Abandoned nuclear bunkers from Russia's Soviet past
(13 Apr 2017) LEADIN
An abandoned nuclear shelter in the Russian city of Nizny Novgorod is a haunting reminder of a cold war era in which the shutters between the Soviets and the world outside were firmly closed.
The city, once called Gorky was completely shut off and was reputed to be one of the Soviet's most protected cities, even Russians had to produce special authorisation to visit, work, or live there.
STORYLINE:
This nuclear shelter is a memory from another generation.
It was not long after the Second World War that relations began to sour between the expanded Soviet Union and western nations.
Suspicion and paranoia on both sides of what became known as the iron curtain led to fear and mistrust which escalated with the further development of nuclear bombs.
In Nizhny Novgorod, which during the cold war was known as Gorky, security was extremely tight.
That's because arms factories and large military installations were concentrated in the area.
In 1958, fears the area could becoming infiltrated by western spies prompted the Communist Party, led by Nikita Khrushchev, to declare Gorky closed.
The decree was in force until collapse of the Soviet Union.
Retired serviceman Igor Deryanin explains: In the event of an emergency, and God forbid nuclear attack, the population must be protected and sheltered. For this reason, there are stockpiles of protective equipment that have been kept in working condition and well preserved. Such shelters always existed, but have been paid little attention due to the economic situation.
Gorky was considered a prime target for US nuclear weapons and the building of these shelters proliferated.
The city became full of these underground shelters for local munitions workers hide in and the exact number of how many were built is still unknown.
Deryanin says: Under the settlement, or factory a few metres deep is a concreted room with a ventilation system with closed entrances and multi-level doors that were hermetically sealed. There should be supplies of water, medicines, protective equipment and even food. The amount depended on size of the contingent. Inside this one around fifty, hundred or even one hundred fifty people would be able to find cover.
This once offered local people a place of safety, now it's abandoned strewn with scattered gas masks, phones and medical kits.
Suits to protect people from hazardous chemicals hang on the wall, along with some posters and photographs which aim to be educational.
But even now the sealed doors are a reliable protection against hostile strangers.
The potential for future use of the shelter is dividing opinions in Russia almost sixty years after it was built.
Some argue that funding should be made available to restore and transform the shelter into the museum of Cold War, but owners of the building are not very keen on the project.
The director of the administration for civil defence and emergency situations in Niznhy Novgorod is now Alexander Simakov.
He says: This is a federal property, it does not belong to the city, and therefore the Federal Agency should make decision what happens to it next.
For retired military men like Deryabin it's a loss of history and he argues it is sad to see the deterioration of nuclear shelters which he believes were once symbols of Soviet strength.
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Пенза - Город на Суре | 2014 | Таймлапс 4К
Пенза - крупный промышленный и культурный центр Центральной России. Его история начинается с далекого 1663 года. Поначалу это был деревянный острог с небольшим посадом, который получил свое название по одноименной реке, притоку Суры. Остатки крепостного вала сохранились и по сей день, и являются историческим памятником в центре города. Некогда тихий город, превратился в прекрасный, живописный уголок в самом сердце России, который сохранил свои исторические ценности и приумножил культурные памятники.
Созданный в середине 2013 года и впервые продемонстрированный в январе 2014 года, ролик стал первым о городе Пенза, полностью с снятым в формате сверхвысокой четкости 6K с последующем сжатием до 4K (Ultra HD). Один только процесс съёмок составил более 100 дней, и уже это стало рекордом среди городских видеопроектов. Данный таймлапс стал планкой качества для всех последующих подобных работ в регионе.
В 2015 году ролик представлял пензенские вузы на российско-китайском молодежном форуме «Волга — Янцзы».
Конкурсант международного творческого фестиваля территориального маркетинга и рекламы «Открытая Волга – 2016» (
Победитель в номинации Мультимедиа проект Общероссийского конкурса коротких фильмов «Россия – Родина моя! 2016», организованном «Всероссийским государственным институтом кинематографии имени С.А. Герасимова» (ВГИК)
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#Россия #Пенза #таймлапс #клип #4K
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Лучшие и худшие города России
Мой личный рейтинг российских городов, которые удалось изучить за последние несколько лет.
Рейтинг очень субъективный и составлен на моих внутренних ощущениях. Фактически я задавал себе вопрос: а хотел бы я жить в этом городе? В Севастополе, Пскове, Геленджике или Калининграде хотел бы, а вот в Махачкале или Омске — нет. Я учитывал состояние общественного транспорта, отношение жителей к своему городу, чистоту, архитектуру и многое другое.
Топ-4 города из рейтинга:
Как изменился Екатеринбург к Чемпионату мира
Казань: лучшее благоустройство России
Севастополь: курорт, разрушенный варварами
Воронеж: хотели бы здесь жить?
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Russian Artist Yuri Obukhov
A selection of artworks created by Russian artist Yuri Obukhov.
Yuri Obukhov paintings
Born in 1965 in Perm.
In 1987, he graduated from the Painting Department of the Penza Art College. KA Savitsky.
Works in the genre of landscape painting in oil painting and watercolors, continuing and developing the traditions of Russian realistic school, more precisely, the direction of romantic realism.
Since 1989 - exhibitions in many galleries in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
1992. - An exhibition of watercolors in London.
1993 to 2006. - Participation in exhibitions of Russian artists in Finland, Sweden and the United States.
Since 1998 - the annual exhibition in the Central House of Artists in Moscow.
Городской сад им. М.В. Фрунзе в ночное время / City Garden M.V. Frunze at night
#садфрунзе #достопримечательностиоренбурга #паркиоренбурга
Мемориальный комплекс-музей «Салют, Победа!»
Музей был возведен в запущенном парке им. М.В. Фрунзе. Комплекс был торжественно открыт 6 мая 2005 года, к 60-й годовщине победы СССР над нацистской Германией. Первыми посетителями музея стали ветераны Великой Отечественной войны. Музей является филиалом Оренбургского губернаторского историко-краеведческого музея.
Оренбург, ул. Кирова, д. 1
Memorial complex-museum Salute, Victory!
The museum was erected in a neglected park named after M.V. Frunze. The complex was inaugurated on May 6, 2005, to the 60th anniversary of the victory of the USSR over Nazi Germany. The first visitors to the museum were veterans of the Great Patriotic War. The museum is a branch of the Orenburg Governor's Museum of History and Local Lore.
Orenburg, st. Kirova, 1
Mysteries, military bases & monks: RT goes deeper underground
Many interesting things are hidden under the ground. In Odessa, Ukraine, man-made caves are scattered across the region and are 2,500 km long. These so-called catacombs were home to partisan bases during World War II. In Vladivostok - the main Russian military naval base in the Far East - engineers built a fortress at the beginning of the 20th century. Also, the largest underground Russian church is hidden in Penza. Find more details on RT.
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Jhon Gogaberishvili sculpture movement
The Greek Marble Initiative is more than pleased to accommodate the renowned Georgian sculptor Jhon Gogaberishvili in our premises at Myró Antiques House, Souroti, near the city of Thessaloniki. Jhon Gogaberishvili is an internationally known sculptor who lives in Tbilisi, Georgia. Jhon Gogaberishvili has done his preliminary art studies in Vani, after that he entered Tbilisi State Academy of Fine Arts on the faculty of Sculpture in 1970. He has also done post-graduate studies at Georgian sculptors’ studios from 1980 to 1983. As soon as he graduated from Tbilisi State Academy of Fine Arts he began to participate in international stone sculpture symposiums and taking part in many group or personal exhibitions in Georgia and abroad. During developing his professional career, he has received premiums for his artworks: For the best sculpture of the year in 1986, the premium at gallery “Universe” in Georgia. Also abroad he got the Grand Prize in Uzbegistan at an International stone sculpture symposium, first premium in Tudela de Duero, Spain for the small sculptures, third premium at 6th Hui'an Carving Art festival in China and also third premium at the 3-rd International stone sculpture symposium in Tehran, Iran. He has been participating in many international stone sculpture symposiums in different countries: South Korea (8 times), Australia (3 times), USA (2 times), China (2 times), France (2 times), Spain (6 times), the Canaries (2 times), Germany (3 times), Slovakia (2 times), Armenia (2 times), Iran (2 times), Turkey (9 times), Russia (3 times), Cyprus, Uzbegistan, the United Emirates (2 times), Egypt, Canada (2 times), India (2 times), Ukraine. Gogaberishvili's sculptures are in many private collections throughout the world. As well as at state galleries and museums of Tbilisi, Batumi, Warsaw, Moscow and at a national library in Almazan, Spain. He had a personal invitation in Finland, where he had a personal exhibition. Also Jhon Gogaberishvili has been personally invited several times at Mosan Art Museum in South Korea and his collaboration with the Museum still continues. Jhon Gogaberishvili is a board member of Georgian Artists' Union since 2011 , where he has also been a chair of sculpture section for three years. He was a member of Council of Georgian young sculptors from 1995-2000. Jhon Gogaberishvili was also a member of jury of the Ministry of Culture. For some time he was also a professor at Tbilisi State academy of Fine Arts on a sculpture department. Jhon Gogaberishvili’s biography is also included in the georgian book “Who is Who” of well-known people, published in 2009.
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Producer Stauros Muronidis
Narrator/Host Ifigenia Tsitsa
Lamborghini Aventador Ini Dijual dengan Harga 54 Juta Rupiah
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USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941) | Wikipedia audio article
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USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The USSR anti-religious campaign of 1928–1941 was a new phase of anti-religious persecution in the Soviet Union following the anti-religious campaign of 1921–1928. The campaign began in 1929, with the drafting of new legislation that severely prohibited religious activities and called for a heightened attack on religion in order to further disseminate atheism. This had been preceded in 1928 at the fifteenth party congress, where Joseph Stalin criticized the party for failure to produce more active and persuasive anti-religious propaganda. This new phase coincided with the beginning of the forced mass collectivization of agriculture and the nationalization of the few remaining private enterprises.
Many of those who had been arrested in the 1920s would continue to remain in prison throughout the 1930s and beyond.
The main target of the anti-religious campaign in the 1920s and 1930s was the Russian Orthodox Church, which had the largest number of faithful. Nearly all of its clergy, and many of its believers, were shot or sent to labour camps. Theological schools were closed, and church publications were prohibited. More than 85,000 Orthodox priests were shot in 1937 alone. Only a twelfth of the Russian Orthodox Church's priests were left functioning in their parishes by 1941.In the period between 1927 and 1940, the number of Orthodox Churches in the Russian Republic fell from 29,584 to less than 500.The campaign slowed down in the late 1930s and early 1940s, and came to an abrupt end after the commencement of Operation Barbarossa. The challenge produced by the German invasion would ultimately prevent the public withering away of religion in Soviet society.This campaign, like the campaigns of other periods that formed the basis of the USSR's efforts to eliminate religion and replace it with atheism supported with a materialist world view, was accompanied with official claims that there was no religious persecution in the USSR, and that believers who were being targeted were for other reasons. Believers were in fact being widely targeted and persecuted for their belief or promotion of religion, as part of the state's campaign to disseminate atheism, but officially the state claimed that no such persecution existed and that the people being targeted - when they admitted that people were being targeted - were only being attacked for resistance to the state or breaking the law. This guise served Soviet propaganda abroad, where it tried to promote a better image of itself especially in light of the great criticism against it from foreign religious influences.
Kazan federal university 2018
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VLADIMIR LENIN - WikiVidi Documentary
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by the alias Lenin , was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He served as head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. Under his administration, Russia and then the wider Soviet Union became a one-party communist state governed by the Russian Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, he developed political theories known as Leninism. Born to a wealthy middle-class family in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced revolutionary socialist politics following his brother's 1887 execution. Expelled from Kazan Imperial University for participating in protests against the Russian Empire's Tsarist government, he devoted the following years to a law degree. He moved to Saint Petersburg in 1893 and became a senior Marxist activist. In 1897, he was arrested for sedition and exiled to Shushenskoye for three years, where he married Nadezhda Krupskaya. After his exile, he moved to Western...
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00:04:03 Childhood: 1870–1887
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Vladimir Lenin | Wikipedia audio article
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Vladimir Lenin
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (22 April 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known by the alias Lenin, was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. Under his administration, Russia and then the wider Soviet Union became a one-party communist state governed by the Russian Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, he developed political theories known as Leninism.
Born to a wealthy middle-class family in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced revolutionary socialist politics following his brother's 1887 execution. Expelled from Kazan Imperial University for participating in protests against the Russian Empire's Tsarist government, he devoted the following years to a law degree. He moved to Saint Petersburg in 1893 and became a senior Marxist activist. In 1897, he was arrested for sedition and exiled to Shushenskoye for three years, where he married Nadezhda Krupskaya. After his exile, he moved to Western Europe, where he became a prominent theorist in the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). In 1903, he took a key role in a RSDLP ideological split, leading the Bolshevik faction against Julius Martov's Mensheviks. Encouraging insurrection during Russia's failed Revolution of 1905, he later campaigned for the First World War to be transformed into a Europe-wide proletarian revolution, which as a Marxist he believed would cause the overthrow of capitalism and its replacement with socialism. After the 1917 February Revolution ousted the Tsar and established a Provisional Government, he returned to Russia to play a leading role in the October Revolution, in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the new regime.
Lenin's Bolshevik government initially shared power with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, elected soviets, and a multi-party Constituent Assembly, although by 1918 it had centralised power in the new Communist Party. Lenin's administration redistributed land among the peasantry and nationalised banks and large-scale industry. It withdrew from the First World War by signing a treaty with the Central Powers and promoted world revolution through the Communist International. Opponents were suppressed in the Red Terror, a violent campaign administered by the state security services; tens of thousands were killed or interned in concentration camps. His administration defeated right and left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922 and oversaw the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921. Responding to wartime devastation, famine, and popular uprisings, in 1921 Lenin encouraged economic growth through the market-oriented New Economic Policy. Several non-Russian nations secured independence after 1917, but three re-united with Russia through the formation of the Soviet Union in 1922. In increasingly poor health, Lenin died at his dacha in Gorki, with Joseph Stalin succeeding him as the pre-eminent figure in the Soviet government.
Widely considered one of the most significant and influential figures of the 20th century, Lenin was the posthumous subject of a pervasive personality cult within the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991. He became an ideological figurehead behind Marxism–Leninism and thus a prominent influence over the international communist movement. A controversial and highly divisive individual, Lenin is viewed by supporters as a champion of socialism and the working class, while critics on both the left and right emphasize his role as founder and leader of an authoritarian regime responsible for political repression and mass killings.
Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (Estonian SSR or ESSR; Estonian: Eesti Nõukogude Sotsialistlik Vabariik ENSV; Russian: Эстонская Советская Социалистическая Республика ЭССР, Estonskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika ESSR), also known as Soviet Estonia or Estonia was an unrecognized republic of the Soviet Union, administered by a subordinate of the government of the Soviet Union. The ESSR was initially established on the territory of the Republic of Estonia on July 21, 1940, following the invasion of Soviet troops on June 17, 1940, and the installation of a puppet government backed by the Soviet Union, which declared Estonia a Soviet constituency. The Estonian SSR was subsequently incorporated into the Soviet state on August 9, 1940. The territory was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1944 and administered as a part of Reichskommissariat Ostland.
Most countries did not recognize the incorporation of Estonia de jure and only recognized its Soviet government de facto or not at all. A number of these countries continued to recognize Estonian diplomats and consuls who still functioned in the name of their former government. This policy of non-recognition gave rise to the principle of legal continuity, which held that de jure, Estonia remained an independent state under occupation throughout the period 1940–91.On 16 November 1988, the Estonian SSR became the first republic within the Soviet sphere of influence to declare state sovereignty from Moscow. On 30 March 1990, the Estonian SSR declared that Estonia had been occupied since 1940 and declared a transitional period for the country's full independence. The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic was renamed as the Republic of Estonia on May 8, 1990. The independence of the Republic of Estonia was re-established on August 20 during the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt the following year and the Soviet Union itself recognized the independence of Estonia on September 6, 1991.
Eastern Front of World War I | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:27 1 Geography
00:04:29 2 Propaganda
00:05:32 3 Initial situation in belligerent countries
00:05:43 3.1 Germany
00:06:47 3.2 Romania
00:09:13 3.3 Russia
00:11:21 3.3.1 Russian propaganda
00:12:52 3.4 Austria-Hungary
00:16:42 4 Russia prior to 1914
00:18:47 4.1 First combat (August 1914)
00:20:50 5 1915
00:22:29 5.1 Russo-Turkish offensive, winter 1915–16
00:24:42 6 1916
00:25:21 6.1 Brusilov Offensive
00:27:25 6.2 Romania enters the war
00:32:20 6.3 Aftermath of 1916
00:33:00 7 1917
00:33:10 7.1 Russia – the February Revolution
00:34:58 7.2 Romania – the Summer Campaign and aftermath
00:37:20 7.3 Russia – the October Revolution
00:38:58 8 1918
00:41:16 8.1 Formation of the Red Army
00:42:05 8.2 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)
00:43:49 9 Role of women on the Eastern Front
00:46:03 10 Prisoners of War in Russia
00:48:21 11 Disease on the Eastern Front
00:50:52 12 Casualties
00:52:18 13 Territorial changes
00:52:28 13.1 Austria
00:53:04 13.2 Czechoslovakia
00:54:23 13.3 Hungary
00:54:57 13.4 Italy
00:55:11 13.5 Poland
00:56:10 13.6 Romania
00:56:42 13.7 Yugoslavia
00:57:21 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Speaking Rate: 0.9490578547387148
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Eastern Front or Eastern Theater of World War I (German: Ostfront, Russian: Восточный фронт, Vostochnıy front) was a theater of operations that encompassed at its greatest extent the entire frontier between the Russian Empire and Romania on one side and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and the German Empire on the other. It stretched from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south, involved most of Eastern Europe and stretched deep into Central Europe as well. The term contrasts with Western Front, which was being fought in Belgium and France.
During 1910, Russian General Yuri Danilov developed Plan 19 under which four armies would invade East Prussia. This plan was criticised as Austria-Hungary could be a greater threat than the German Empire. So instead of four armies invading East Prussia, the Russians planned to send two armies to East Prussia, and two armies to defend against Austro-Hungarian forces invading from Galicia. In the opening months of the war, the Imperial Russian Army attempted an invasion of eastern Prussia in the northwestern theater, only to be beaten back by the Germans after some initial success. At the same time, in the south, they successfully invaded Galicia, defeating the Austro-Hungarian forces there. In Russian Poland, the Germans failed to take Warsaw. But by 1915, the German and Austro-Hungarian armies were on the advance, dealing the Russians heavy casualties in Galicia and in Poland, forcing it to retreat. Grand Duke Nicholas was sacked from his position as the commander-in-chief and replaced by the Tsar himself. Several offensives against the Germans in 1916 failed, including Lake Naroch Offensive and the Baranovichi Offensive. However, General Aleksei Brusilov oversaw a highly successful operation against Austria-Hungary that became known as the Brusilov Offensive, which saw the Russian Army make large gains.The Kingdom of Romania entered the war in August 1916. The Entente promised the region of Transylvania (which was part of Austria-Hungary) in return for Romanian support. The Romanian Army invaded Transylvania and had initial successes, but was forced to stop and was pushed back by the Germans and Austro-Hungarians when Bulgaria attacked them in the south. Meanwhile, a revolution occurred in Russia in February 1917 (one of the several causes being the hardships of the war). Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate and a Russian Provisional Government was founded, with Georgy Lvov as its first leader, who was eventually replaced by Alexander Kerensky.
The newly for ...
Tatars | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Tatars
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Tatars (; Tatar: татарлар; Russian: татары) are a Turkic-speaking peoples living mainly in Russia and other Post-Soviet countries. The name Tatar first appears in written form on the Kul Tigin monument as ???????????? (Ta-tar). Historically, the term Tatars was applied to anyone originating from the vast Northern and Central Asian landmass then known as the Tartary, which was dominated by various mostly Turco-Mongol semi-nomadic empires and kingdoms. More recently, however, the term refers more narrowly to people who speak one of the Turkic languages.
The Mongol Empire, established under Genghis Khan in 1206, allied with the Tatars. Under the leadership of Genghis Khan's grandson Batu Khan (c. 1207–1255), the Mongols moved westwards, driving with them many of the Mongol tribes toward the plains of Kievan Rus'. The Tatar clan still exists among the Mongols, Hazaras and Uzbeks.The largest group by far that the Russians have called Tatars are the Volga Tatars, native to the Volga region (Tatarstan and Bashkortostan), who for this reason are often also simply known as Tatars. They compose 53% of population in Tatarstan. Their language is known as the Tatar language. As of 2002 they had an estimated population around 5 million in Russia as a whole. There is a common belief that Russians and Tatars are closely intermingled, illustrated by the famous saying scratch any Russian just a little and you will discover a Tatar underneath and the fact that a number of noble families in Tsardom of Russia and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had Tatar origins; however, genetics show that majority of Russians form a cluster with Northern and Eastern Europeans (especially Belarusians, Ukrainians and Poles), and are relatively far from Tatar peoples. In modern-day Tatarstan, however, Russian-Tatar marriages are very common.Current day Tatars comprise a range of physical appearances, from Mongoloid to Caucasoid.
Russia during World War I | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:59 1 Geography
00:05:07 2 Propaganda
00:06:16 3 Initial situation in belligerent countries
00:06:28 3.1 Germany
00:07:40 3.2 Romania
00:10:27 3.3 Russia
00:12:52 3.3.1 Russian propaganda
00:14:33 3.4 Austria-Hungary
00:18:51 4 Russia prior to 1914
00:21:14 4.1 First combat (August 1914)
00:23:37 5 1915
00:25:28 5.1 Russo-Turkish offensive, winter 1915–16
00:27:58 6 1916
00:28:41 6.1 Brusilov Offensive
00:31:01 6.2 Romania enters the war
00:36:34 6.3 Aftermath of 1916
00:37:17 7 1917
00:37:27 7.1 Russia – the February Revolution
00:39:29 7.2 Romania – the Summer Campaign and aftermath
00:42:10 7.3 Russia – the October Revolution
00:44:01 8 1918
00:46:36 8.1 Formation of the Red Army
00:47:31 8.2 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)
00:49:26 9 Role of women on the Eastern Front
00:51:55 10 Prisoners of War in Russia
00:54:33 11 Disease on the Eastern Front
00:57:22 12 Casualties
00:58:56 13 Territorial changes
00:59:06 13.1 Austria
00:59:46 13.2 Czechoslovakia
01:01:12 13.3 Hungary
01:01:50 13.4 Italy
01:02:04 13.5 Poland
01:03:09 13.6 Romania
01:03:45 13.7 Yugoslavia
01:04:26 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8103130300784104
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Eastern Front or Eastern Theater of World War I (German: Ostfront, Russian: Восточный фронт, Vostochnıy front) was a theater of operations that encompassed at its greatest extent the entire frontier between the Russian Empire and Romania on one side and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and the German Empire on the other. It stretched from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south, involved most of Eastern Europe and stretched deep into Central Europe as well. The term contrasts with Western Front, which was being fought in Belgium and France.
During 1910, Russian General Yuri Danilov developed Plan 19 under which four armies would invade East Prussia. This plan was criticised as Austria-Hungary could be a greater threat than the German Empire. So instead of four armies invading East Prussia, the Russians planned to send two armies to East Prussia, and two armies to defend against Austro-Hungarian forces invading from Galicia. In the opening months of the war, the Imperial Russian Army attempted an invasion of eastern Prussia in the northwestern theater, only to be beaten back by the Germans after some initial success. At the same time, in the south, they successfully invaded Galicia, defeating the Austro-Hungarian forces there. In Russian Poland, the Germans failed to take Warsaw. But by 1915, the German and Austro-Hungarian armies were on the advance, dealing the Russians heavy casualties in Galicia and in Poland, forcing it to retreat. Grand Duke Nicholas was sacked from his position as the commander-in-chief and replaced by the Tsar himself. Several offensives against the Germans in 1916 failed, including Lake Naroch Offensive and the Baranovichi Offensive. However, General Aleksei Brusilov oversaw a highly successful operation against Austria-Hungary that became known as the Brusilov Offensive, which saw the Russian Army make large gains.The Kingdom of Romania entered the war in August 1916. The Entente promised the region of Transylvania (which was part of Austria-Hungary) in return for Romanian support. The Romanian Army invaded Transylvania and had initial successes, but was forced to stop and was pushed back by the Germans and Austro-Hungarians when Bulgaria attacked them in the south. Meanwhile, a revolution occurred in Russia in February 1917 (one of the several causes being the hardships of the war). Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate and a Russian Provisional Government was founded, with Georgy Lvov as its first leader, who was eventually replaced by Alexander Kerensky.
The newly for ...
Josip Broz Tito | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Josip Broz Tito
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Josip Broz (Cyrillic: Јосип Броз, pronounced [jǒsip brôːz]; 7 May 1892 – 4 May 1980), commonly known as Tito (; Cyrillic: Тито, pronounced [tîto]), was a Yugoslav communist revolutionary and political leader, serving in various roles from 1943 until his death in 1980. During World War II, he was the leader of the Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in occupied Europe. While his presidency has been criticized as authoritarian and concerns about the repression of political opponents have been raised, some historians consider him a benevolent dictator. He was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad. Viewed as a unifying symbol, his internal policies maintained the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation. He gained further international attention as the chief leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, alongside Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Sukarno of Indonesia, and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana.Broz was born to a Croat father and Slovene mother in the village of Kumrovec, Austria-Hungary (now in Croatia). Drafted into military service, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest sergeant major in the Austro-Hungarian Army of that time. After being seriously wounded and captured by the Imperial Russians during World War I, he was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains. He participated in some events of the Russian Revolution in 1917 and subsequent Civil War. Upon his return home, Broz found himself in the newly established Kingdom of Yugoslavia, where he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ).
He was General Secretary (later Chairman of the Presidium) of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1939–1980) and went on to lead the World War II Yugoslav guerrilla movement, the Partisans (1941–1945). After the war, he was the Prime Minister (1944–1963), President (later President for Life) (1953–1980) of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). From 1943 to his death in 1980, he held the rank of Marshal of Yugoslavia, serving as the supreme commander of the Yugoslav military, the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA). With a highly favourable reputation abroad in both Cold War blocs, he received some 98 foreign decorations, including the Legion of Honour and the Order of the Bath.
Tito was the chief architect of the second Yugoslavia, a socialist federation that lasted from November 1942 until April 1992. Despite being one of the founders of Cominform, he became the first Cominform member to defy Soviet hegemony in 1948 and the only one in Joseph Stalin's time to manage to leave Cominform and begin with its own socialist program with elements of market socialism. Economists active in the former Yugoslavia, including Czech-born Jaroslav Vanek and Croat-born Branko Horvat, promoted a model of market socialism dubbed the Illyrian model, where firms were socially owned by their employees and structured on workers' self-management and competed with each other in open and free markets.
Eastern Front (World War I) | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:57 1 Geography
00:05:06 2 Propaganda
00:06:16 3 Initial situation in belligerent countries
00:06:28 3.1 Germany
00:07:39 3.2 Romania
00:10:24 3.3 Russia
00:12:48 3.3.1 Russian propaganda
00:14:26 3.4 Austria-Hungary
00:18:49 4 Russia prior to 1914
00:21:09 4.1 First combat (August 1914)
00:23:28 5 1915
00:25:20 5.1 Russo-Turkish offensive, winter 1915–16
00:27:49 6 1916
00:28:31 6.1 Brusilov Offensive
00:30:52 6.2 Romania enters the war
00:36:24 6.3 Aftermath of 1916
00:37:07 7 1917
00:37:17 7.1 Russia – the February Revolution
00:39:19 7.2 Romania – the Summer Campaign and aftermath
00:41:58 7.3 Russia – the October Revolution
00:43:49 8 1918
00:46:25 8.1 Formation of the Red Army
00:47:20 8.2 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)
00:49:15 9 Role of women on the Eastern Front
00:51:46 10 Prisoners of War in Russia
00:54:22 11 Disease on the Eastern Front
00:57:14 12 Casualties
00:58:47 13 Territorial changes
00:58:58 13.1 Austria
00:59:38 13.2 Czechoslovakia
01:01:09 13.3 Hungary
01:01:47 13.4 Italy
01:02:01 13.5 Poland
01:03:07 13.6 Romania
01:03:43 13.7 Yugoslavia
01:04:26 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8276001897399461
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-F
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Eastern Front or Eastern Theater of World War I (German: Ostfront, Russian: Восточный фронт, Vostochnıy front) was a theatre of operations that encompassed at its greatest extent the entire frontier between the Russian Empire and Romania on one side and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and the German Empire on the other. It stretched from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south, involved most of Eastern Europe and stretched deep into Central Europe as well. The term contrasts with Western Front, which was being fought in Belgium and France.
During 1910, Russian General Yuri Danilov developed Plan 19 under which four armies would invade East Prussia. This plan was criticised as Austria-Hungary could be a greater threat than the German Empire. So instead of four armies invading East Prussia, the Russians planned to send two armies to East Prussia, and two armies to defend against Austro-Hungarian forces invading from Galicia. In the opening months of the war, the Imperial Russian Army attempted an invasion of eastern Prussia in the northwestern theater, only to be beaten back by the Germans after some initial success. At the same time, in the south, they successfully invaded Galicia, defeating the Austro-Hungarian forces there. In Russian Poland, the Germans failed to take Warsaw. But by 1915, the German and Austro-Hungarian armies were on the advance, dealing the Russians heavy casualties in Galicia and in Poland, forcing it to retreat. Grand Duke Nicholas was sacked from his position as the commander-in-chief and replaced by the Tsar himself. Several offensives against the Germans in 1916 failed, including Lake Naroch Offensive and the Baranovichi Offensive. However, General Aleksei Brusilov oversaw a highly successful operation against Austria-Hungary that became known as the Brusilov Offensive, which saw the Russian Army make large gains.The Kingdom of Romania entered the war in August 1916. The Entente promised the region of Transylvania (which was part of Austria-Hungary) in return for Romanian support. The Romanian Army invaded Transylvania and had initial successes, but was forced to stop and was pushed back by the Germans and Austro-Hungarians when Bulgaria attacked them in the south. Meanwhile, a revolution occurred in Russia in February 1917 (one of the several causes being the hardships of the war). Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate and a Russian Provisional Government was founded, with Georgy Lvov as its first leader, who was eventually replaced by Alexander Kerensky.
The newly for ...