Battle on the Ice (German Teutons vs Russian Novgorod)
The Battle on the Ice (Russian: Ледовое побоище; German: Schlacht auf dem Eise) was fought between the Republic of Novgorod led by prince Alexander Nevsky and the crusader army of the Teutonic Knights led by Hermann of Dorpat on April 5, 1242, at Lake Peipus, Present day Russian Border with Estonia & Latvia.
Hoping to exploit Novgorod's weakness in the wake of the Mongol and Swedish invasions, the Teutonic Knights attacked the neighboring Novgorod Republic and occupied Pskov, Izborsk, and Koporye in autumn 1240. When they approached Novgorod itself, the local citizens recalled to the city 20-year-old Prince Alexander Nevsky, whom they had banished to Pereslavl earlier that year. During the campaign of 1241, Alexander managed to retake Pskov and Koporye from the crusaders.
On April 5, 1242. Alexander, intending to fight in a place of his own choosing, retreated in an attempt to draw the often over-confident Crusaders onto the frozen lake.the crusader forces likely numbered around 2,600, including 800 Danish and German knights, 100 Teutonic knights, 300 Danes, 400 Germans and 1,000 Estonian infantry.[4] The Russians fielded around 5,000 men: Alexander and his brother Andrei's bodyguards (druzhina), totalling around 1,000, plus 2000 militia of Novgorod, 1400 Finno-Ugrian tribesman and 600 horse archers.
The Teutonic knights and crusaders charged across the lake and reached the enemy, but were held up by the infantry of the Novgorod militia. This caused the momentum of the crusader attack to slow. The battle was fierce, with the allied Russians fighting the Teutonic and crusader troops on the frozen surface of the lake. After a little more than two hours of close quarters fighting, Alexander ordered the left and right wings of his army (including cavalry) to enter the battle. The Teutonic and crusader troops by that time were exhausted from the constant struggle on the slippery surface of the frozen lake. The Crusaders started to retreat in disarray deeper onto the ice, and the appearance of the fresh Novgorod cavalry made them retreat in panic.
The Crusaders' defeat in the battle marked the end of their Catholic campaigns against the Orthodox Novgorod Republic and other Slavic territories for the next century. The Novgorodians succeeded in defending Russian territory, and the crusaders never mounted another serious challenge eastward. Alexander was canonised as a saint in the Russian Orthodox Church in 1574.In the 1243 treaty between Novgorod and the Teutonic Order signed, where the knights abandoned all claims to Russian lands.
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Svyato - Troitskiy Kafedral'nyy Sobor Church in Russia I NOthing but SOMEthing
The Trinity Cathedral (ru. Троицкий собор or Троицкий храм) is located in the Pskov Krom or Kremlin on the east bank of the Velikaya (Great) River. It has, since 1589, been the mother church of the Pskov Eparchy.
The first wooden Trinity Cathedral (the Russian term sobor, translated as cathedral can mean any major church irrespective of it being a cathedral church of a bishop) was built in the tenth century, allegedly under the patronage of Princess Olga, but this seems unlikely as Olga's conversion was personal, and the conversion of the Rus Land did not occur until 988, almost two decades after her death. Thus, it seems likely the first church dates to the time of Christianization or shortly thereafter. This church was replaced by a stone church in 1138, allegedly at the behest of Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich, who died the previous year. The cathedral was destroyed and rebuilt several times over the centuries; for example, the Novgorodian First Chronicle mentions that in 1365, Archbishop Aleksei of Novgorod (r. 1359-1388) blessed the reconstruction of a stone church on the foundations of the original Trinity church; it was completed in 1367 under the direction of Master Kirill (who appears to have died in the plague of 1390).[1] This church was heavily damaged in a fire in 1609 and the interior was renovated aftwards. The current building was built beginning in 1691 and consecrated in 1699.
In the Soviet period, the cathedral was part of the schismatic Living Church movement in the 1920s before its closure in the 1930s, at which time it was turned into a museum. It was reopened as a church during the Nazi occupation. It remained open after the war.
The cathedral is 256 feet tall and contains the tombs of saint princes Vsevolod Mstislavich (also known as Gavril - died in 1138) and Dovmont (died in 1299).
The current bishop of Pskov, as of February 1993, is Archbishop Evsevii (Nikolai Afanas'evich Savvin).
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The Life And Death Of Alexander Nevsky
Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky (Russian: Алекса́ндр Яросла́вич Не́вский; pronounced [ɐlʲɪˈksandr jɪrɐˈslavʲɪtɕ ˈnʲɛfskʲɪj] ( listen); Ukrainian: Олександр Ярославович Не́вський); 13 May 1221 – 14 November 1263) served as Prince of Novgorod, Grand Prince of Kiev and Grand Prince of Vladimir during some of the most difficult times in Kievan Rus' history.
Commonly regarded as a key figure of medieval Rus', Alexander - the grandson of Vsevolod the Big Nest - rose to legendary status on account of his military victories over German and Swedish invaders while agreeing to pay tribute to the powerful Golden Horde. He was proclaimed as a saint of the Russian Orthodox Church by Metropolite Macarius in 1547.[2] Popular polls rank Alexander Nevsky as the greatest Russian hero in history.
From Tales of the Life and Courage of the Pious and Great Prince Alexander found in the Second Pskovian Chronicle, circa 1260–1280, comes one of the first known references to the Great Prince:
By the will of God, prince Alexander was born from the charitable, people-loving, and meek the Great Prince Yaroslav, and his mother was Theodosia. As it was told by the prophet Isaiah: 'Thus sayeth the Lord: I appoint the princes because they are sacred and I direct them.'
... He was taller than others and his voice reached the people as a trumpet, and his face was like the face of Joseph, whom the Egyptian Pharaoh placed as next to the king after him of Egypt. His power was a part of the power of Samson and God gave him the wisdom of Solomon ... this Prince Alexander: he used to defeat but was never defeated ...
Born in Pereslavl-Zalessky, Alexander was the second son of Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich and Rostislava Mstislavna, daughter of Kievan Rus' Prince Mstislav Mstislavich the Bold. Alexander seemed to have no chance of claiming the throne of Vladimir. In 1237, however, the Tatar-Mongols came to the Suzdal region. All who bowed their heads, kissed the boots of the Khan, and gave up their citizenship remained alive and well; those who did not submit were destroyed. Vladimir princes Yuriy Vsevolodovich and Yaroslav Vsevolodovich submitted to Batu Khan. Thus, the land became part of the Genghisid Golden Horde empire and its military force merged with the Tatar-Mongols military.
During the military campaigns of Yuriy Vsevolodovich, his younger brother Yaroslav was seated as Prince. He gave his 8-year-old son Alexander Yaroslavich to Batu into amanat (hostages). While staying in the Horde from 1238 to 1252, Alexander learned the whole structure and customs, became blood brother to Batu's son Sartak, wed Batu Khan's daughter, and later became a loyal servant of the Golden Horde as head of the Vladimir principality (1252-1263). He was summoned by the Novgorodians to become knyaz (or prince) of Novgorod and, as their military leader, to defend their northwest lands from Swedish and German invaders.
Псков / Pskov in the 1970's
Псков в 1970-х
Pskov in the 1970's
Pskov is one of the oldest cities in Russia, reputedly dating as far back as 903AD. The first prince of Pskov was Vladimir the Great's youngest son Sudislav. In 1241, it was taken by the Teutonic Knights, but Alexander Nevsky recaptured it several months later.
During the 14th century, being at the crossroads between Europe and the western outpost European Russia, the city joined the Hanseatic League. By the 15th century Pskov became part of the Duchy of Moscow.
Under Soviet government, large parts of the city were rebuilt, many ancient buildings, particularly churches, were demolished to give space for new constructions. Despite this, Pskov has retained much of its medieval walls, built in the13th century, a magnificent Kremlin and an awe inspiring Cathedral of the Trinity that had been almost titallly destroyed during the Great Patriotic War.........
Music by Tatiana Burtseva
VPE | The Rurikids - Great Battles of Russia | English Subtitles
Vox Populi Evo - Voice of The People
In a world of mass media voice of the people goes largely undeard. All struggles, conflicts and worries of the people are carefuly ground up and digested through modern media machines. On this channel we are gathering a collection of videos about ongoing struggles of peoples against the machine of elitism. Once again my dear audience it is up to you to watch or not to watch. The main thing is to think for yourself.
В мире масс медиа голос народа в большей части остаётся неуслышаным. Все беды, конфликты и заботы народов аккуратно перемалываются и перевариваются современными медиа машинами. На этом канале мы собираем коллекцию видео о насущной борьбе народов против машины элитизма. Как всегда мои дорогие зрители вам решать, смотреть или нет, Главное - думайте самостоятельно.
Russian Orthodox Church | Wikipedia audio article
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Russian Orthodox Church
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Russian Orthodox Church (ROC; Russian: Ру́сская правосла́вная це́рковь, tr. Rússkaya pravoslávnaya tsérkov), alternatively legally known as the Moscow Patriarchate (Russian: Моско́вский патриарха́т, tr. Moskóvskiy patriarkhát), is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Christian churches, since 15 October 2018 not in communion with the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. The Primate of the ROC is the Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'. The ROC, as well as the primate thereof, officially ranks fifth in the Orthodox order of precedence, immediately below the four ancient Patriarchates of the Greek Orthodox Church, those of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. The official Christianization of Kievan Rus' widely seen as the birth of the ROC is believed to have occurred in 988 through the baptism of the Kievan prince Vladimir and his people by the clergy of the Ecumenical Patriarchate whose constituent part the ROC remained for the next six centuries, while the Kievan see remained in the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate until 1686.
The ROC currently claims its exclusive jurisdiction over the Orthodox Christians, irrespective of their ethnic background, who reside in the former member republics of the Soviet Union, excluding Georgia and Armenia, although this claim is disputed in such countries as Estonia, Moldova and Ukraine and consequently parallel canonical Orthodox jurisdictions exist in those: Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church and Metropolis of Bessarabia, respectively. It also exercises ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the autonomous Church of Japan and the Orthodox Christians resident in the People's Republic of China. The ROC branches in Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Moldova and Ukraine since the 1990s enjoy various degrees of self-government, albeit short of the status of formal ecclesiastical autonomy. In Ukraine, ROC (represented by the Ukrainian Orthodox Church) has tensions with schismatic groups supported by the current government. The debate over recognition of the Orthodox church in Ukraine as autocephalous has caused tension between the Russian Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.The ROC should not be confused with the Orthodox Church in America (OCA), another autocephalous Orthodox Church (since 1970, albeit not universally recognised in this status), that traces its existence in North America to the time of the Russian missionaries in Alaska (then part of the Russian Empire) in the late 18th century, and still adheres to the ROC liturgical tradition.
The ROC should also not be confused with the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (also known as the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, or ROCOR), headquartered in New York, New York, U.S.A. The ROCOR was instituted in the 1920s by Russian communities outside then Communist Russia, which refused to recognize the authority of the Moscow Patriarchate then de facto headed by Metropolitan Sergius Stragorodsky. The two Churches reconciled on May 17, 2007; the ROCOR is now a self-governing part of the Russian Orthodox Church.
Novgorod Republic | Wikipedia audio article
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Novgorod Republic
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Novgorod Republic or Novgorodian Rus' (Russian: Новгоро́дская респу́блика, tr. Novgorodskaya respublika, IPA: [nəvgɐˈrotskəjə rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə]; Новгородскаѧ землѧ / Novgorodskaję zemlę, Novgorod land) was a medieval East Slavic state from the 12th to 15th centuries, stretching from the Baltic Sea to the northern Ural Mountains, including the city of Novgorod and the Lake Ladoga regions of modern Russia. Citizens referred to their city-state as His Majesty (or Sovereign) Lord Novgorod the Great (Gosudař Gospodin Velikij Novgorod), or more often as Lord Novgorod the Great (Gospodin Velikij Novgorod). The Republic prospered as the easternmost port of the Hanseatic League.
ТАЙНА ЧУДСКОГО ОЗЕРА. Как Романовы Города перенесли. Чудь и Чудское озеро. Правда, которую скрыли
Тайна Чудского озера. Как Романовы Города перенесли. Чудь и Чудское озеро. Правда, которую скрыли Романовы.
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Специалисты Центра морских комплексных исследований Петербургского госуниверситета рассекают гладь Чудского озера. Со стороны их можно спутать с рыбаками, но вместо сетей в моторной лодке находится оборудование для сканирования поверхности дна. С эхолотом на борту они кружат по небольшому участку, чтобы не пропустить ни одного квадратного метра. После этого все сшивается в мозаику для получения единой картины поверхности дна, на которой будут отображены, например, затопленные предметы или неровности. Специалисты раскрыли предварительные итоги экспедиции. Благодаря этим данным может измениться привычное представление о Ледовом побоище. «Мы видели, возможно, остатки рукотворной кладки, бывшие строения, которые были, когда здесь был берег и затопленные предметы - куски дерева, камня», - рассказала ведущий научный сотрудник Центра морских комплексных исследований СПБГУ Варвара Иванова. Со времен Александра Невского береговая линия Чудского озера основательно изменилась: уровень воды поднялся на несколько метров. Откуда пришли к нам с мечом, и где именно от этого оружия погибли немецкие крестоносцы, историки спорят до сих пор. В летописях о Ледовом побоище упоминается Вороний камень. Неслучайно основные исследования проходят на Вороньем острове. По руслу реки Желча войско Александра Невского вышло на битву с Тевтонским орденом, но это лишь одна из версий. Шестьдесят лет назад под руководством советского военного историка генерал-майора Георгия Караева здесь прошла первая научная экспедиция по определению места Ледового побоища. Повторное исследование с применением уже современных технологий было организовано Российским военно-историческим обществом. Главным итогом масштабных работ станет открытие музея на берегу озера.
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Grand Duchy of Moscow | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Grand Duchy of Moscow
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Grand Duchy of Moscow, Muscovite Rus' or Grand Principality of Moscow (Russian: Великое Княжество Московское, Velikoye Knyazhestvo Moskovskoye, also known in English simply as Muscovy from the Latin: Moscovia) was a Rus' principality of the Late Middle Ages centered around Moscow, and the predecessor state of the Tsardom of Russia in the early modern period.
The state originated with Daniel I, who inherited Moscow in 1283, eclipsing and eventually absorbing its parent duchy of Vladimir-Suzdal by the 1320s. It later annexed the Novgorod Republic in 1478 and the Grand Duchy of Tver in 1485.After the Mongol invasion of Rus', Muscovy was a tributary vassal to the Mongol-ruled Golden Horde (under the Tatar Yoke) until 1480. Muscovites, Suzdalians and other inhabitans of the Rus' principality were able to maintain their Slavic, Pagan and Orthodox traditions for the most part under the Tatar Yoke. There was also strong contact and cultural exchange with the Byzantine Empire. Ivan III further consolidated the state during his 43-year reign, campaigning against his major remaining rival power, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and by 1503 he had tripled the territory of his realm, adopting the title of tsar and claiming the title of Ruler of all Rus'. By his marriage to the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, he established Muscovy as the successor state of the Roman Empire, the Third Rome. The emigration of the Byzantine people influenced and strengthened Moscow's identity as the heir of the Orthodox traditions. Ivan's successor Vasili III also enjoyed military success, gaining Smolensk from Lithuania in 1512, pushing Muscovy's borders to the Dniepr River. Vasili's son Ivan IV (later known as Ivan the Terrible) was an infant at his father's death in 1533. He was crowned in 1547, assuming the title of tsar together with the proclamation of Tsardom of Russia (Russian: Царство Русcкое, Tsarstvo Russkoye).