rich culture and history, Mexico ranks first in the Americas and seventh in the world for number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Mexico is an ecologically megadiverse country, ranking fourth in the world for its biodiversity. Mexico has many tourists: in 2016, it was the eighth most-visited country in the world, with 35 million international arrivals. Mexico is a member of the United Nations (UN), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the G8+5, the G20, the Uniting for Consensus group of the UN, and the Pacific Alliance trade bloc.
LitTV with Chris Carlsson
In this broadcast Kelly Long interviews writer, editor and historian Chris Carlsson about the numerous upheavals and changes in history and present of the Mission District in San Francisco
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LitTV is a series of video documents in collaboration with San Francisco Bay Area teens, exploring connections between fire and knowledge, showcasing some of the unique features and personalities that make up the San Francisco Public Library, and the vital role that librarians play in their communities. It is produced by the artist Minerva Cuevas for the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art's Public Knowledge initiative.
Fire was the early form of shared public knowledge that triggered civilization. Throughout human history, fire has been crucially connected to social upheaval and physical change. Today, public libraries not only store and share a valuable resource: information, but they nurture community in rapidly changing cities.
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Chris Carlsson, is a writer, San Francisco historian, “professor,” bicyclist, tour guide, blogger, photographer, book and magazine designer. He’s lived in San Francisco since 1978 and has been self-employed in various capacities since the early 1980s. He has written two books (After the Deluge, Nowtopia) edited six books, (Reclaiming San Francisco, The Political Edge, Bad Attitude, Critical Mass: Bicycling’s Defiant Celebration, Ten Years That Shook the City: San Francisco, 1968-78 and Shift Happens! Critical Mass at 20), and co-authored the expanded second edition of Vanished Waters: The History of San Francisco’s Mission Bay. He helped co-found Critical Mass in September, 1992, and has ridden with Critical Mass rides in a dozen cities on three continents since then. His book Nowtopia, along with his role in Critical Mass, has propelled him into extended world travels since 2002, and he has had three of his books translated and published in Italy and one in Brazil. His frequent public appearances are well-represented online at Youtube and in various radio and audio archives. He has directed Shaping San Francisco since its inception in the mid-1990s, and continues to be co-director of the archive of San Francisco history at FoundSF.org. He also conducts award-winning bicycle history tours and walking tours a dozen times a year, and hosts an ongoing Public Talks series in San Francisco. Since 2011 he has been a “road scholar” in his capacity as an adjunct professor at the San Francisco Art Institute, the California Institute of Integral Studies, and most recently, the University of San Francisco.
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Public Knowledge is organized by the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art in partnership with the San Francisco Public Library. The project has been made possible in part by a major Public Humanities Projects, Community Conversations grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities: Exploring the Human Endeavor. Any views, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in Public Knowledge do not necessarily represent those of the National Endowment for the Humanities.
Puebla and Cholula Dane's photos around Puebla, Mexico (cool things to do in puebla mexico)
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Viceroyalty of New Spain | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Viceroyalty of New Spain
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The Viceroyalty of New Spain (Spanish: Virreinato de Nueva España [birei̯ˈnato ðe ˈnweβa esˈpaɲa]) was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. It covered a huge area that included territories in North America, Central America, Asia and Oceania. It originated after the fall of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, the main event of the Spanish conquest, which did not properly end until much later, as its territory continued to grow to the north. It was officially created on 8 March 1535 as a viceroyalty (Spanish: virreinato), the first of four viceroyalties Spain created in the Americas. Its first viceroy was Antonio de Mendoza y Pacheco, and the capital of the viceroyalty was Mexico City, established on the ancient Mexico-Tenochtitlan.
It included what is now Mexico plus the current U.S. states of California, Nevada, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, Oregon, Washington, Florida and parts of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Kansas, Oklahoma and Louisiana; as well as the southwestern part of British Columbia of present-day Canada; plus the Captaincy General of Guatemala (which included the current countries of Guatemala, the Mexican state of Chiapas, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua); the Captaincy General of Cuba (current Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago and Guadeloupe); and the Captaincy General of the Philippines (including the Philippines, the Caroline Islands, the Mariana Islands and the short lived Spanish Formosa in modern day northern Taiwan).
The political organization divided the viceroyalty into kingdoms and captaincies general. The kingdoms were those of New Spain (different from the viceroyalty itself); Nueva Galicia (1530); Captaincy General of Guatemala (1540); Nueva Vizcaya (1562); New Kingdom of León (1569); Santa Fe de Nuevo México (1598); Nueva Extremadura (1674) and Nuevo Santander (1746). There were four captaincies: Captaincy General of the Philippines (1574), Captaincy General of Cuba, Captaincy General of Puerto Rico and Captaincy General of Santo Domingo. These territorial subdivisions had a governor and captain general (who in New Spain was the viceroy himself, who added this title to his other dignities). In Guatemala, Santo Domingo and Nueva Galicia, these officials were called presiding governors, since they were leading real audiences. For this reason, these hearings were considered praetorial.
There were two great estates. The most important was the Marquisate of the Valley of Oaxaca, property of Hernán Cortés and his descendants that included a set of vast territories where marquises had civil and criminal jurisdiction, and the right to grant land, water and forests and within which were their main possessions (cattle ranches, agricultural work, sugar mills, fulling houses and shipyards) . The other estate was the Duchy of Atlixco, granted in 1708, by King Philip V to José Sarmiento de Valladares, former viceroy of New Spain and married to the Countess of Moctezuma, with civil and criminal jurisdiction over Atlixco, Tepeaca, Guachinango, Ixtepeji and Tula de Allende. King Charles III introduced reforms in the organization of the viceroyalty in 1786, known as Bourbon reforms, which created the intendencias, which allowed to limit, in some way, the viceroy's attributions.
New Spain developed highly regional divisions, reflecting the impact of climate, topography, indigenous populations, and mineral resources. The areas of central and southern Mexico had dense indigenous populations with complex social, political, and economic organization. The northern area of Mexico, a region of nomadic and semi-nomadic indigenous populations, was not generally conducive to dense settlements, but the discovery of silver in Zacatecas in the 1540s drew settlement there to exploit the mines. Silver mining not only became the engine of the economy of New Spain, b ...