Sandomierz, Poland Cemetery
Video and pictures I took of the Sandomierz, Poland cemetery, with narration. I discuss the difference between Polish and American cemeteries. I also talk about a Polish holiday called Święto Zmarłych (Day of the Dead), which is celebrated in honor of the deceased in Poland. It is a national Catholic holiday.
This video contains the following royalty free music:
Name of Track: Come Alive
Artist of Track: Dan-O
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Szarytki obchodzą jubileusz 190-lecia - Sandomierz News 2009.12.20
Sandomierskie wiadomości z 20 grudnia 2009. Siostry ze zgromadzenia św. Wincentego a Paulo zwane Szarytkami świętują jubileusz 190-lecia istnienia zakonu w Sandomierzu. Dawniej przede wszystkim pracowały w szpitalach, dziś pomagają chorym i niepełnosprawnym w domach. Praca w kościele św. Ducha to też jeden z obowiązków sióstr. Zgromadzenie kontynuuje tradycje dobroczynności zapoczątkowane tu w XIII wieku. Zakonnice pomagają też niepełnosprawnym, a najnowszą inicjatywą jest otwarte przez Szarytki okno życia. Przede wszystkim ich praca jest cicha, pokorna, i to co można zauważyć w ich charyzmacie zakonnym, że są najbardziej tam, gdzie powinny być wśród ludzi najbardziej potrzebujących. W sandomierskim klasztorze miaszkają zaledwie trzy siostry szarytki.
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Sandomierz News from December 20, 2009. Sisters from the Company of Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul are also called Szarytki in polish, celebrate the 190th jubilee of their order's presence in Sandomierz. Once they used to work at hospitals, today they help the sick and disabled in their homes. Work in the Holy Ghost Church is one of Daughters' duties. The Daughters continue the traditions of charity started here in 13th century. They also help the disabled and the Daughters' newest initiative is the window of life. First of all their work is quiet and humble, and what one can see in the order's charisma is that they are always among those who need their help the most. The Company in Sandomierz consists of only three Sisters.
Danuta Pietrzak is giving a guided tour in Płock to Will Richardson (2)
Płock a city on the Vistula river in central Poland. Located in the Masovian Voivodeship. According to the City Statute, is Its full name is Stołeczne Książęce Miasto Płock (the Princely or Ducal Capital City of
From 1079 - 1138 Płock was the first historical capital of Poland. Its cathedral contains the sarcophagi of a number of Polish monarchs. It is the cultural, academic, scientific, administrative and transportation center of the west and north Masovian region.
Bolesław III Wrymouth (also known as Boleslaus III the Wry-mouthed, Polish: Bolesław III Krzywousty) (20 August 1086 – 28 October 1138), was a Duke of Lesser Poland, Silesia and Sandomierz between 1102 and 1107 and over the whole Poland between 1107 and 1138. He was the only child of Prince Władysław I Herman and his first wife Judith, daughter of Vratislaus II of Bohemia.
Bolesław began to rule in the last decade of the 11th century, when the central government in Poland was significantly weakened. Władysław I Herman fell under the political dependence of the Count palatine Sieciech, who became the real ruler of the country. Backed by their father, Boleslaw and his half-brother Zbigniew finally expelled Sieciech from the country in 1101, after several years of fighting. After the death of Władysław I Herman in 1102, two independent states were created ruled by Bolesław and Zbigniew.
Bolesław sought to gain Pomerania which caused an armed conflict between the brothers, and forced Zbigniew to flee the country and seek military help from German King Henry V. Bolesław punished Zbigniew by blinding him. This action caused outrage among supporters of Zbigniew, resulting in a political crisis in Poland. Bolesław once again gained the favor of his subjects with public penance, and made a pilgrimage to the monastery of his patron, Saint Giles, in Hungary.
Bolesław, like Bolesław II the Generous, based his foreign policy on maintaining good relations with neighboring Hungary and Kievan Rus, with whom he forged strong links through marriage and military cooperation in order to break the political dependence on Germany and his vassal, the King of Bohemia, who in moments of weakness of Polish policy was forced to pay tribute in Silesia. These alliances have allowed Bolesław to effectively defend the country from invasion in 1109. Several years later, Bolesław skillfully took advantage of the dynastic disputes in Bohemia to ensure peace on the south-west border.
Bolesław devoted the second half of his rule to the conquest of Pomerania. In 1113 he conquered the northern strongholds along Noteć, which strengthened the border with the Pomeranians. In subsequent years, he took steps toward the conquest of Pomerania. The resolution of the conflict with the Holy Roman Empire allowed Bolesław to subordinate Western Pomerania and incorporate Gdańsk Pomerania. The military expeditions, carried out in three stages, ended in the 1120s with military and political successes. Integration of the newly annexed lands enabled Bolesław to build churches and began the process of converting Pomerania. Bishop Otto of Bamberg confirmed the Christianization of Pomerania from 1123 onward.
In the 1130s Bolesław participated in the dynastic dispute in Hungary. After an unexpected defeat, he was forced to make an agreement with Germany. The Congress of Merseburg of 1135 addressed the issues of Pomerania, Silesian (probably also Polish) sovereignty and the supremacy of the Archbishopric of Magdeburg over the Polish Church.
Bolesław was married twice. His first marriage with the Kievan princess Zbyslava gave him an excuse to intervene militarily in the internal affairs of Russia. After her death, Bolesław married to a German noblewoman, Salomea of Berg, which in some way was the cause of changes in Polish foreign policy: in the second half of his rule, the Prince sought to restore diplomatic relations with his western neighbor.[3] His last, and perhaps the most momentous act, was his will and testament known as The Succession Statute in which he divided the country among his sons, leading to almost 200 years of feudal fragmentation of the Polish Kingdom.
Bolesław III Wrymouth has been recognized by historiography as a symbol of Polish political aspirations until well into the 19th century.[4] He also upheld the independence of the Polish archbishopric of Gniezno, despite a temporary failure in the 1130s. Despite undoubted successes, he committed serious political errors, most notably against Zbigniew of Poland, his half-brother. The crime against Zbigniew and his penance for it show Bolesław's great ambition as well as his ability to find political compromise.
2019 07 30 POLAND DAILY DAY 226 TRAVEL S2 E226
Cukierki księdza Wali [eng subtitles]
Rzecz o ks. Infułacie Czesławie Wali
scenariusz i reżyseria
Artur Janicki
History of the Jews in Poland | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of the Jews in Poland
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language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over 1,000 years. For centuries, Poland was home to the largest and most significant Jewish community in the world. Poland was a principal center of Jewish culture, thanks to a long period of statutory religious tolerance and social autonomy. This ended with the Partitions of Poland which began in 1772, in particular, with the discrimination and persecution of Jews in the Russian Empire. During World War II there was a nearly complete genocidal destruction of the Polish Jewish community by Nazi Germany and its collaborators, during the 1939–1945 German occupation of Poland and the ensuing Holocaust. Since the fall of communism in Poland, there has been a Jewish revival, featuring an annual Jewish Culture Festival, new study programs at Polish secondary schools and universities, the work of synagogues such as the Nożyk Synagogue, and Warsaw's Museum of the History of Polish Jews.
From the founding of the Kingdom of Poland in 1025 through to the early years of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth created in 1569, Poland was the most tolerant country in Europe. Known as paradisus iudaeorum (Latin for Paradise of the Jews), it became a shelter for persecuted and expelled European Jewish communities and the home to the world's largest Jewish community of the time. According to some sources, about three-quarters of the world's Jews lived in Poland by the middle of the 16th century. With the weakening of the Commonwealth and growing religious strife (due to the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation), Poland's traditional tolerance began to wane from the 17th century onward. After the Partitions of Poland in 1795 and the destruction of Poland as a sovereign state, Polish Jews were subject to the laws of the partitioning powers, the increasingly antisemitic Russian Empire, as well as Austria-Hungary and Kingdom of Prussia (later a part of the German Empire). Still, as Poland regained independence in the aftermath of World War I, it was the center of the European Jewish world with one of the world's largest Jewish communities of over 3 million. Antisemitism was a growing problem throughout Europe in those years, from both the political establishment and the general population.At the start of World War II, Poland was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (see Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact). One-fifth of the Polish population perished during World War II, half of them were 3,000,000 Polish Jews murdered in The Holocaust, constituting 90% of Polish Jewry. Although the Holocaust occurred largely in German-occupied Poland, there was little collaboration with the Nazis by its citizens. Collaboration by individual Poles has been described as smaller than in other occupied countries. Statistics of the Israeli War Crimes Commission indicate that less than 0.1% of Poles collaborated with the Nazis. Examples of Polish attitudes to German atrocities varied widely, from actively risking death in order to save Jewish lives, and passive refusal to inform on them; to indifference, blackmail, and in extreme cases, participation in pogroms such as the Jedwabne pogrom. Grouped by nationality, Poles represent the largest number of people who rescued Jews during the Holocaust.
In the post-war period, many of the approximately 200,000 Jewish survivors registered at Central Committee of Polish Jews or CKŻP (of whom 136,000 arrived from the Soviet Union) left the People's Republic of Poland for the nascent State of Israel and North or South America. Their departure was hastened by the destruction of Jewish institutions, post-war violence and the hostility of the Communist Party to both religion and private enterprise, but also because in 1946–1947 Poland was the only Eastern Bloc country to allow free Jewish aliyah to Israel, without visas or exit permits. Britain demanded Poland to halt the exodus, but their pressure was largely unsuccessful. Most o ...
Homilia Papieża w Nowym Targu cz.3
John Paul II - First Pilgrimage to the Motherland - Nowy Targ, June 8, 1979
Homily - Part 3
The Creator gave man the Earth to tend to it themselves when exposed to - and on this dominion over the land, man based the basic human right to life. The right to life is combined with man's appointment of family and parenthood: a man leaves his father and mother to be united to his wife so closely that they become one flesh. And as the Creator yields the earth's providential establishment, he likewise yields a union between two people: man and woman, which results in a new human life. The Creator gave this life-giving union in the First Sacrament, and the Redeemer confirmed man's Sacrament of eternal love and life and gave him a new dignity, placing on him the stamp of His Holiness. The right to life is associated with the right of God, and the power of Christ's cross, from the Sacramental and indissoluble marriage.
I wish, then, dear compatriots, that during my visit, that this sacred right has not seized to shape the life of the Polish land: and here in the sub-Tatry region, and the sub-Carpatian region, and everywhere. It is rightly said that family is the basic unit of social life; it is a basic human commonality. Then, people are dependent on family, because humanity is dependant on family. Therefore, I wish that you are all strong thanks to healthy families. Families that are strong through God. And I wish, that man could fully develop in an indissoluble faith in spouses -- parents, family, and atmosphere, which nothing can replace. And I wish, I pray constantly, that the Polish family gives life, that the Polish family be faithful to the Holy Law of life.
If you violate the human right to life, which starts when one is conceived as a human of the mother's womb, you implicitly impact the whole moral order, which secures the inalienable order of human goods. Life is the first among these goods. The Church protects the rights to life not only because of the majesty of the Creator, who is the first giver of this life, but also due to a human's basic goods.
Now, I would like to turn to the youth, who especially loved these regional sites, and who here looks for not only physical refreshment, but also spiritual rest. Relax -- once wrote Norwid -- it means to start anew. Thus, a human's spiritual rest -- as countless young people feel it -- must lead to finding and developing in each other a new creation, as it is discussed by Saint Paul. The road to this leads through the word of God, which is read and celebrated with faith and love and through participation in the Sacraments, and above all, the Eucharist. The road s also leads to this by understanding and realizing unity, communion with people, which is birthed from Communion with Christ, with the Eucharist. The road also leads to this by understanding and implementing the service of the Gospel, or diaconal. May you, my dear friends, not relent in this noble effort which allows you to be witnesses of Christ.
Witness, in biblical language, translates to.... martyr.
I command you to Immaculate Mother of God,... he who gave her the whole world is the blessed Maximilian Kolbe.
I commend all of you today, to the Mother of Christ, who reigns here, hosting and mothering in her Ludźmierz sanctuary, as well as in the depths of the Tatry Mountains on Rusinowa glade....how the admired and loved.... servant of God, Albert, from his hermitage in Kalatówki, admired the depth of the Tatra Mountains!
And I commend you to the Mother of Christ in so many other shrines that are spread in the goothills of the Carpathians, Beskid Mountains, Bieszczady, in the Diocese of Tarnow, in the diocese of Przemysl...to the east and the west, toward the Babia Mountain and Pilsko, Giant Mountains, and beyond. And on the whole Polish soil.
Let us embrace the heritage of Christs's faith, and the moral order of St. Stanislaw -- Episcopal and martyr, patron of the Poles the witness of Christ for so many centuries in our homeland.
Pope John Paul II
Polish wedding day 3
The polka party continues in honor of Heidi and vince Iwinski!
Piękna Polska - Toruń z lotu ptaka
Film został nakręcony we wrześniu 2007 r. z samolotu lecącego nad Toruniem. Jak widać na filmie trochę trzęsło i dlatego obraz nie jest idealny.
Homilia Papieża w Nowym Targu cz.2
John Paul II - First Pilgrimage to the Motherland - Nowy Targ, June 8, 1979
Homily - Part 2
Allow me to retract to my old priesthood, so I could greet you all,...like I used to meet when I was myself the bishop of Krakow,....... after all, that time was not too long ago.
Here, in this town, in Nowy Targ, I am inclined to talk about the land of Poland, which appears especially beautiful and rich here in these beautiful landscapes. A man needs beautiful landscapes, and therefore, it is no wonder that people come here from different parts of Poland, as well as from abroad -- during all of summer and winter, they're looking to relax, they're looking to find themselves in the communion with nature. They are looking to recuperate in the healthy excersize; walking, running, climbing, downhill skiing.
Hey, a tear in the eye turns,... .
This country is also a terrain for pastoral work, because not only the forces of the body invigorate people to come here, but also the forces of the spirit. God bless you, for bringing to our gathering Our Lady of Ludźmierska. God Bless you,... may God especially bless the pastor of Ludźmierz, who doesn't loosely allow this treasure to leave the church.
The Mother of Jesus always looks similar to the people from her own home. Now, when I looked in Mexico's Our Lady of Guadalupe, the Mother of Indians,...the Blessed Virgin of Ludźmierz came to my mind the most,.... because she is a true Tatra Highlander Hostess - Gażdzina Podhalańska.
This beautiful land is as beautiful as it is rough. Rocky. Mountain terrain. Not as fertile as the plains of the Vistula. And so, from that Carpatian, Tatry earth, let me refer to, what has always been close to the Polish heart: love of the land, and cultivating the land. Nobody will deny that this is not only an emotional topic of the geart, but also a great social and economic problem. The locality is particularly aware of this problem, because from here, where there was always the greatest scarcity of fertile land, and great poverty, did people immigrate far beyond Poland and the ocean beyond. There they searched for work and bread -- and found both. Today I wish to them, all over the world -- especially in America, where most of them are -- wherever they are, to say God Bless You. Let them not forget their homeland, family, church, prayers -- everything they took with them from here. For, though they had to emigrate due to a lack of material goods, they brought with them from here great wealth and spiritual heritage. Let them become materially rich, but guarded from becoming spiritually poor. Let them become Americans, but not cease being highlanders. Neither they, nor their children, or their grandchildren... .
That is, my dears, a basic human right: the right to work, and the right to land. Although economic developments lead us in a different direction, although progress is seen in industrialism, although today's generation chooses urban living, leaving behind the fields and cultivation, this right to the land does not stop being the basis for a healthy economy and sociology. I will not elaborate.
During this visit, it is only right that I give you my wishes -- so, I wish you, from all my heart I wish my homeland - that what was the strength of the Poles, even in the most difficult periods of history: an individual tie to the land, one that does not cease despite Industrialization. Let there be pride in cultivation, and pride in dignity. And let there never be a lack of bread or food in Poland.
This wish is combined with the next.... .
EVP Files 23/10/10 Durham Cathedral
In this amazing location i recorded EVPs, the clearest i have ever recorded it seems, perhaps my clairvoyance is getting stronger with the more entities i speak to, EVPs have been amped but earphones are reccomended.....seems some of these entities still have their humour long after their bodies are gone as i was shown while editing these EVPs, of course i was very respectful, some spirits however were not :P
Blood libel | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Blood libel
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Blood libel (also blood accusation) is an antisemitic canard accusing Jews of kidnapping and murdering the children of Christians in order to use their blood as part of religious rituals. Historically, these claims—alongside those of well poisoning and host desecration—have been a major theme of the persecution of Jews in Europe.Blood libels typically say that Jews require human blood for the baking of matzos for Passover, although this element was allegedly absent in the earliest cases which claimed that then-contemporary Jews reenacted the crucifixion. The accusations often assert that the blood of the children of Christians is especially coveted, and, historically, blood libel claims have been made in order to account for the otherwise unexplained deaths of children. In some cases, the alleged victim of human sacrifice has become venerated as a martyr, a holy figure around whom a martyr sect might arise. Three of these – William of Norwich, Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln, and Simon of Trent – became objects of local sects and veneration, and in some cases they were added to the General Roman Calendar. One, Gavriil Belostoksky, was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.
In Jewish lore, blood libels were the impetus for the creation of the Golem of Prague by Rabbi Judah Loew ben Bezalel in the 16th century. According to Walter Laqueur:
Altogether, there have been about 150 recorded cases of blood libel (not to mention thousands of rumors) that resulted in the arrest and killing of Jews throughout history, most of them in the Middle Ages. In almost every case, Jews were murdered, sometimes by a mob, sometimes following torture and a trial.
The term 'blood libel' can also refer to any unpleasant and damaging false accusation, and it has taken on a broader metaphorical meaning. However, this usage remains controversial and it has been protested against by Jewish groups.
Małopolska Droga św. Jakuba Anno Domini 2011
Samotna pielgrzymka Małopolską Drogą św. Jakuba z Sandomierza do Krakowa.
Solidarity (Polish trade union) | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Solidarity (Polish trade union)
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Solidarity (Polish: Solidarność, pronounced [sɔliˈdarnɔɕt͡ɕ] (listen); full name: Independent Self-governing Labour Union Solidarity—Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy Solidarność [ɲezaˈlɛʐnɨ samɔˈʐɔndnɨ ˈzvjɔ̃zɛk zavɔˈdɔvɨ sɔliˈdarnɔɕt͡ɕ]) is a Polish labour union that was founded on 17 September 1980 at the Lenin Shipyard under the leadership of Lech Wałęsa. It was the first trade union in a Warsaw Pact country that was not controlled by a communist party. Its membership peaked at 10 million members at its September 1981 Congress, which constituted one third of the total working-age population of Poland.In the 1980s, Solidarity was a broad anti-bureaucratic social movement, using the methods of civil resistance to advance the causes of workers' rights and social change. The government attempted to destroy the union by imposing martial law in Poland, which lasted from December 1981 to July 1983 and was followed by several years of political repression from 8 October 1982, but in the end it was forced to negotiate with Solidarity. In the union's clandestine years, Pope John Paul II and the United States provided significant financial support, estimated to be as much as 50 million US dollars.The round table talks between the government and the Solidarity-led opposition led to semi-free elections in 1989. By the end of August, a Solidarity-led coalition government was formed. In December 1990, Wałęsa was elected President of Poland. Since then Solidarity has become a more traditional, liberal trade union. Its membership had dropped to 680,000 by 2010 and 400,000 by 2011.
ONZ zamyka Okna Życia - Bractwo Małych Stópek
DOŁĄCZ DO GRONA PRO LIFE ---
Komitet Praw Dziecka ONZ w najnowszym dokumencie (CRC/C/POL/CO/3-4) zawierającym zalecenia dla Polski w związku z wykonywaniem przez nasz kraj Konwencji Praw Dziecka krytycznie odniósł się do „okien życia”. Komentując prawo do tożsamości w punkcie 20 dokumentu Komitet stwierdził, że jest zaniepokojony wzrastającą liczbą „okien życia”, które pozwalają na anonimowe pozostawienie dziecka. W Puncie 21 Komitet wzywa Polskę do likwidacji okien życia sugerując, że alternatywą dla nich może być instytucja anonimowego porodu w szpitalu.
Komitet nie uwzględnia jednak faktu, że choć „okno życia” nie jest rozwiązaniem optymalnym i zawsze wiąże się z cierpieniem, to może być w skrajnej sytuacji jedynym rozwiązaniem, które ratuje życie dziecka i z tego względu istnienie „okien życia” jest nie tylko uzasadnione, ale wręcz wskazane.
Komitet twierdzi, że istnienie w Polsce „okien życia stanowi naruszenie artykułów 6, 9 i 19 Konwencji. Artykuły 9 i 10 Konwencji rzeczywiście dotyczą separacji dzieci od rodziców, lecz artykuł 6, na który powołuje się Komitet stanowi o prawie do życia! (Art.. 6: 1. Państwa-Strony uznają, że każde dziecko ma niezbywalne prawo do życia. 2. Państwa-Strony zapewnią, w możliwie maksymalnym zakresie, warunki życia i rozwoju dziecka.)
Przypomnijmy Komitetowi Praw Dziecka, że prawo do życia ma miejsce priorytetowe wśród praw podstawowych i że wyprzedza również ważne prawo do tożsamości. Zaprośmy znajomych do podpisania petycji!
Jak poinformowała PAP, również Rzecznik Praw Dziecka nie zgadza się ze stanowiskiem Komitetu: Komitet zwraca uwagę na prawo do tożsamości, ale przypominam, że my w tym wypadku mówimy o prymacie prawa do życia - powiedział Marek Michalak. Niejednokrotnie nie zgadzaliśmy się z Rzecznikiem w sprawach związanych z obroną życia i pisaliśmy do niego z prośbą o zmianę jego stanowiska. Cieszy fakt, że tym razem wyraził on rozsądny pogląd w wywiadzie cytowanym przez PAP. Rzecznik przyznał, że pozostawienie dziecka w oknie życia nie jest najlepszym rozwiązaniem i lepiej byłoby pozostawić je w szpitalu albo zgłosić się bezpośrednio do sądu lub ośrodka adopcyjnego. Ale jeśli miałoby zostać porzucone w lesie lub innym miejscu dla niego niebezpiecznym, to oczywiście 'okno życia' jest lepszym wyjściem - argumentował.
Zachęcamy do podpisania petycji, którą przekażemy Komitetowi Praw Dziecka ONZ.
Link do dokumentu ONZ:
W obronie Okien Życia
W związku ze stanowiskiem Komitetu Praw Dziecka ONZ zawierającym najnowsze zalecenia dla Polski dotyczące wykonywania Konwencji Praw Dziecka (dokument o sygnaturze CRC/C/POL/CO/3-4), który to zwracając uwagę na prawo do tożsamości, krytycznie odnosi się do okien życia (p. 20) oraz zaleca Polsce ich likwidację (p. 21), wzywamy Komitet do rewizji swojego stanowiska i podnosimy, że choć Komitet słusznie zwraca uwagę na znaczenie prawa do tożsamości, to prymatem - również według Konwencji - jest prawo do życia.
„Okna życia”, choć stanowią rozwiązanie nieoptymalne, pozwalają na uratowanie życia dzieci w sytuacjach skrajnych i z tego powodu nie powinny być likwidowane.
Realizacja i Montaż: Marcin Laska
Tłumaczenie na j. Angielski: Paulina Gawin
Dołącz do Obrońców Życia!
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John Paul II | Wikipedia audio article
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John Paul II
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SUMMARY
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Pope John Paul II (Latin: Ioannes Paulus II; Italian: Giovanni Paolo II; Polish: Jan Paweł II; born Karol Józef Wojtyła; [ˈkarɔl ˈjuzɛv vɔjˈtɨwa]; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005) served as Pope and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 to 2005.
He was elected by the second Papal conclave of 1978, which was called after Pope John Paul I, who had been elected in August to succeed Pope Paul VI, died after thirty-three days.
Cardinal Wojtyła was elected on the third day of the conclave and adopted his predecessor's name in tribute to him. John Paul II is recognised as helping to end Communist rule in his native Poland and eventually all of Europe. John Paul II significantly improved the Catholic Church's relations with Judaism, Islam, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion. He upheld the Church's teachings on such matters as artificial contraception and the ordination of women, but also supported the Church's Second Vatican Council and its reforms.
He was one of the most travelled world leaders in history, visiting 129 countries during his pontificate. As part of his special emphasis on the universal call to holiness, he beatified 1,340 people and canonised 483 saints, more than the combined tally of his predecessors during the preceding five centuries. By the time of his death, he had named most of the College of Cardinals, consecrated or co-consecrated a large number of the world's bishops, and ordained many priests. A key goal of John Paul's papacy was to transform and reposition the Catholic Church. His wish was to place his Church at the heart of a new religious alliance that would bring together Jews, Muslims and Christians in a great religious armada.John Paul II was the second longest-serving pope in modern history after Pope Pius IX, who served for nearly 32 years from 1846 to 1878. Born in Poland, John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope since the Dutch Pope Adrian VI, who served from 1522 to 1523. John Paul II's cause for canonisation commenced in 2005 one month after his death with the traditional five-year waiting period waived. On 19 December 2009, John Paul II was proclaimed Venerable by his successor Pope Benedict XVI and was beatified on 1 May 2011 (Divine Mercy Sunday) after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints attributed one miracle to his intercession, the healing of a French nun from Parkinson's disease. A second miracle attributed to John Paul II's intercession was approved on 2 July 2013, and confirmed by Pope Francis two days later (two miracles must be attributed to a person's intercession to be declared a saint). John Paul II was canonised on 27 April 2014 (again Divine Mercy Sunday), together with Pope John XXIII. On 11 September 2014, Pope Francis added these two optional memorials to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints, in response to worldwide requests. It is traditional to celebrate saints' feast days on the anniversary of their deaths, but that of John Paul II (22 October) is celebrated on the anniversary of his papal inauguration. Posthumously, he has been referred to by some Catholics as John Paul the Great, although the title has no official recognition.
Pope John Paul II | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Pope John Paul II
00:03:37 1 Early life
00:10:13 2 Presbyterate
00:15:42 3 Episcopate and cardinalate
00:20:14 4 Papacy
00:20:23 4.1 Election
00:24:03 4.2 Pastoral trips
00:29:40 5 Teachings
00:31:55 5.1 Moral stances
00:34:58 5.2 Apartheid in South Africa
00:35:58 5.3 Capital punishment
00:37:28 5.4 European Union
00:40:09 5.5 Evolution
00:41:13 5.6 Iraq War
00:42:11 5.7 Liberation theology
00:43:22 5.8 Organised crime
00:44:10 5.9 Persian Gulf War
00:45:40 5.10 Rwandan genocide
00:46:51 5.11 Views on sexuality
00:47:51 6 Reform of canon law
00:48:59 6.1 1983 Code of Canon Law
00:49:51 6.2 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
00:50:32 6.3 iPastor Bonus/i
00:51:14 7 iCatechism of the Catholic Church/i
00:51:58 8 Role in the collapse of dictatorships
00:53:00 8.1 Chile
00:56:08 8.2 Haiti
00:57:47 8.3 Paraguay
00:59:02 9 Role in the fall of Communism
01:02:14 9.1 Communist attempt to humiliate John Paul II
01:03:27 10 Relations with other denominations and religions
01:03:57 10.1 Anglicanism
01:05:03 10.2 Animism
01:06:59 10.3 Armenian Apostolic Church
01:08:01 10.4 Buddhism
01:09:27 10.5 Eastern Orthodox Church
01:13:02 10.6 Islam
01:14:35 10.7 Jainism
01:15:20 10.8 Judaism
01:20:16 10.9 Lutheranism
01:21:59 11 Assassination attempts and plots
01:27:45 12 Apologies
01:29:25 13 Health
01:30:49 14 Death and funeral
01:30:58 14.1 Final months
01:31:25 14.2 Final illness and death
01:34:02 14.3 Aftermath
01:35:53 15 Posthumous recognition
01:36:03 15.1 Title the Great
01:38:13 15.2 Institutions named after John Paul II
01:38:51 15.3 Beatification
01:45:10 15.4 Canonisation
01:47:16 16 Criticism and controversy
01:47:43 16.1 Child sex abuse scandals
01:51:40 16.2 Opus Dei controversies
01:52:40 16.3 Banco Ambrosiano scandal
01:54:33 16.4 Problems with traditionalists
01:56:25 16.5 Religion and AIDS
01:57:11 16.6 Social programmes
01:57:40 16.7 Ian Paisley
01:58:24 16.8 Međugorje apparitions
01:59:04 16.9 Beatification controversy
01:59:49 17 Stolen relic
02:00:55 18 Personal life
02:03:01 19 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Pope John Paul II (Latin: Ioannes Paulus II; Italian: Giovanni Paolo II; Polish: Jan Paweł II; born Karol Józef Wojtyła; [ˈkarɔl ˈjuzɛv vɔjˈtɨwa]; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005) served as Pope and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 to 2005.
He was elected by the second Papal conclave of 1978, which was called after Pope John Paul I, who had been elected in August to succeed Pope Paul VI, died after 33 days.
Cardinal Wojtyła was elected on the third day of the conclave and adopted his predecessor's name in tribute to him. John Paul II is recognised as helping to end Communist rule in his native Poland and eventually all of Europe. John Paul II significantly improved the Catholic Church's relations with Judaism, Islam, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion. He upheld the Church's teachings on such matters as artificial contraception, the ordination of women, and a celibate clergy, and although he supported the reforms of the Second Vatican Council, he was seen as generally conservative in their interpretation.He was one of the most travelled world leaders in history, visiting 129 countries during his pontificate. As part of his special emphasis on the universal call to holiness, he beatified 1,340 people and canonised 483 saints, more than the combined tally of his predecessors during the preceding five centuries. By the time of his death, he had named most of the College of Cardinals, consecrated or co-consecrated a large number of the world's bishops, and ordained many priests. A key goal of John Paul's papacy was to transform and reposition the Catholic Church. His wish was to place his Church at the heart of a new religious alliance that would bring together Jews, Muslims and Christians in a great religious armada.John Paul II was the second longest-serving pope in modern history after Pope Pius IX, who served for nearly 32 years from ...
Mongol invasion of Europe | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Mongol invasion of Europe
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Mongol invasion of Europe in the 13th century was the conquest of Europe by the Mongol Empire, by way of the destruction of East Slavic principalities, such as Kiev and Vladimir. The Mongol invasions also occurred in Central Europe, which led to warfare among fragmented Poland, such as the Battle of Legnica (9 April 1241) and in the Battle of Mohi (11 April 1241) in the Kingdom of Hungary.The operations were planned by General Subutai (1175–1248) and commanded by Batu Khan (c. 1207–1255) and Kadan (d. c. 1261). Both men were grandsons of Genghis Khan; their conquests integrated much European territory to the empire of the Golden Horde. Warring European princes realized they had to cooperate in the face of a Mongol invasion, so local wars and conflicts were suspended in parts of central Europe, only to be resumed after the Mongols had withdrawn.
Lviv | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:38 1 Names
00:03:20 2 Geography
00:04:38 2.1 Climate
00:05:22 3 History
00:08:16 3.1 Galicia–Volhynia Wars
00:10:40 3.2 Kingdom of Poland
00:15:56 3.3 Habsburg Empire
00:22:09 3.3.1 First World War
00:23:02 3.4 Polish–Ukrainian War
00:26:51 3.5 Interbellum period
00:29:35 3.6 World War II and the Soviet incorporation
00:31:13 3.7 German occupation
00:35:32 3.8 Liberation from Nazis
00:37:37 3.9 Post-war Soviet Union
00:42:14 3.10 Independent Ukraine
00:43:14 4 Administrative division
00:44:17 5 Demographics
00:45:18 5.1 Historical populations
00:49:48 5.2 The ethnic Polish population
00:51:39 5.3 The Jewish population
00:54:42 6 Economy
01:00:12 6.1 Information technology
01:02:53 7 Culture
01:04:19 7.1 Architecture
01:05:51 7.2 Monuments
01:08:19 7.3 Religion
01:08:55 7.3.1 Christianity
01:10:51 7.3.2 Judaism
01:12:25 7.4 Arts
01:15:13 7.5 Theatre and opera
01:16:59 7.6 Museums and art galleries
01:19:01 7.7 Music
01:23:41 7.8 Universities and academia
01:26:35 7.9 Mathematics
01:27:39 7.10 Print and media
01:31:40 7.11 In cinema and literature
01:33:41 7.12 Parks
01:36:54 7.13 Sport
01:41:52 8 Tourism
01:43:42 9 Popular culture
01:45:34 10 Public transportation
01:48:19 10.1 Railways
01:50:55 10.2 Air transport
01:53:46 10.3 Bicycle lanes
01:55:55 11 Education
01:58:00 11.1 Universities
01:59:45 12 Notable people
01:59:54 12.1 Writers and authors
02:01:45 12.2 Musicians and composers
02:03:12 12.3 Philosophers, scholars, and doctors
02:04:57 12.4 Chess and gaming
02:05:43 12.5 Actors, singers, and directors
02:06:47 12.6 Painters
02:07:36 12.7 Military leaders
02:08:08 12.8 Government officials and politicians
02:09:04 12.9 Clergy
02:10:46 12.10 Sports
02:11:33 13 International relations
02:11:43 13.1 Twin towns and sister cities
02:11:54 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Speaking Rate: 0.8838144945354984
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Lviv (Ukrainian: Львів [lʲwiu̯] (listen); Old East Slavic: Львіхород; Polish: Lwów [lvuf] (listen); Russian: Львов, romanized: Lvov [lʲvof]; German: Lemberg; Latin: Leopolis; see also other names) is the largest city in western Ukraine and the seventh-largest city in the country overall, with a population of 724,713 as of January 2019. Lviv is one of the main cultural centres of Ukraine.
Named in honour of Leo, the eldest son of Daniel, King of Ruthenia, it was the capital of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (also called the Kingdom of Ruthenia) from 1272 to 1349, when it was conquered by King Casimir III the Great who then became known as the King of Poland and Ruthenia. From 1434, it was the regional capital of the Ruthenian Voivodeship in the Kingdom of Poland. In 1772, after the First Partition of Poland, the city became the capital of the Habsburg Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. In 1918, for a short time, it was the capital of the West Ukrainian People's Republic. Between the wars, the city was the centre of the Lwów Voivodeship in the Second Polish Republic.
After the German-Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, Lviv became part of the Soviet Union, and in 1944–46 there was a population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine. In 1991, it became part of the independent nation of Ukraine.
Administratively, Lviv serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and has the status of city of oblast significance.
Lviv was the centre of the historical regions of Red Ruthenia and Galicia. The historical heart of the city, with its old buildings and cobblestone streets, survived Soviet and German occupations during World War II largely unscathed. The city has many industries and institutions of higher education such as Lviv University and Lviv Polytechnic. Lviv is also the home of many cultural institutions, including a philharmonic orchestra and the Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet. The histori ...