Black Grave Burial Mound

Day Trip from Kiev - Top 5 Things to Do in Chernihiv

DAY TRIP FROM KYIV / KIEV. Day trips aren't really a thing in Ukraine (yet), but I'll be chronicling some one-day destinations from Kyiv, starting with Chernigov/Chernihiv and the TOP 5 THINGS TO DO in this 10th century city. Included are: Red Square, St. Anthony Monastery & Caves, Hulbische Kurgan, Besimyaniy Kurgan, WWII Monument + Eternal Flame, Trinity Monastery, Eletsky Monastery, St. Boris & Gleb Cathedral, Black Grave Burial Mound, and Chernigivske Beer.

History: UKRAINE

Crimea:
Cossacks helped Russia get Crimea from Turkey 39:43
Donbas (East) 56:55
Crimea turned over to Ukraine 2:16:28
Russia 12:46 / 31:16

UKRAINE - THE BIRTH OF A NATION (2008) / A Jerzy Hoffman Film

1:34 Kyiv (401 - 500)
2:16 Byzantium (330–1453)
2:45 Princess Olga (890 - 969) adopted Christianity
3:28 Chersonesus in Crimea
4:06 Volodymyr the Great (958 - 1015)
4:29 Prince Yaroslav the Wise (978 - 1054)
4:39 Saint Sophia's Cathedral (1100)
5:31 Anna the Queen of France (1030 – 1075)
6:41 Volodymyr II Monomakh (1053-1125)
7:20 Yuri Dolgorukiy (1099 - 1157)
7:26 Moscow
7:37 The Mongols
10:16 The Principality of Galicia–Volhynia or Kingdom of Rus

10:49 Lviv
12:37 Ivan III of Russia (1440-1505)
12:46 The myth about Russia
13:07 Crimea

13:53 Roxolana (1502 – 1558)

15:20 serfdom (Polish oppression)
15:40 printing press
17:14 Zaporizhian Sich
18:33 Ukraine replaces the name Rus
18:40 cossack
20:15 Brest Union
20:18 The uniates
21:08 Hetman Sagaidachny (1570 - 1622)
23:05 Orthodoxy
23:28 Yarema Vyshnevetsky (1612 – 1651)
23:31 Catholicism
24:54 Bohdan Khmelnytsky (1595 – 1657)
30:04 The Pereyaslav Council -------------------------------------------------1654
34:39 Ivan Mazepa (1639 - 1709)
37:06 The Battle of Poltava on 27 June 1709
40:11 Zaporizhian Sich (1552-1709)
40:27 Solovki
French Revolution--------------------------------------------------------------------- 1789
47:03 Dumy - historical ballads
48:18 Greek Catholic Church banned
48:49 Kyiv University (1833)
49:48 The Order of Basilian Fathers
50:55 Taras Shevchenko (1814 - 1861) (age 47)
54:57 Blue and yellow banner
55:45 The Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood
56:32 national liberation movement
56:55 Crimean War ----------------------------------------------------- 1853 to 1856
57:07 Alexander II (1818 - 1881) abolished serfdom
57:26 city of Donetsk (1868)
58:56 Green wedge

59:23 Volodymyr Antonovych (1834 - 1908)
59:28 Mykhailo Drahomanov (1841-1895 )
1:00:42 Lesya Ukrainka (1871 - 1913) (aged 42)
1:02:13 The Shevchenko Scientific Society (1873 )
1:11:03 Mykhailo Hrushevsky
1:03:27 Ivan Franko (1856 - 1916)
1:04:22 History of Ukraine-Ruthenia
1:04:49 Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky (1865 - 1944) 1:45:42

1:06:31 World War I------------------------------------------------------------------1914
1:07:32 Dmitro Dontsov (1883 - 1973)
1:07:57 (1914) Russian occupation
1:11:24 Symon Petliura
1:11:24 West Ukrainian People's Republic
1:19:27 Ukrainian Galician Army
1:23:30 Nestor Makhno
1:30:48 The Russian famine ----------------------------------------------------1921
1:41:21 Ukr National Democratic Alliance, (UNDO)
1:42:20 Ukr Sich Riflemen
1:42:43 (UVO) Ukr Military Organization
1:42:51 Yevhen Konovalets
1:43:10 Dmytro Dontsov
1:44:01 The Organization of Ukr Nationalists (OUN)

1:44:52 (1933) Stepan Bandera head of OUN


1:47:07 Avgustyn Voloshyn
1:47:33 Melnyk's and Bandera's

1:39:06 collectivization (1939)
1:38:55 *** ???????????????????????????? ????????????????: !!! ???????????????????? 1:39:33
World War II ----------------------------------------------------------------(1939 - 1945)
1:51:24 The Nachtigall Battalion (Nightingale)
1:51:43 Independent Ukr State
1:44:50 Stepan Bandera (1909 – 1959) -----------------------------------1933

Between Hitler & Stalin: Ukraine in World War II

Wehrmacht Saves Innocent Civilians In Ukraine 1941

1:53:42 Babi Yar
1:55:40 partisan warfare
1:44:01 Organization of Ukr Nationalists (OUN)
1:57:42 Roman Shukhevych

1:58:37 Volyn
1:58:57 UPA - Ukrainian Insurgent Army
2:00:04 ethnic cleansing (1943)
2:02:32 SS Galicia Division
2:02:33 Banderavists (Bandera) split of OUN (former UVO) 1:47:26
2:02:25 Melnykovites (Melnyk)
2:02:57 SS Galicia crushed by the Red Army
2:04:51 Nikita Khrushchev
2:05:21 Joseph Stalin
1:39:56 RUSYN replaced the term Ukrainian
2:06:14 Gulag
2:06:31 Yalta
2:10:30 Operation Vistula (Polish: Akcja Wisła)

2:12:00 The Greek Catholic Church abolishment
2:12:21 Josyf Slipyj (1893 - 1984)
1:49:25 annexation of the Western Ukraine
2:16:33 turning Crimea over to Ukraine
2:18:25 Thaw (early 1950s to the early 1960s)
2:30:09 (April 26 1986) - Chornobyl disaster
2:35:30 Rukh - Movement
2:37:29 (1991) Declaration of Sovereignty of Ukraine
1:13:48 The Ukr People's Republic of 1918 - 1920
2:50:29 The Orange Revolution (2004)

Україна. Повернення своєї історії – 2

До 26-ї річниці незалежності 1+1 презентує нову частину документального проекту «Україна. Повернення своєї історії». Мечі, які зберігають таємницю походження українців - чи вдасться доньці репресованого археолога віднайти вкрадені святині? У фільмі Акіма Галімова команда найкращих істориків та археологів спробує відновити справжнє обличчя засновника династії – Ярослава Мудрого.

Khazars | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Khazars

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

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- improves your listening skills
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The Khazars (, ; Persian: خزر‎, Azerbaijani: Xəzərlər; Turkish: Hazarlar; Bashkir: Хазарлар; Tatar: Хәзәрләр, Xäzärlär; Hebrew: כוזרים‎, Kuzarim;, Xazar; Ukrainian: Хоза́ри, Chozáry; Russian: Хаза́ры, Hazáry; Hungarian: Kazárok; Xazar; Greek: Χάζαροι, Cházaroi; Latin: Gazari/Gasani) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people with a confederation of Turkic-speaking tribes that in the late 6th century CE established a major commercial empire covering the southeastern section of modern European Russia. The Khazars created what for its duration was the most powerful polity to emerge from the break-up of the Western Turkic Khaganate. Astride a major artery of commerce between Eastern Europe and Southwestern Asia, Khazaria became one of the foremost trading emporia of the medieval world, commanding the western marches of the Silk Road and playing a key commercial role as a crossroad between China, the Middle East and Kievan Rus'. For some three centuries (c. 650–965) the Khazars dominated the vast area extending from the Volga-Don steppes to the eastern Crimea and the northern Caucasus.Khazaria long served as a buffer state between the Byzantine Empire and both the nomads of the northern steppes and the Umayyad Caliphate, after serving as Byzantium's proxy against the Sasanian Persian empire. The alliance was dropped around 900. Byzantium began to encourage the Alans to attack Khazaria and weaken its hold on Crimea and the Caucasus, while seeking to obtain an entente with the rising Rus' power to the north, which it aspired to convert to Christianity. Between 965 and 969, the Kievan Rus' ruler Sviatoslav I of Kiev conquered the capital Atil and destroyed the Khazar state.
Determining the origins and nature of the Khazars is closely bound with theories of their languages, but it is a matter of intricate difficulty since no indigenous records in the Khazar language survive, and the state was polyglot and polyethnic. The native religion of the Khazars is thought to have been Tengrism, like that of the North Caucasian Huns and other Turkic peoples. The polyethnic populace of the Khazar Khaganate appears to have been a multiconfessional mosaic of pagan, Tengrist, Jewish, Christian and Muslim worshippers. The ruling elite of the Khazars was said by Judah Halevi and Abraham ibn Daud to have converted to Rabbinic Judaism in the 8th century, but the scope of the conversion within the Khazar Khanate remains uncertain.
Proposals of Khazar origins have been made regarding the Bukharan Jews, the Muslim Kumyks, Kazakhs, the Cossacks of the Don region, the Turkic-speaking Krymchaks and their Crimean neighbours the Karaites to the Moldavian Csángós, the Mountain Jews, Subbotniks and others. In the late 19th century, a theory emerged that the core of today's Ashkenazi Jews descended from a hypothetical Khazarian Jewish diaspora who had migrated westward from modern Russia and Ukraine into modern France and Germany. This theory still finds occasional support, but most scholars view it with scepticism. The theory is sometimes associated with antisemitism and anti-Zionism.

Historia Ukrainy (z napisami i tłumaczeniem)

o Krymie:
39:43 Kozacy pomogli Rosji wygrać Krym z Turcji
56:55 Donbass 2:16:28 Krym zostaje przeniesiony na Ukrainę
o Rosji 12:46 / 31:16

???????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ????????????????: 1:47:38
NARODZINY NARODU (2008) Jerzy Hoffman

1:34 Kijów (401-500)
2:16 Bizancjum (330-1453)
2:45 Księżniczka Olga (890 - 969) akceptuje chrześcijaństwo
3:28 Chersonese
4:06 Wołodymyr Wielki (958 - 1015)
4:29 Jarosław Mądry (978-1054)
4:39 Katedra Św. Zofii (1100)
5:31 Anna - królowa Francji (1030-1075)
18:41 Vladimir Monomakh (1053-1125)
7:20 Yu Dolgoruky (1099-1157)
7:26 Moskwa
7:37 Mongołowie
10:16 Księstwo Gal-Vol lub Królestwo Rosji
10:49 Lwów

Termin MALOROSCIA: początek XIV wieku


12:37 Iwan III Grozny (1440-1505)
12:46 Mit o Rosji
13:07 Krym
13:53 Roksolana (1502 - 1558)
15:20 Polskie pańszczyzna
17:14 Zaporizhzhya Sich
18:33 UKR zmienia nazwę RUS
18:40 Kozak
20:15 Brest Union
20:18 Unici - wschodni katolicy Kościoła
21:08 Hetman Sagaidachny (1570 - 1622)
23:05 Prawosławie
23:28 Jestem Vishnevetsky (1612 - 1651)
23:31 Katolicyzm
24:54 B Chmielnicki (1595 - 1657)
30:04 Perejasław Rada 1654
34:39 I Mazepa (1639 - 1709)
37:06 Bitwa pod Połtawą (1709)
40:11 Sycz w Zaporożu (1552-1709)
40:27 Solovki
- Rewolucja Franza (1789)
48:18 jest zabronione przez Kościół greckokatolicki
48:49 Uniwersytet Kijowski (1833)
50:55 T. Shevchenko (1814 - 1861) (47 lat)
54:57 niebiesko-żółta flaga
55:45 Bractwo Cyryla i Metodego
56:32 ruch wyzwolenia narodowego
56:55 Krymska wojna (1853-1856)
57:07 Aleksander II (1818 - 1881) znosi poddaństwo
57:26 Donieck (1868)
58:56 Zielony klin
59:23 W Antonowiczu (1834 - 1908)
59:28 M Drahomanov (1841-1895)
1:00:42 L Ukrainka (1871 - 1913) (42 lata)
1:02:13 NTSh (1873)
1:11:03 M Grushevsky
1:03:27 I Franco (1856 - 1916)
1:04:22 Historia Ukr-Rus
1:04:49 Metropolitan A Sheptytsky (1865 - 1944) świadomość narodowa na emigracji

1:06:31 Pierwsza wojna światowa z 1914 roku
1:07:32 Dontsov (1883 - 1973)
1:07:57 (1914) Rosyjska okupacja
1:11:24 Z Petliurą

1:11:24 Zah-ukr Nara Response ZUNR
1:19:27 Ukr Galicyjska Armia
1:30:48 Ros. głód (1921)

1:41:21 HOLODOMOR (1932-1933) 11 000 000 ofiar
1:45:55 (1937-1938) zostały wykonane aresztowania - Gułag
1:46:54 niszczenie ukr ident
1:49:11 Ukr Sojusz Narodów Demokratycznych (UNDO)
1:42:20 Strzelec Ukr Sich
1:50:49 (UFO) Ukr Army Org (Praga) Istnieją Konovalety
1:51:19 D Dontsov - ideolog z ukr. nacjonalizm
1:52:00 (młodzież) UWO jest członkiem -: Org Ukr Nat (OUN)
1:52:52 (w Polsce w 1933 r.) Wraz z Banderą zostaje szefem OUN
1:55:03 I Wołoszyn
1:55:27 Upadek Karpaty-Ukrainy dzieli OUN na dwie frakcje: Melnikovtsev i Banderivtsi 1:56:11

Druga wojna światowa (1939-1945)
1:59:17 ślady NKWD - Batalion Nachtigall (słowika-Bandera) 1:51:43 Niezależny Ukr. Państwo
1:44:50 Bandera (1909 - 1959)
1:53:42 Babin Yar
1:55:40 Wojna partyzancka
1:44:01 Organizacja nacjonalistów Ukr (OUN)
1:57:42 Roman Szuachewicz
1:58:37 Wołyń
1:58:57 UPA - Ukraińska Armia Powstańcza
2:00:04 czystki etniczne (1943)
2:02:32 SS Dywizja Galicyjska
1:39:56 RUSIN zmienia termin ukraiński
2:06:14 Gułag 2:06:31 Jałta
2:10:30 Operacja Wisła
2:12:00 Anulowanie Kościoła greckokatolickiego
1:49:25 aneksja Zach Ukr
2:16:33 Powrót Krymu na Ukrainę
2:18:25 Odwilż (1950-1960)
2:30:09 (26 kwietnia 1986) - Katastrofa w Czarnobylu
2:35:30 Ruch
2:37:29 (1991) Niezależność
2:50:29 Pomarańczowa rewolucja (2004)

Tumulus | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:01:18 1 Tumulus burial accounts
00:02:46 2 Types of barrows
00:04:43 3 Modern barrows
00:05:42 4 Sites
00:05:51 4.1 Central Asia
00:06:46 4.2 Horn of Africa
00:07:23 4.3 Eastern Europe
00:07:31 4.3.1 Albania
00:07:56 4.3.2 Bosnia and Herzegovina
00:08:27 4.3.3 Bulgaria
00:09:01 4.3.4 Croatia
00:09:52 4.3.5 Hungary
00:10:16 4.3.6 Serbia
00:10:40 4.4 Western and Central Europe
00:10:49 4.4.1 Austria
00:11:37 4.4.2 Belgium
00:13:04 4.4.3 United Kingdom
00:15:23 4.4.4 Czech Republic
00:18:06 4.4.5 France
00:20:20 4.4.6 Germany
00:20:53 4.4.7 Ireland
00:21:42 4.4.8 Italy
00:22:54 4.4.9 Netherlands
00:23:56 4.4.10 Portugal
00:24:49 4.5 Scandinavia
00:26:56 4.5.1 Sweden
00:28:03 4.5.2 Norway
00:30:29 4.5.3 Denmark
00:31:56 4.6 South Asia
00:32:04 4.6.1 India
00:32:29 4.6.2 Pakistan
00:32:45 4.7 Αegean and Near East
00:32:55 4.7.1 Greece
00:34:28 4.7.2 Turkey
00:39:03 4.7.3 Israel
00:41:11 4.8 East Asia
00:41:20 4.8.1 China
00:41:45 4.8.2 Japan
00:42:20 4.8.3 Korea
00:43:41 4.9 North America
00:43:50 4.9.1 Canada
00:44:48 4.9.2 United States
00:46:06 5 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:

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Speaking Rate: 0.9429538434582363
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D


I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Tumuli are also known as barrows, burial mounds or kurgans, and may be found throughout much of the world. A cairn, which is a mound of stones built for various purposes, may also originally have been a tumulus.
Tumuli are often categorised according to their external apparent shape. In this respect, a long barrow is a long tumulus, usually constructed on top of several burials, such as passage graves. A round barrow is a round tumulus, also commonly constructed on top of burials. The internal structure and architecture of both long and round barrows has a broad range; the categorization only refers to the external apparent shape.
The method of inhumation may involve a dolmen, a cist, a mortuary enclosure, a mortuary house, or a chamber tomb. Examples of barrows include Duggleby Howe and Maeshowe.
The word tumulus is Latin for 'mound' or 'small hill', which is derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *teuh2- with extended zero grade *tum-, 'to bulge, swell' also found in tomb, tumor, tumescent, thumb, thigh, and thousand.

Världsarvsresenären / The World Heritage Traveler: Stockholm (Birka/Drottningholm/Skogskyrkogården)

As World Heritage Traveller I have visited over 250 UNESCO-sites in the world. But in my hometown there are also 3 sites to see, that tells the story of three historic periods in Swedens capital Stockholm. From the Viking Age in Birka, to the world-famous Drottningholm Castle up to the Woodland Cemetary (Skogskyrkogården).

Tumulus | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Tumulus

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Tumuli are also known as barrows, burial mounds or kurgans, and may be found throughout much of the world. A cairn, which is a mound of stones built for various purposes, may also originally have been a tumulus.
Tumuli are often categorised according to their external apparent shape. In this respect, a long barrow is a long tumulus, usually constructed on top of several burials, such as passage graves. A round barrow is a round tumulus, also commonly constructed on top of burials. The internal structure and architecture of both long and round barrows has a broad range, the categorization only refers to the external apparent shape.
The method of inhumation may involve a dolmen, a cist, a mortuary enclosure, a mortuary house, or a chamber tomb. Examples of barrows include Duggleby Howe and Maeshowe.
The word tumulus is Latin for 'mound' or 'small hill', which is derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *teuh2- with extended zero grade *tum-, 'to bulge, swell' also found in tumor, thumb, thigh, and thousand.

Чернобыль.Зона будущего/Chernobyl.Zone of the Future

English subtitles and description are available.

Документальная лента «Чернобыль. Зона будущего» - главное культурное событие, приуроченное к 30-летию Чернобыльской катастрофы. Этот уникальный фильм не только рассказывает о прошлом ЧАЭС и зоны отчуждения, но и впервые позволяет увидеть перспективы развития этих бескрайних просторов. Эксперты в различных областях приоткроют завесу и расскажут, как зона отчуждения еще сможет послужить Украине, превратившись в первый центр зеленой альтернативной энергетики.

The documentary Chernobyl. Zone of the Future - the main cultural event dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the Chernobyl disaster. This unique film not only tells about the Chernobyl exclusion zone, but first lets you see the prospects of development of these vast expanses. Experts in various fields will slightly open the veil and tell how the exclusion zone could still serve as the Ukraine, becoming the first center of green alternative energy.

ТЕХНІКА ВІЙНИ №27. Автомат Малюк. ГАЗ-2330 Тигр [ENG SUB]

У випуску:
- Український автомат «Малюк»
- Випробування ракети від КБ «Луч». Секретар РНБО України Олександр Турчинов
- Вручення Президентом Петром Порошенко БТРів-4 та мінометів «Молот». Партія БТР-3 для української армії
- Випробування Кразів «Шрек» та «Феона». Комплекс ППО «Дніпро»
- Українську субмарину «Запоріжжя» - у російський музей
- Захоплення техніки та зброї бойовиків на Донбасі. ЗІЛ та двоє загиблих АТОшників
- Смартфоноподібний пістолет. Покриття DSL для стрілецької зброї
- Стелс-технології суперечать Женевській конвенції
- Ізраїльський безпілотник-рекордсмен Thunder-B. Дрон-підводник Cracuns
- Система виявлення перескопів. Нова британська субмарина Artful
- Airbus продає Defense Electronics. Продаж 49,9% Patria. Завод зброї КНДР у Намібії
- Виведення чи не виведення російських військ з Сирії
- Військовий автомобіль «Тигр». Враження російського відеоблогера Еріка Давидовича
У програмі використано відео з youtube-каналу smotraTV:

Виробництво: Військове телебачення України та 24 канал

Topics:
- Ukrainian machine gun Maluk
- Tests of rocket CB Ray. NSDC Secretary of Ukraine Oleksandr Turchynov
- Presentation of the President of Petro Poroshenko-4 armored vehicles and mortars The Hammer. Party BTR-3 for the Ukrainian army
- Test KrAZ Shrek and Theon. Defense complex Dnipro
- Ukrainian submarine Zaporizhia - in Russian Museum
- Capture technology and weapons of the militants in Donbas. ZIL and two dead ATOshnykiv
- Smartfonopodibnyy gun. Covering DSL for small arms
- Stealth technology contrary to the Geneva Convention
- An Israeli drone-champion Thunder-B. Drone-submariner Cracuns
- Detection System pereskopiv. New British submarine Artful
- Airbus sells Defense Electronics. Sales 49,9% Patria. North Korea weapons factory in Namibia
- The withdrawal is not withdrawal of Russian troops from Syria
- Military vehicle Tiger. Impressions of Russian videoblohera Eric Davidovich

Nicholas II of Russia | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Nicholas II of Russia


00:03:16 1 Family background
00:06:34 2 Tsarevich
00:09:51 3 Engagement, accession and marriage
00:13:43 4 Reign
00:13:52 4.1 Coronation
00:17:55 4.2 Initiatives in foreign affairs
00:18:52 4.3 Ecclesiastical affairs
00:19:40 4.4 Russo-Japanese War
00:22:47 4.5 Anti-Jewish pogroms of 1903–1906
00:23:48 4.6 Bloody Sunday (1905)
00:28:08 4.7 1905 Revolution
00:31:49 4.8 Relationship with the Duma
00:41:58 4.9 Tsarevich Alexei's illness and Rasputin
00:44:33 4.10 European affairs
00:46:48 4.11 Tercentenary
00:47:26 4.12 First World War
00:56:40 4.13 Collapse
01:01:25 4.13.1 Abdication (1917)
01:04:41 4.14 Imprisonment
01:08:10 4.15 Execution
01:11:32 5 Identification
01:13:22 6 Funeral
01:14:12 7 Sainthood
01:16:19 8 Assessment
01:19:54 9 Ancestry
01:20:03 10 Titles, styles, honours and arms
01:20:14 10.1 Titles and styles
01:21:29 10.2 Honours
01:22:12 10.2.1 National
01:22:39 10.2.2 Foreign
01:23:30 10.3 Arms
01:23:38 11 Children
01:23:47 12 Wealth
01:25:01 13 Documentaries and films
01:25:37 14 See also
01:25:53 15 Note



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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
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Nicholas II or Nikolai II (Russian: Николай II Алекса́ндрович, tr. Nikolai II Aleksandrovich; 18 May [O.S. 6 May] 1868 – 17 July 1918), known as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer in the Russian Orthodox Church, was the last Emperor of Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 2 March 1917. His reign saw the fall of the Russian Empire from one of the foremost great powers of the world to economic and military collapse. He was given the nickname Nicholas the Bloody or Vile Nicholas by his political adversaries due to the Khodynka Tragedy, anti-Semitic pogroms, Bloody Sunday, the violent suppression of the 1905 Russian Revolution, the execution of political opponents, and his perceived responsibility for the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). Soviet historians portrayed Nicholas as a weak and incompetent leader whose decisions led to military defeats and the deaths of millions of his subjects.Russia was defeated in the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War which saw the annihilation of the reinforcing Russian Baltic Fleet after being sent on its round-the-world cruise at the naval Battle of Tsushima, off the coasts of Korea and Japan, the loss of Russian influence over Manchuria and Korea, and the Japanese annexation to the north of South Sakhalin Island. The Anglo-Russian Entente was designed to counter the German Empire's attempts to gain influence in the Middle East, but it also ended the Great Game of confrontation between Russia and the United Kingdom. When all Russian diplomatic efforts to prevent the First World War (1914–1918) failed, Nicholas approved the Imperial Russian Army mobilization on 30 July 1914 which gave Imperial Germany formal grounds to declare war on Russia on 1 August 1914. An estimated 3.3 million Russians were killed in the First World War. The Imperial Russian Army's severe losses, the High Command's incompetent management of the war efforts, and lack of food and supplies on the home front were all leading causes of the fall of the House of Romanov.
Following the February Revolution of 1917, Nicholas abdicated on behalf of himself and his son and heir, the Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich. He and his family were imprisoned and transferred to Tobolsk in late summer 1917. On 30 April 1918, Nicholas, Alexandra, and their daughter Maria were handed over to the local Ural Soviet council in Ekaterinburg (renamed Sverdlovsk during the Soviet era); the rest of the captives followed on 23 May. Nicholas and his family were executed by their Bolshevik guards on the night of 16/17 July 1918. The remains of the imperial family were later found, exhumed, identified and re-interred with elaborate State and Church ceremony in St. Petersburg on 17 July 1998 – 80 years later.
In 1981, Nicholas, his wife, and their children were recognized as martyrs by the Russian Orthodox Church Outsid ...

Rus' people | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Rus' people

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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Rus' people (Old East Slavic: Рѹсь; Modern Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian: Русь (Rus'); Old Norse: Garðar; Greek: Ῥῶς (Rhos); Arabic: الروس‎ (al-Rūs) and Arabic: الروسية‎ (al-Rūsiya)) are generally understood in English-language scholarship as ethnically or ancestrally Scandinavian people trading and raiding on the river-routes between the Baltic and the Black Seas from around the eighth to eleventh centuries CE. Thus they are often referred to in English-language research as Viking Rus'. The scholarly consensus is that Rus' people originated in what is currently coastal Middle Sweden around the eighth century and that their name has the same origin as Roslagen in Sweden (with the older name being Roden).
Basing themselves among Slavic and Finnic peoples in the upper Volga region, they formed a diaspora of traders and raiders exchanging furs and slaves for silk, silver and other commodities available to the east and south. Around the ninth century, on the river routes to the Black Sea, they had an unclear but significant role in forming the principality of Kievan Rus, gradually assimilating with local Slavic populations. They also extended their operations much further east and south, among the Turkic Bulghars and Khazars, on the routes to the Caspian Sea. By around the eleventh century, the word Rus' was increasingly associated with the principality of Kiev, and the term Varangian was becoming more common as a term for Scandinavians travelling the river-routes.
Little, however, is certain about this history. This is to a significant extent because, although Rus' people were active over a long period and vast distances, textual evidence for their activities is very sparse and almost never produced by contemporary Rus' people themelves. Nor do primary sources always mean by the word Rus' what scholars mean by it today. Meanwhile, archaeological evidence and researchers' understanding of it is accumulating only gradually. As a trading diaspora, Rus' people intermingled extensively with Finnic, Slavic, and Turkic peoples and their customs and identity seem correspondingly to have varied considerably over time and space.
The other key reason for dispute about the origins of Rus' people is the likelihood that they had a role in ninth- to tenth-century state formation in eastern Europe (ultimately giving their name to Russia and Belarus), making them relevant to what are today seen as the national histories of Russia, Ukraine, Sweden, Poland, Belarus, Finland and Baltic states. This has encouraged fierce debate as different political interest groups compete over who the Rus' originally were, in the belief that the politics of the ancient past legitimate policies in the present.