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Chinese mythology | Wikipedia audio article
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Chinese mythology
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Chinese mythology (中國神話 Mandarin Chinese: Zhōngguó shénhuà) is mythology that has been passed down in oral form or recorded in literature in the geographic area now known as China. Chinese mythology includes many varied myths from regional and cultural traditions. Chinese mythology is far from monolithic, not being an integrated system, even among just Han people. Chinese mythology is encountered in the traditions of various classes of people, geographic regions, historical periods including the present, and from various ethnic groups. China is the home of many mythological traditions, including that of Han Chinese and their Huaxia predecessors, as well as Tibetan mythology, Turkic mythology, Korean mythology, and many others. However, the study of Chinese mythology tends to focus upon material in Chinese language. Much of the mythology involves exciting stories full of fantastic people and beings, the use of magical powers, often taking place in an exotic mythological place or time. Like many mythologies, Chinese mythology has in the past been believed to be, at least in part, a factual recording of history. Along with Chinese folklore, Chinese mythology forms an important part of Chinese folk religion. Many stories regarding characters and events of the distant past have a double tradition: ones which present a more historicized or euhemerized version and ones which presents a more mythological version. Many myths involve the creation and cosmology of the universe and its deities and inhabitants. Some mythology involves creation myths, the origin of things, people and culture. Some involve the origin of the Chinese state. Some myths present a chronology of prehistoric times, many of these involve a culture hero who taught people how to build houses, or cook, or write, or was the ancestor of an ethnic group or dynastic family. Mythology is intimately related to ritual. Many myths are oral associations with ritual acts, such as dances, ceremonies, and sacrifices.
20180512「與佛同行──發現佛陀的故鄉」學術研討會直播
Tang dynasty | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Tang dynasty
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Tang dynasty (;Chinese: 唐朝) or the Tang Empire was an imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Historians generally regard the Tang as a high point in Chinese civilization, and a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. Tang territory, acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers, rivaled that of the Han dynasty. The Tang capital at Chang'an (present-day Xi'an) was the most populous city in the world in its day.
The Lǐ family (李) founded the dynasty, seizing power during the decline and collapse of the Sui Empire. The dynasty was briefly interrupted when Empress Wu Zetian seized the throne, proclaiming the Second Zhou dynasty (690–705) and becoming the only Chinese empress regnant. In two censuses of the 7th and 8th centuries, the Tang records estimated the population by number of registered households at about 50 million people. Yet, even when the central government was breaking down and unable to compile an accurate census of the population in the 9th century, it is estimated that the population had grown by then to about 80 million people. With its large population base, the dynasty was able to raise professional and conscripted armies of hundreds of thousands of troops to contend with nomadic powers in dominating Inner Asia and the lucrative trade-routes along the Silk Road. Various kingdoms and states paid tribute to the Tang court, while the Tang also conquered or subdued several regions which it indirectly controlled through a protectorate system. Besides political hegemony, the Tang also exerted a powerful cultural influence over neighboring East Asian states such as those in Japan and Korea.
The Tang dynasty was largely a period of progress and stability in the first half of the dynasty's rule, until the An Lushan Rebellion and the decline of central authority in the later half of the dynasty. Like the previous Sui dynasty, the Tang dynasty maintained a civil-service system by recruiting scholar-officials through standardized examinations and recommendations to office. The rise of regional military governors known as jiedushi during the 9th century undermined this civil order. Chinese culture flourished and further matured during the Tang era; it is traditionally considered the greatest age for Chinese poetry. Two of China's most famous poets, Li Bai and Du Fu, belonged to this age, as did many famous painters such as Han Gan, Zhang Xuan, and Zhou Fang. Scholars of this period compiled a rich variety of historical literature, as well as encyclopedias and geographical works. The adoption of the title Tängri Qaghan by the Tang Emperor Taizong in addition to his title as emperor was eastern Asia's first simultaneous kingship.Many notable innovations occurred under the Tang, including the development of woodblock printing. Buddhism became a major influence in Chinese culture, with native Chinese sects gaining prominence. However, in the 840s the Emperor Wuzong of Tang persecuted Buddhism, which subsequently declined in influence. Although the dynasty and central government had gone into decline by the 9th century, art and culture continued to flourish. The weakened central government largely withdrew from managing the economy, but the country's mercantile affairs stayed intact and commercial trade continued to thrive regardless. However, agrarian rebellions in the latter half of the 9th century resulted in damaging atrocities such as the Guangzhou massacre of 878-879.
Chengdu | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:12 1 Name
00:06:30 2 Logo
00:06:51 3 History
00:07:00 3.1 Early history
00:08:27 3.2 Imperial era
00:11:52 3.3 Modern era
00:17:10 4 Geography
00:20:32 4.1 Climate
00:23:24 4.2 Administrative divisions
00:24:14 5 Cityscape
00:25:20 5.1 Ancient fortress wall
00:26:10 6 Demography
00:27:13 7 Culture
00:27:30 7.1 Literature
00:28:47 7.2 Fine art
00:29:15 7.3 Religion
00:33:49 7.4 Education
00:34:20 7.5 Theatre
00:35:20 7.6 Language
00:35:51 7.7 Culinary art and tea culture
00:37:05 7.7.1 Teahouse
00:37:41 7.7.2 Hot Pot
00:38:17 7.8 Mahjong
00:39:31 7.9 Rural tourism: Nong Jia Le
00:40:34 7.10 Customs and festivals
00:40:43 7.10.1 Grand Temple Fair
00:41:22 7.10.2 Lantern Festival
00:41:54 7.10.3 Dujiangyan Water Releasing Festival
00:42:31 7.10.4 Huanglongxi Fire Dragon Festival
00:43:10 7.10.5 South China Snow and Ice Festival
00:43:51 8 Home of the giant panda
00:47:25 9 Main sights
00:47:34 9.1 World natural and cultural heritage sites
00:47:45 9.1.1 Mount Qingcheng
00:48:48 9.1.2 Dujiangyan Irrigation System
00:49:30 9.1.3 Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries
00:51:24 9.2 Culture of poetry and the Three Kingdoms
00:51:35 9.2.1 Wuhou Shrine
00:52:43 9.2.2 Du Fu thatched cottage
00:53:43 9.3 Ancient Shu civilization
00:53:52 9.3.1 Jinsha Ruins
00:54:48 9.3.2 Golden Sun Bird
00:55:47 9.3.3 Sanxingdui Museum
00:56:28 9.4 Buddhist and Taoist cultures
00:56:38 9.4.1 Chengdu Daci Monastery
00:57:17 9.4.2 Wenshu Monastery
00:57:49 9.4.3 Baoguang Monastery
00:58:32 9.4.4 Qingyang Taoist Temple
00:59:17 9.5 Featured streets and historic towns
00:59:28 9.5.1 The Wide and Narrow Lanes
01:00:09 9.5.2 Jinli
01:01:09 9.5.3 Huanglongxi Historic Town
01:02:04 9.5.4 Chunxi Road
01:02:42 9.5.5 Anren Historic Town
01:03:37 9.5.6 Luodai Historic Town
01:04:35 9.5.7 Du Fu Thatched Cottage
01:05:10 10 Economy
01:09:03 10.1 Electronics and IT industries
01:13:18 10.2 Financial industry
01:16:18 10.3 Modern logistic industry
01:17:37 10.4 Modern business and trade
01:19:17 10.5 Convention and exhibition industry
01:20:33 10.6 Software and service outsourcing industry
01:21:48 10.7 New energy industry
01:23:27 10.8 Electronics and information industry
01:24:16 10.9 Automobile industry
01:25:31 10.10 Modern agriculture
01:26:10 10.11 Defense industry
01:26:53 10.12 Investment
01:27:46 10.13 Industrial zones
01:28:22 10.14 Real estate
01:30:42 11 Transport
01:30:51 11.1 Air
01:34:01 11.2 Railway
01:36:34 11.3 Metropolitan expressways
01:39:04 11.4 Coach
01:39:57 11.5 Highways
01:40:38 11.6 Chengdu Metro
01:41:28 11.7 Bus
01:42:04 11.8 River transport
01:43:13 12 Education
01:44:02 12.1 Colleges and universities
01:46:16 12.2 International schools
01:47:00 12.3 Major secondary schools
01:47:50 13 Consulates
01:48:25 14 Sports
01:48:34 14.1 Football
01:50:10 14.2 Tennis
01:52:47 14.3 Overwatch
01:53:12 14.4 Multi-sport events
01:53:37 14.5 Major sports venues
01:55:26 15 International Relations
01:55:36 16 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.7877789661958547
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-E
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Chengdu (Chinese: 成都; Sichuanese: Cengtu UK: , US: , Standard Mandarin: [ʈʂʰə̌ŋ.tú] (listen)), formerly romanized as Chengtu, is a sub-provincial city which serves as the capital of the Chinese province of Sichuan. It is one of the three most-populous cities in Western China, the other two being Chongqing and Xi'an. As of 2014, the administrative area housed 14,427,500 inhabitants, the largest in Sichuan, with an urban population of 10,152,632. At the time of the 2010 census, Chengdu was the fifth-most populous agglomeration in China, with 10,484,996 inhabitants in the built-up area including Xinjin County and Deyang's Guanghan City. Chengdu is considered a World City with a Beta + classification, according to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.Chengdu is located in ...
Chengdu | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Chengdu
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Chengdu (Standard Mandarin: [ʈʂʰə̌ŋ.tú] (listen)), formerly romanized as Chengtu, is a sub-provincial city which serves as the capital of Sichuan province, People's Republic of China. It is one of the three most populous cities in Western China, the other two being Chongqing and Xi'an. As of 2014, the administrative area houses 14,427,500 inhabitants, with an urban population of 10,152,632. At the time of the 2010 census, Chengdu was the 5th-most populous agglomeration in China, with 10,484,996 inhabitants in the built-up area including Xinjin County and Deyang's Guanghan City. Chengdu is also considered a World City with a Beta + classification according to GaWC.The surrounding Chengdu Plain is also known as the Country of Heaven (Chinese: 天府之国; pinyin: Tiānfǔ zhi Guó) and the Land of Abundance. Its prehistoric settlers included the Sanxingdui culture. Founded by the state of Shu prior to its incorporation into China, Chengdu is unique as a major Chinese settlement that has maintained its name (nearly) unchanged throughout the imperial, republican, and communist eras. It was the capital of Liu Bei's Shu during the Three Kingdoms Era, as well as several other local kingdoms during the Middle Ages.It is now one of the most important economic, financial, commercial, cultural, transportation, and communication centers in Western China. Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport, a hub of Air China and Sichuan Airlines is one of the 30 busiest airports in the world, and Chengdu Railway Station is one of the six biggest in China. Chengdu also hosts many international companies and more than 12 consulates. More than 260 Fortune 500 companies have established branches in Chengdu.
Avalokiteśvara | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:46 1 Etymology
00:04:21 2 Origin
00:04:31 2.1 Mahayana account
00:08:03 2.2 Theravāda account
00:10:40 2.3 Modern scholarship
00:13:15 3 Mantras and Dharanis
00:15:03 4 Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara
00:16:14 5 Tibetan Buddhist beliefs
00:17:01 6 Manifestations
00:17:28 7 Gallery
00:17:37 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.851621281550135
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-F
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Avalokiteśvara or Padmapani ( UV-əl-oh-kih-TAY-shvər-ə; Sanskrit: अवलोकितेश्वर) is a bodhisattva who embodies the compassion of all Buddhas. This bodhisattva is variably depicted, described and portrayed in different cultures as either male or female. In Tibet, he is known as Chenrezik, and in Cambodia as អវលោកិតេស្វរៈ. In Chinese Buddhism, Avalokiteśvara has evolved into the somewhat different female figure Guanyin, also known in Japan as Kanzeon or Kannon. In Nepal Mandal this figure is known as Jana Baha Dyah, Karunamaya, Seto Machindranath.
Kathmandu | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:10 1 Etymology
00:04:13 2 History
00:05:04 2.1 Ancient history
00:06:48 2.1.1 Licchavi era
00:08:50 2.1.2 Malla era
00:11:00 2.2 Modern era
00:11:08 2.2.1 Early Shah rule
00:12:05 2.2.2 Rana rule
00:13:10 3 Geography
00:14:58 3.1 Kathmandu administration
00:15:26 3.2 Kathmandu agglomeration
00:16:11 3.3 Climate
00:19:00 4 Air quality
00:19:38 5 Economy
00:21:43 5.1 Tourism
00:24:52 6 Government and public services
00:25:02 6.1 Civic administration
00:26:49 6.2 Law and order
00:27:11 6.3 Fire service
00:28:11 6.4 Electricity and water supply
00:28:56 6.5 Waste management
00:29:16 7 Demographics
00:31:00 7.1 Ethnic groups
00:32:20 8 Architecture and cityscape
00:33:29 8.1 Durbar squares
00:36:09 8.2 Pashupatinath temple
00:37:50 8.3 Boudhanath
00:39:13 8.4 Swayambhu
00:39:54 8.5 Rani Pokhari
00:40:45 9 Culture
00:40:53 9.1 Arts
00:42:38 9.1.1 Museums
00:47:20 9.1.2 Art galleries
00:49:16 9.1.3 Literature
00:50:35 9.1.4 Cinema and theatre
00:51:43 9.1.5 Music
00:53:08 9.2 Cuisine
00:56:08 9.3 Festivals
00:57:54 9.4 Hinduism
00:59:12 9.5 Buddhism
01:00:29 9.6 Kirat Mundhum
01:01:08 9.7 Others
01:02:23 10 Education
01:03:45 11 Medical colleges
01:04:29 12 Sports
01:06:09 13 Transport
01:08:03 13.1 Ropeways
01:08:46 14 Healthcare
01:10:17 15 Media
01:12:01 16 International relations and organizations
01:13:11 16.1 Twin towns – Sister cities
01:13:23 17 Notable people
01:14:28 18 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Speaking Rate: 0.8993020615787808
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Kathmandu (; Nepali: काठमाडौं, Nepal Bhasa: य़े: Yei, Nepali pronunciation: [kaʈʰmaɳɖu]) is the capital and largest city of Nepal, with a population of around one million. Kathmandu is also the second largest metropolis in term of area after Pokhara in hilly region. Nepali and Nepal bhasha are the most spoken languages in the city.
Kathmandu, also known as City Of Temples with one of the oldest Pagoda known as Pashupatinath Temple, stands at an elevation of approximately 1,400 metres (4,600 feet) above sea level in the bowl-shaped Kathmandu Valley in central Nepal. The valley is historically termed as Nepal Mandala and has been the home of Nepali people, a cosmopolitan urban civilization in the Himalayas foothills. The city was the royal capital of the Kingdom of Nepal and hosts palaces, mansions and gardens of the Nepalese aristocracy. It has been home to the headquarters of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) since 1985. Today, it is the seat of government of the Nepalese republic established in 2008; and is part of the Province No. 3 in Nepalese administrative geography.
Kathmandu is and has been for many years the centre of Nepal's history, art, culture, and economy. It has a multiethnic population within a Hindu and Buddhist majority. It is also the home of the Newars. Religious and cultural festivities form a major part of the lives of people residing in Kathmandu.
Tourism is an important part of the economy; in 2013, Kathmandu was ranked third among the top ten upcoming travel destinations in the world by TripAdvisor, and ranked first in Asia. The city is the gateway to the Nepalese Himalayas, and home to seven world heritage sites: the Durbar Squares of Hanuman Dhoka, Patan and Bhaktapur; the Stupas of Swayambhunath and Baudhanath; and the temples of Pashupati and Changu Narayan. There are also seven casinos in the city.
Historic areas of Kathmandu were severely damaged by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake on 25 April 2015. Some of the buildings have been restored and some are in the process of reconstruction.
Relics associated with Buddha | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Relics associated with Buddha
00:00:09 1 Division of the relics
00:01:07 2 Spread of the relics by Ashoka
00:03:54 3 Relics in Afghanistan
00:05:12 4 Relics in America
00:05:36 5 Relics in Bangladesh
00:06:02 6 Relics in Bhutan
00:06:22 7 Relics in Cambodia
00:07:26 8 Relics in China
00:10:55 9 Relics in India
00:15:26 10 Relics in Indonesia
00:15:40 11 Relics in Japan
00:16:36 12 Relics in Korea
00:17:31 13 Relics in Laos
00:18:00 14 Relics in Malaysia
00:19:14 15 Relics in Mongolia
00:19:41 16 Relics in Myanmar
00:21:54 17 Relics in Nepal
00:22:42 18 Relics in Pakistan
00:23:35 19 Relics in Persia
00:24:42 20 Relics in Russia
00:25:07 21 Relics in Singapore
00:25:28 22 Relics in Sri Lanka
00:30:24 23 Relics in Thailand
00:31:26 24 Relics in Tibet
00:31:55 25 Relics in Vietnam
00:32:28 26 Relics in Heaven
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
According to Mahaparinibbana Sutta, after his death, the Buddha was cremated and the ashes divided among his followers.
History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The history of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent began prior to the 3rd millennium BCE and continued well into the British Raj. Metals and related concepts were mentioned in various early Vedic age texts. The Rigveda already uses the Sanskrit term Ayas (metal). The Indian cultural and commercial contacts with the Near East and the Greco-Roman world enabled an exchange of metallurgic sciences. With the advent of the Mughals, India's Mughal Empire (established: April 21, 1526—ended: September 21, 1857) further improved the established tradition of metallurgy and metal working in India.The imperial policies of the British Raj led to stagnation of metallurgy in India as the British regulated mining and metallurgy—used in India previously by its rulers to build armies and resist England during various wars.
Buddhism in Pakistan | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:22 1 Buddhism in antiquity
00:01:31 1.1 Regions
00:01:40 1.1.1 Gilgit Baltistan
00:02:47 1.1.2 Gandhara
00:03:18 1.1.3 Uddiyana
00:03:45 1.1.4 Punjab region
00:04:06 1.1.5 Sindh
00:04:45 1.1.6 Balochistan
00:05:08 2 Buddhism in modern Pakistan
00:06:08 3 Islam and Hinduism
00:07:04 4 Taliban destruction of Buddhist relics
00:08:36 5 Pakistan Buddhist tourism
00:09:52 5.1 Takht-i-Bahi
00:10:37 5.2 Taxila
00:11:49 5.3 Mingora
00:12:16 5.4 Swat
00:13:31 6 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
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Speaking Rate: 0.9225837651746436
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-E
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Buddhism in Pakistan took root some 2,300 years ago under the Mauryan king Ashoka, whom Nehru once called “greater than any king or emperor.” Buddhism has a long history in present-day history of Pakistan — over time being part of areas within Bactria, the Indo-Greek Kingdom, the Kushan Empire; Ancient India with the Maurya Empire of Ashoka, the Pala Empire; the Punjab region, and Indus River Valley cultures — areas now within the present day nation of Pakistan. Buddhist scholar Kumāralabdha of the Taxila was comparable to Aryadeva, Aśvaghoṣa and Nagarjuna.
In 2012, the National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) indicated that the contemporary Buddhist population of Pakistan was minuscule with 1,492 adult holders of national identity cards (CNICs). The total population of Buddhists is therefore unlikely to be more than a few thousand. In 2017, number of Buddhist voters was stated to be 1,884 and they are mostly concentrated in Sindh and Punjab.The only functional Buddhist temple in Pakistan is in the Diplomatic Enclave at Islamabad, used by Buddhist diplomats from countries like Sri Lanka.
Bangladesh | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Bangladesh
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Bangladesh ( ( listen); Bengali: বাংলাদেশ Bangladesh [ˈbaŋladeʃ] ( listen), lit. The country of Bengal), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh), is a country in South Asia. It shares land borders with India and Myanmar (Burma).The country's maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal is roughly equal to the size of its land area. Bangladesh is the world's eighth most populous country. Dhaka is its capital and largest city, followed by Chittagong, which has the country's largest port. Bangladesh forms the largest and easternmost part of the Bengal region. Bangladeshis include people from a range of ethnic groups and religions. Bengalis, who speak the official Bengali language, make up 98% of the population. The politically dominant Bengali Muslims make the nation the world's third largest Muslim-majority country. Islam is the official religion of Bangladesh.Most of Bangladesh is covered by the Bengal Delta, the largest delta on Earth. The country has 700 rivers and 8,046 km (5,000 mi) of inland waterways. Highlands with evergreen forests are found in the northeastern and southeastern regions of the country. Bangladesh has many islands and a coral reef. The longest unbroken sea beach of the world, Cox's Bazar Beach, is located in the southeast. It is home to the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world. The country's biodiversity includes a vast array of plant and wildlife, including endangered Bengal tigers, the national animal.
The Greeks and Romans identified the region as Gangaridai, a powerful kingdom of the historical Indian subcontinent, in the 3rd century BCE. Archaeological research has unearthed several ancient cities in Bangladesh, which enjoyed international trade links for millennia. The Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Bengal transformed the region into a cosmopolitan Islamic imperial power between the 14th and 18th centuries. The region was home to many principalities that made use of their inland naval prowess. It was also a notable center of the global muslin and silk trade. As part of British India, the region was influenced by the Bengali renaissance and played an important role in anti-colonial movements. The Partition of British India made East Bengal a part of the Dominion of Pakistan; and renamed it as East Pakistan. The region witnessed the Bengali Language Movement in 1952 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. After independence was achieved, a parliamentary republic was established. A presidential government was in place between 1975 and 1990, followed by a return to parliamentary democracy. The country continues to face challenges in the areas of poverty, education, healthcare and corruption.
Bangladesh is a middle power and a developing nation. Listed as one of the Next Eleven, its economy ranks 43rd in terms of nominal gross domestic product and 29th in terms of purchasing power parity. It is one of the largest textile exporters in the world. Its major trading partners are the European Union, the United States, China, India, Japan, Malaysia and Singapore. With its strategically vital location between South, East and Southeast Asia, Bangladesh is an important promoter of regional connectivity and cooperation. It is a founding member of SAARC, BIMSTEC, the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Forum for Regional Cooperation and the Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Initiative. It is also a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Commonwealth of Nations, the Developing 8 Countries, the OIC, the Indian-Ocean Rim Association, the Non Aligned Movement, the Group of 77 and the World Trade Organization. Bangladesh is one of the largest contributors to United Nations peacekeeping forces.
Nalanda | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Nalanda
00:03:00 1 Etymology
00:03:44 2 Early history
00:05:20 3 Nalanda in the Gupta era
00:06:34 4 The post-Gupta era
00:08:01 4.1 Xuanzang in Nalanda
00:10:28 4.2 Yijing in Nalanda
00:12:25 5 Nalanda in the Pala era
00:15:31 6 The Mahavihara
00:16:39 6.1 Library
00:17:56 6.2 Curriculum
00:19:46 6.3 Administration
00:21:03 7 Influence on Buddhism
00:22:50 8 Historical figures associated with Nalanda
00:23:55 9 Decline and destruction
00:30:50 10 Nalanda and the Tibetan Buddhist tradition
00:32:27 11 The excavated remains
00:39:17 12 Surviving Nalanda manuscripts
00:40:19 13 Nalanda Inscriptions
00:41:16 14 Revival after India's Independence
00:42:18 15 Tourism
00:42:38 15.1 Nalanda Archaeological Museum
00:43:09 15.2 Xuanzang Memorial Hall
00:43:31 15.3 Nalanda Multimedia Museum
00:43:54 15.4 Nalanda Vipasana Centre
00:44:03 16 Gallery
00:44:12 17 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Nalanda (IAST: Nālandā; /naːlən̪d̪aː/) was a Mahavihara, a large Buddhist monastery, in the ancient kingdom of Magadha (modern-day Bihar) in India. The site is located about 95 kilometres (59 mi) southeast of Patna near the city of Bihar Sharif, and was a centre of learning from the fifth century CE to c. 1200 CE. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.The highly formalized methods of Vedic learning helped inspire the establishment of large teaching institutions such as Taxila, Nalanda, and Vikramashila which are often characterised as India's early universities. Nalanda flourished under the patronage of the Gupta Empire in the 5th and 6th centuries and later under Harsha, the emperor of Kannauj. The liberal cultural traditions inherited from the Gupta age resulted in a period of growth and prosperity until the ninth century. The subsequent centuries were a time of gradual decline, a period during which the tantric developments of Buddhism became most pronounced in eastern India under the Pala Empire.At its peak, the school attracted scholars and students from near and far with some travelling from Tibet, China, Korea, and Central Asia. Archaeological evidence also notes contact with the Shailendra dynasty of Indonesia, one of whose kings built a monastery in the complex.
Much of our knowledge of Nalanda comes from the writings of pilgrim monks from Asia such as Xuanzang and Yijing who travelled to the Mahavihara in the 7th century. Vincent Smith remarked that a detailed history of Nalanda would be a history of Mahayanist Buddhism. Many of the names listed by Xuanzang in his travelogue as products of Nalanda are the names of those who developed the philosophy of Mahayana. All students at Nalanda studied Mahayana as well as the texts of the eighteen (Hinayana) sects of Buddhism. Their curriculum also included other subjects such as the Vedas, logic, Sanskrit grammar, medicine and Samkhya.Nalanda was very likely ransacked and destroyed by an army of the Mamluk Dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate under Bakhtiyar Khilji in c. 1200 CE.. However, according to the archaeologists Krishna Deva and VS Agarwala, evidence reveals a “complex history of destruction, abandonment and reoccupation” at Nalanda that pre-dated the arrival of Muslims. While some sources note that the Mahavihara continued to function in a makeshift fashion for a while longer, it was eventually abandoned and forgotten until the 19th century when the site was surveyed and preliminary excavations were conducted by the Archaeological Survey of India. Systematic excavations commenced in 1915 which unearthed eleven monasteries and six brick temples neatly arranged on grounds 12 hectares (30 acres) in area. A trove of sculptures, coins, seals, and inscriptions have also been discovered in the ruins many of which are on display in the Nalanda Archaeological Museum situated nearby. Nalanda is now a notable tourist destination and a part of the Buddhist tourism circuit.
History of India | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of India
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The history of India includes the prehistoric settlements and societies in the Indian subcontinent; the advancement of civilisation from the Indus Valley Civilisation to the eventual blending of the Indo-Aryan culture to form the Vedic Civilisation; the rise of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism; the onset of a succession of powerful dynasties and empires for more than three millennia throughout various geographic areas of the Indian subcontinent, including the growth of Muslim dominions during the Medieval period intertwined with Hindu powers; the advent of European traders and privateers, resulting in the establishment of British India; and the subsequent independence movement that led to the Partition of India and the creation of the Republic of India.Archaeological evidence of anatomically modern humans in the Indian subcontinent is estimated to be as old as 73,000–55,000 years with some evidence of early hominids dating back to about 500,000 years ago. Considered a cradle of civilisation, the Indus Valley Civilisation, which spread and flourished in the north-western part of the Indian subcontinent from 3300 to 1300 BCE, was the first major civilisation in South Asia. A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture developed in the Mature Harappan period, from 2600 to 1900 BCE. This civilisation collapsed at the start of the second millennium BCE and was later followed by the Iron Age Vedic Civilisation. The era saw the composition of the Vedas, the seminal texts of Hinduism, coalesce into Janapadas (monarchical, state-level polities), and social stratification based on caste. The Later Vedic Civilisation extended over the Indo-Gangetic plain and much of the Indian subcontinent, as well as witnessed the rise of major polities known as the Mahajanapadas. In one of these kingdoms, Magadha, Gautama Buddha and Mahavira propagated their Śramaṇic philosophies during the fifth and sixth centuries BCE.
Most of the Indian subcontinent was conquered by the Maurya Empire during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. From the 3rd century BCE onwards Prakrit and Pali literature in the north and the Tamil Sangam literature in southern India started to flourish. Wootz steel originated in south India in the 3rd century BCE and was exported to foreign countries. During the Classical period, various parts of India were ruled by numerous dynasties for the next 1,500 years, among which the Gupta Empire stands out. This period, witnessing a Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence, is known as the classical or Golden Age of India. During this period, aspects of Indian civilisation, administration, culture, and religion (Hinduism and Buddhism) spread to much of Asia, while kingdoms in southern India had maritime business links with the Middle East and the Mediterranean. Indian cultural influence spread over many parts of Southeast Asia, which led to the establishment of Indianised kingdoms in Southeast Asia (Greater India).The most significant event between the 7th and 11th century was the Tripartite struggle centred on Kannauj that lasted for more than two centuries between the Pala Empire, Rashtrakuta Empire, and Gurjara-Pratihara Empire. Southern India saw the rise of multiple imperial powers from the middle of the fifth century, most notable being the Chalukya, Chola, Pallava, Chera, Pandyan, and Western Chalukya Empires. The Chola dynasty conquered southern India and successfully invaded parts of Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Bengal in the 11th century. The early medieval period Indian mathematics influenced the development of mathematics and astronomy in the Arab world and the Hindu numerals were introduced.Muslim rule started in parts of north India in the 13th century when the Delhi Sultanate was founded in 1206 CE by Central Asian Turks; though earlier Muslim conquests made limited inroads into modern Afghanistan and Pakistan as early as the 8th century. The Delhi Sultanate ruled the major part o ...
Bangladesh | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Bangladesh
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Bangladesh ( ( listen); Bengali: বাংলাদেশ Bangladesh [ˈbaŋladeʃ] ( listen), lit. The country of Bengal), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh), is a country in South Asia. It shares land borders with India and Myanmar (Burma).The country's maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal is roughly equal to the size of its land area. Bangladesh is the world's eighth most populous country. Dhaka is its capital and largest city, followed by Chittagong, which has the country's largest port. Bangladesh forms the largest and easternmost part of the Bengal region. Bangladeshis include people from a range of ethnic groups and religions. Bengalis, who speak the official Bengali language, make up 98% of the population. The politically dominant Bengali Muslims make the nation the world's third largest Muslim-majority country. Islam is the official religion of Bangladesh.Most of Bangladesh is covered by the Bengal Delta, the largest delta on Earth. The country has 700 rivers and 8,046 km (5,000 mi) of inland waterways. Highlands with evergreen forests are found in the northeastern and southeastern regions of the country. Bangladesh has many islands and a coral reef. The longest unbroken sea beach of the world, Cox's Bazar Beach, is located in the southeast. It is home to the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world. The country's biodiversity includes a vast array of plant and wildlife, including endangered Bengal tigers, the national animal.
The Greeks and Romans identified the region as Gangaridai, a powerful kingdom of the historical Indian subcontinent, in the 3rd century BCE. Archaeological research has unearthed several ancient cities in Bangladesh, which enjoyed international trade links for millennia. The Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Bengal transformed the region into a cosmopolitan Islamic imperial power between the 14th and 18th centuries. The region was home to many principalities that made use of their inland naval prowess. It was also a notable center of the global muslin and silk trade. As part of British India, the region was influenced by the Bengali renaissance and played an important role in anti-colonial movements. The Partition of British India made East Bengal a part of the Dominion of Pakistan; and renamed it as East Pakistan. The region witnessed the Bengali Language Movement in 1952 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. After independence was achieved, a parliamentary republic was established. A presidential government was in place between 1975 and 1990, followed by a return to parliamentary democracy. The country continues to face challenges in the areas of poverty, education, healthcare and corruption.
Bangladesh is a middle power and a developing nation. Listed as one of the Next Eleven, its economy ranks 43rd in terms of nominal gross domestic product and 29th in terms of purchasing power parity. It is one of the largest textile exporters in the world. Its major trading partners are the European Union, the United States, China, India, Japan, Malaysia and Singapore. With its strategically vital location between South, East and Southeast Asia, Bangladesh is an important promoter of regional connectivity and cooperation. It is a founding member of SAARC, BIMSTEC, the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Forum for Regional Cooperation and the Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Initiative. It is also a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Commonwealth of Nations, the Developing 8 Countries, the OIC, the Indian-Ocean Rim Association, the Non Aligned Movement, the Group of 77 and the World Trade Organization. Bangladesh is one of the largest contributors to United Nations peacekeeping forces.
Nalanda | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Nalanda
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Nalanda (IAST: Nālandā; /naːlən̪d̪aː/) was a Mahavihara, a large Buddhist monastery, in the ancient kingdom of Magadha (modern-day Bihar) in India. The site is located about 95 kilometres (59 mi) southeast of Patna near the city of Bihar Sharif, and was a centre of learning from the fifth century CE to c. 1200 CE. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.The highly formalized methods of Vedic learning helped inspire the establishment of large teaching institutions such as Taxila, Nalanda, and Vikramashila which are often characterised as India's early universities. Nalanda flourished under the patronage of the Gupta Empire in the 5th and 6th centuries and later under Harsha, the emperor of Kannauj. The liberal cultural traditions inherited from the Gupta age resulted in a period of growth and prosperity until the ninth century. The subsequent centuries were a time of gradual decline, a period during which the tantric developments of Buddhism became most pronounced in eastern India under the Pala Empire.At its peak, the school attracted scholars and students from near and far with some travelling from Tibet, China, Korea, and Central Asia. Archaeological evidence also notes contact with the Shailendra dynasty of Indonesia, one of whose kings built a monastery in the complex.
Much of our knowledge of Nalanda comes from the writings of pilgrim monks from Asia such as Xuanzang and Yijing who travelled to the Mahavihara in the 7th century. Vincent Smith remarked that a detailed history of Nalanda would be a history of Mahayanist Buddhism. Many of the names listed by Xuanzang in his travelogue as products of Nalanda are the names of those who developed the philosophy of Mahayana. All students at Nalanda studied Mahayana as well as the texts of the eighteen (Hinayana) sects of Buddhism. Their curriculum also included other subjects such as the Vedas, logic, Sanskrit grammar, medicine and Samkhya.Nalanda was very likely ransacked and destroyed by an army of the Mamluk Dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate under Bakhtiyar Khilji in c. 1200 CE.. However, according to the archaeologists Krishna Deva and VS Agarwala, evidence reveals a “complex history of destruction, abandonment and reoccupation” at Nalanda that pre-dated the arrival of Muslims. While some sources note that the Mahavihara continued to function in a makeshift fashion for a while longer, it was eventually abandoned and forgotten until the 19th century when the site was surveyed and preliminary excavations were conducted by the Archaeological Survey of India. Systematic excavations commenced in 1915 which unearthed eleven monasteries and six brick temples neatly arranged on grounds 12 hectares (30 acres) in area. A trove of sculptures, coins, seals, and inscriptions have also been discovered in the ruins many of which are on display in the Nalanda Archaeological Museum situated nearby. Nalanda is now a notable tourist destination and a part of the Buddhist tourism circuit.
Relics associated with Buddha | Wikipedia audio article | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Relics associated with Buddha | Wikipedia audio article
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
According to Mahaparinibbana Sutta, after his death, the Buddha was cremated and the ashes divided among his followers.
History of metallurgy in South Asia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of metallurgy in South Asia
00:00:53 1 Overview
00:03:45 2 Hindu, Buddhist, Jain and other texts
00:04:02 2.1 Rigveda
00:05:12 2.2 Arthashastra
00:05:40 2.3 Other texts
00:08:09 3 Archaeology
00:10:13 3.1 Indus Valley Civilization
00:11:34 4 Metals
00:11:42 4.1 Brass
00:12:04 4.2 Copper
00:13:22 4.3 Gold and silver
00:13:56 4.4 Iron
00:14:52 4.4.1 Wootz and steel
00:17:07 4.5 Zinc
00:18:53 5 Early History (—200 BCE)
00:22:41 6 Early Common Era—Early Modern Era
00:25:08 7 Colonial British Era—Republic of India
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent began prior to the 3rd millennium BCE and continued well into the British Raj. Metals and related concepts were mentioned in various early Vedic age texts. The Rigveda already uses the Sanskrit term Ayas (metal). The Indian cultural and commercial contacts with the Near East and the Greco-Roman world enabled an exchange of metallurgic sciences. With the advent of the Mughals, India's Mughal Empire (established: April 21, 1526—ended: September 21, 1857) further improved the established tradition of metallurgy and metal working in India.The imperial policies of the British Raj led to stagnation of metallurgy in India as the British regulated mining and metallurgy—used in India previously by its rulers to build armies and resist England during various wars.