MORE Things to do in GDANSK, Poland | Including SOPOT seaside resort & walking guide
We are back in GDAŃSK, Poland for MORE Things to do in GDANSK. and a brand new collection including the seaside resort of SOPOT.
On this trip we will show you a brand new walking route around the city, stopping off at the market hall, poland post office monument and learn more about Poland’s struggle during WW2 at the Museum of World War II. We enjoy pierogi and pork knuckle, sauerkraut and vodka, with a great dinner recommendation and on day 2 take a train and day trip to the seaside resort of SOPOT.
As always we provide practical, informative information on the attractions and places we think you will enjoy as much as we did.
Don’t forget to check out our first GDAŃSK travel Guide with plenty of recommendations for the top attractions and things to do in the city.
Here is the link
Feel free to contact us in the comments with feedback or if you need advise on a trip to GDAŃSK.
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Free City of Danzig
The Free City of Danzig (German: Freie Stadt Danzig; Polish: Wolne Miasto Gdańsk) was a semi-autonomous city-state that existed between 1920 and 1939, consisting of the Baltic Sea port of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) and nearly 200 towns in the surrounding areas. It was created on 15 November 1920 in accordance with the terms of Article 100 (Section XI of Part III) of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles after the end of World War I.
The Free City included the city of Danzig and other nearby towns, villages, and settlements that had been primarily inhabited by ethnic Germans. As the Treaty stated, the region was to remain separated from post-World War I Germany (the Weimar Republic) and from the newly independent nation of the Second Polish Republic (interwar Poland), but it was not an independent state. The Free City was under League of Nations protection and put into a binding customs union with Poland.
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Gdansk (Poland) [ENGLISH TXT] history, present, future
See Gdansk before EURO 2012. Convicted to success.
Free City of Danzig | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:20 1 Establishment
00:03:30 1.1 Periods of independence and autonomy
00:10:33 1.2 Territory
00:11:49 1.3 Polish rights declared by Treaty of Versailles
00:12:44 1.4 League of Nations High Commissioners
00:13:23 1.5 State Constabulary
00:15:34 2 Population
00:17:38 2.1 Notable people born in the Free City of Danzig
00:23:13 2.2 Religion
00:24:28 2.2.1 Regional Synodal Federation of the Free City of Danzig
00:27:22 2.2.2 Diocese of Danzig of the Roman Catholic Church
00:29:39 2.2.3 Jewish Danzigers
00:32:06 3 Politics
00:32:15 3.1 Government
00:35:51 3.2 Foreign relations
00:36:35 3.3 German-Polish tensions
00:41:10 3.4 Danzig crisis
00:54:20 4 Second World War and aftermath
00:57:02 5 In fiction
00:57:32 6 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.9711213957838055
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Free City of Danzig (German: Freie Stadt Danzig; Polish: Wolne Miasto Gdańsk) was a semi-autonomous city-state that existed between 1920 and 1939, consisting of the Baltic Sea port of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) and nearly 200 towns and villages in the surrounding areas. It was created on 15 November 1920 in accordance with the terms of Article 100 (Section XI of Part III) of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles after the end of World War I.
The Free City included the city of Danzig and other nearby towns, villages, and settlements that were primarily inhabited by Germans. As the Treaty stated, the region was to remain separated from post-World War I Germany (the Weimar Republic) and from the newly independent nation of the Second Polish Republic (interwar Poland), but it was not an independent state. The Free City was under League of Nations protection and put into a binding customs union with Poland.
Poland was given certain rights pertaining to communication, the railways and port facilities in the city. The Free City was created in order to give Poland access to a well-sized seaport. The Free City's population of 410,000 was 98% German, 1% Polish and 1% other. However, in the 1920 Free City of Danzig Constituent Assembly election, the Polish Party received over 6% of the vote, the percentage of votes later declined to about 3%.
Poland proceeded to build Gdynia in 1921. This completely new port north of Gdansk was established on territory awarded in 1919. By 1933, the commerce passing through Gdynia exceeded that of Danzig. Notwithstanding this, Poland refused to relinquish trading and other rights awarded to her, further alienating the Danzigers.
By 1936, the city's Senate had a majority of local Nazis. Agitation to rejoin Germany was stepped up.
Due to German antisemitism, persecution and oppression, many Jews fled. After the German invasion of Poland in 1939, the Nazis abolished the Free City and incorporated the area into the newly formed Reichsgau of Danzig-West Prussia. The Nazis classified the Poles and Jews living in the city as subhumans, subjecting them to discrimination, forced labor, and extermination. Many were sent to their deaths at Nazi concentration camps, including nearby Stutthof (now Sztutowo, Poland).During the city's conquest by the Soviet Army in the early months of 1945, a substantial number of citizens fled or were killed. In 1945, the city officially became part of Poland in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement. In the period immediately after the war, many surviving Germans were expelled to West or East Germany, while members of the pre-war Polish ethnic minority started returning and as new Polish settlers began to come. Due to these events, Gdańsk suffered severe underpopulation and did not recover until the late 1950s.
Gdańsk | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:15 1 Names
00:04:44 1.1 Ceremonial names
00:05:43 2 History
00:05:52 2.1 Early Poland
00:07:17 2.2 Pomeranian Poland
00:09:57 2.3 Teutonic Knights
00:12:51 2.4 Kingdom of Poland
00:17:41 2.5 Prussia and Germany
00:18:55 2.6 Inter-war years and World War II
00:26:54 2.7 Contemporary times
00:30:11 3 Geography
00:30:20 3.1 Climate
00:32:59 4 Economy
00:33:46 5 Main sights
00:33:56 5.1 Architecture
00:37:27 5.2 Museums
00:39:24 5.3 Entertainment
00:40:00 6 Transport
00:44:11 7 Sports
00:45:20 8 Politics and local government
00:46:05 8.1 Regional centre
00:47:07 8.2 Municipal government
00:48:43 8.3 Districts
00:49:48 9 Education and science
00:51:34 9.1 Scientific and regional organizations
00:52:17 10 International relations
00:52:27 10.1 Twin towns and sister cities
00:52:40 10.2 Partnerships and cooperation
00:52:54 11 Gallery
00:53:03 12 Population
00:53:12 13 Notable people
00:53:21 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8614332807561341
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-E
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Gdańsk (, also US: , Polish: [ɡdaj̃sk] (listen); Kashubian: Gduńsk; German: Danzig [ˈdantsɪç] (listen)) is a city on the Baltic coast of northern Poland. With a population of 466,631, Gdańsk is the capital and largest city of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and one of the most prominent cities within the cultural and geographical region of Kashubia. It is Poland's principal seaport and the centre of the country's fourth-largest metropolitan area.The city is situated on the southern edge of Gdańsk Bay on the Baltic Sea, in a conurbation with the city of Gdynia, spa town of Sopot, and suburban communities; these form a metropolitan area called the Tricity (Trójmiasto), with a population approaching 1.4 million. Gdańsk lies at the mouth of the Motława River, connected to the Leniwka, a branch in the delta of the nearby Vistula River, which drains 60 percent of Poland and connects Gdańsk with the Polish capital, Warsaw. Together with the nearby port of Gdynia, Gdańsk is also a notable industrial center.
The city's history is complex, with periods of Polish, Prussian and German rule, and periods of autonomy or self-rule as a free city state. In the early-modern age Gdańsk was a royal city of Poland. It was considered the wealthiest and the largest city of Poland, prior to the 18th century rapid growth of Warsaw. In the late Middle Ages it was an important seaport and shipbuilding town and, in the 14th and 15th centuries, a member of the Hanseatic League.
In the interwar period, owing to its multi-ethnic make-up and history, Gdańsk lay in a disputed region between Poland and Germany, which became known as the Polish Corridor. The city's ambiguous political status was exploited, furthering tension between the two countries, which would ultimately culminate in the Invasion of Poland and the first clash of the Second World War just outside the city limits, followed by the flight and expulsion of the majority of the previous population in 1945. In the 1980s it would become the birthplace of the Solidarity movement, which played a major role in bringing an end to Communist rule in Poland and helped precipitate the collapse of the Eastern Bloc, the fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Gdańsk is home to the University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk University of Technology, the National Museum, the Gdańsk Shakespeare Theatre, the Museum of the Second World War, Polish Baltic Philharmonic and the European Solidarity Centre. The city also hosts St. Dominic's Fair, which dates back to 1260, and is regarded as one of the biggest trade and cultural events in Europe. Gdańsk has also topped rankings for the quality of life, safety and living standards worldwide.
Malbork Castle Tour in Poland | Visiting the Largest Castle in the World by Land Area
Join us as we visit Malbork Castle touring the inside, exterior and interior of the largest castle in the world by land area as a day trip from Gdansk, Poland. Also known as the Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork (Polish: zamek w Malborku; German: Ordensburg Marienburg) built by the Teutonic Knights (religious order of crusaders) in the 13th century and is a classic example of a Medieval Fortress.
As you can imagine the grounds of the castle are massive and budgeting a full day if you're coming from Gdansk is highly recommended. Aside from visiting the castle we also enjoyed eating traditional Polish food including pierogi, kielbasa and bigos along with Polish beer, ice cream and cake to round out the day. Overall, it was a great day of sightseeing and feasting and visiting Malbork Castle is something we highly recommend.
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Malbork Castle Tour in Poland | Visiting the Largest Castle in the World by Land Area travel video transcript:
Alright guys, so we are back at the train station for another day trip and today we are heading to Malbork (Marienburg) to visit this is the largest castle by land area in Europe. No, in the world. Oh, in the world. Wow. It is the biggest castle in the world. That is nuts. It is going to be impressive and yeah it should be a really fun day trip. We just bought our tickets and now we are waiting for the train to pull into the platform. Let's do this.
Malbork Castle (zamek w Malborku - Ordensburg Marienburg) dates back to the 13th century, and it is a medieval brick castle constructed in the Gothic style. It was originally built by the Teutonic Knights, a German Roman Catholic religious order of crusaders, and expanded a few times as the number of knights grew. The Castle has an area of 143,591 square meters, making it the biggest in the world by land area.
Alright, so we have made it to Malbork (Marienburg) and now we're on our way to the castle. We ended up taking the Inter City train which is a little bit faster. It got us there in 30 minutes. It is a little bit more expensive. We paid 55 złoty per person but that was the next one that was leaving otherwise we would have had to wait for like an hour and a half.
So something to keep in mind but I think we are taking the cheaper train on the way back and that is only 11 złoty. But anyway that is enough information. Now let's make our way over to the castle.
Alright, so we just got our tickets. It was 39.50 zł each and doesn't it already look massive this castle?
Like just walking to the entrance. I think I remember reading online that like to do the audio guide or to properly explore it it can take up to 3 hours. It is massive. Woah! I'm glad we gave ourselves a lot of time because we're not going back until about 4pm so we have like 5 hours. But that also includes lunch.
We randomly walked up to this restaurant because it looked kind of like Medieval.
So we got like these roasted potatoes. We got the traditional sausage Kielbasa, Bigos and Pierogi. which kind of looks like sauerkraut with like bits of meat and some carrot.
While you’re in Malbork Castle (zamek w Malborku - Ordensburg Marienburg), you can visit the Castle Museum, which is home to 40,000 plus artefacts. You can see religious sculptures, old weapons and military equipment, coin collections, amber wares, landscape and portrait paintings, and a whole lot more.
One of our favourite spots in the castle was the Southern Terrace, complete with a rose garden and sun chairs for lounging around.
we're catching the train back to Gdansk. We had a really fun day visiting the castle. It was massive. Like seriously you kind of need a full day there. And the food was great so yeah you can turn it into a full day experience. Highly recommend it.
This is part of our Travel in Poland video series showcasing Polish food, Polish culture and Polish cuisine.
Music by Ehrling:
POLAND - WikiVidi Documentary
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a sovereign country in Central Europe. It is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, covering an area of 312679 km2 with a mostly temperate climate. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the sixth most populous member state of the European Union. Poland's capital and largest city is Warsaw. Other cities include Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin. The establishment of a Polish state can be traced back to 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of a territory roughly coextensive with that of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe with a uniquely liberal political system which declared Europe's fir...
____________________________________
Shortcuts to chapters:
00:03:54: Etymology
00:04:29: Prehistory and protohistory
00:06:03: Piast dynasty
00:10:19: Jagiellon dynasty
00:13:41: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
00:18:20: Partitions
00:21:28: Era of insurrections
00:26:58: Reconstruction
00:30:40: World War II
00:38:45: Post-war communism
00:41:58: Present-day
00:45:42: Geography
00:47:24: Geology
00:50:40: Waters
00:55:58: Land use
00:57:39: Biodiversity
00:59:21: Climate
01:01:04: Politics
01:03:31: Law
01:07:31: Foreign relations
01:10:20: Administrative divisions
01:11:15: Military
01:15:26: Law enforcement and emergency services
01:16:56: Economy
01:21:14: Corporations
01:22:48: Tourism
01:24:55: Energy
01:26:43: Transport
01:30:42: Science and technology
01:32:44: Communications
01:34:24: Demographics
01:38:07: Languages
01:39:57: Religion
01:44:47: Health
01:46:45: Education
01:49:26: Culture
01:50:25: Famous people
01:51:39: Society
01:54:06: Music
01:58:10: Art
02:00:44: Architecture
02:04:53: Literature
02:09:46: Media
02:12:18: Cuisine
02:14:37: Sports
____________________________________
Copyright WikiVidi.
Licensed under Creative Commons.
Wikipedia link:
East Prussia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
East Prussia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
East Prussia (German: Ostpreußen, pronounced [ˈɔstˌpʁɔʏsən] (listen); Polish: Prusy Wschodnie; Lithuanian: Rytų Prūsija; Latin: Borussia orientalis; Russian: Восточная Пруссия) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1773 to 1829 and again from 1878 (with the Kingdom itself being part of the German Empire from 1871); following World War I it formed part of the Weimar Republic's Free State of Prussia, until 1945. Its capital city was Königsberg (present-day Kaliningrad). East Prussia was the main part of the region of Prussia along the southeastern Baltic Coast.East Prussia enclosed the bulk of the ancestral lands of the Baltic Old Prussians. During the 13th century, the native Prussians were conquered by the crusading Teutonic Knights. After the conquest the indigenous Balts were gradually converted to Christianity. Because of Germanization and colonisation over the following centuries, Germans became the dominant ethnic group, while Masurians and Lithuanians formed minorities. From the 13th century, East Prussia was part of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. After the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466 it became a fief of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1525, with the Prussian Homage, the province became the Duchy of Prussia. The Old Prussian language had become extinct by the 17th or early 18th century.Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire, the prince-electors of Brandenburg were able to proclaim themselves King beginning in 1701. After the annexation of most of western Royal Prussia in the First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772, eastern (ducal) Prussia was connected by land with the rest of the Prussian state and was reorganized as a province the following year (1773). Between 1829 and 1878, the Province of East Prussia was joined with West Prussia to form the Province of Prussia.
The Kingdom of Prussia became the leading state of the German Empire after its creation in 1871. However, the Treaty of Versailles following World War I granted West Prussia to Poland and made East Prussia an exclave of Weimar Germany (the new Polish Corridor separating East Prussia from the rest of Germany), while the Memel Territory was detached and was annexed by Lithuania in 1923. Following Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II in 1945, war-torn East Prussia was divided at Joseph Stalin's insistence between the Soviet Union (the Kaliningrad Oblast in the Russian SFSR and the constituent counties of the Klaipėda Region in the Lithuanian SSR) and the People's Republic of Poland (the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship). The capital city Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. The German population of the province was largely evacuated during the war or expelled shortly thereafter in the expulsion of Germans after World War II. An estimated 300,000 (around one fifth of the population) died either in war time bombings raids, in the battles to defend the province or through mistreatment by the Red Army.
Czech Republic, Poland & Hungary Travel Skills
Rick Steves European Travel Talk | In this travel talk, Rick Steves' guidebook co-author Cameron Hewitt takes us on a journey through a trio of Eastern Europe's most accessible and enjoyable countries: the Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary. Along the way, we'll stop off in bohemian Prague, charming Kraków, gorgeous Gdańsk, and bustling Budapest. Download the PDF handout for this class:
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Axis powers of World War II | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:54 1 Origins and creation
00:03:29 1.1 Initial proposals of a German–Italian alliance
00:08:43 1.2 Danube alliance, dispute over Austria
00:15:38 1.3 Development of German–Italian–Japanese alliance
00:18:52 2 Ideology
00:19:24 3 Economic resources
00:21:48 4 Founding members of the Axis
00:21:58 4.1 Germany
00:22:06 4.1.1 War justifications
00:37:12 4.1.2 History
00:42:34 4.1.3 Colonies and dependencies
00:47:52 4.2 Italy
00:48:00 4.2.1 War justifications
00:51:19 4.2.2 History
01:09:43 4.2.3 Colonies and dependencies
01:09:51 4.2.3.1 In Europe
01:13:13 4.2.3.2 In Africa and Asia
01:14:02 4.3 Japan
01:14:10 4.3.1 War justifications
01:16:26 4.3.2 History
01:21:09 4.3.3 Colonies and dependencies
01:22:11 5 Subsequent signatories of the Tripartite Pact
01:22:59 5.1 Bulgaria
01:26:17 5.2 Hungary
01:30:15 5.3 Romania
01:36:28 5.4 Yugoslavia (two day membership)
01:38:00 6 Co-belligerent state combatants
01:38:23 6.1 Finland
01:42:48 6.2 Free City of Danzig
01:43:24 6.3 Iraq
01:45:47 6.4 Thailand
01:49:20 7 Client states
01:49:29 7.1 German
01:50:45 7.1.1 Albania (under German control)
01:52:33 7.1.2 Serbia (Nedic Regime Puppet Government under German control)
01:55:28 7.1.3 Italy (Italian Social Republic)
01:56:20 7.1.4 Slovakia (Tiso regime)
01:58:19 7.2 Italian
01:58:36 7.2.1 Monaco
01:59:30 7.3 Joint German-Italian client states
01:59:40 7.3.1 Croatia (Independent State of Croatia)
02:04:32 7.3.2 Greece (Hellenic State)
02:06:10 7.4 Japanese
02:06:33 7.4.1 Burma (Ba Maw regime)
02:07:06 7.4.2 Cambodia
02:08:40 7.4.3 China (Reorganized National Government of China)
02:11:33 7.4.4 India (Provisional Government of Free India)
02:13:08 7.4.5 Inner Mongolia (Mengjiang)
02:14:52 7.4.6 Laos
02:16:35 7.4.7 Manchuria (Manchukuo)
02:18:14 7.4.8 Philippines (Second Republic)
02:19:12 7.4.9 Vietnam (Empire of Vietnam)
02:19:59 8 Controversial cases
02:20:22 8.1 Denmark
02:22:52 8.2 Soviet Union
02:27:25 8.3 Spain
02:30:51 8.4 Vichy France
02:38:02 9 German, Italian and Japanese World War II cooperation
02:38:14 9.1 German-Japanese Axis-cooperation
02:38:25 9.2 Germany's and Italy's declaration of war against the United States
02:41:28 10 See also
02:42:20 11 Notes
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9743517129971768
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-E
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Axis powers (German: Achsenmächte; Italian: Potenze dell'Asse; Japanese: 枢軸国 Sūjikukoku), also known as Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis (also acronymized as Roberto), were the nations that fought in World War II against the Allies. The Axis powers agreed on their opposition to the Allies, but did not completely coordinate their activity.
The Axis grew out of the diplomatic efforts of Germany, Italy, and Japan to secure their own specific expansionist interests in the mid-1930s. The first step was the treaty signed by Germany and Italy in October 1936. Benito Mussolini declared on 1 November that all other European countries would from then on rotate on the Rome–Berlin axis, thus creating the term Axis. The almost simultaneous second step was the signing in November 1936 of the Anti-Comintern Pact, an anti-communist treaty between Germany and Japan. Italy joined the Pact in 1937. The Rome–Berlin Axis became a military alliance in 1939 under the so-called Pact of Steel, with the Tripartite Pact of 1940 leading to the integration of the military aims of Germany, Italy and Japan.
At its zenith during World War II, the Axis presided over territories that occupied large parts of Europe, North Africa, and East Asia. There were no three-way summit meetings and cooperation and coordination was minimal, with slightly more between Germany and Italy. The war ended in 1945 with the defeat of the Axis powers and the dissolution of their alliance. As in the case of the Allies, membership of the Axis was fluid, ...
Lviv | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:38 1 Names
00:03:20 2 Geography
00:04:38 2.1 Climate
00:05:22 3 History
00:08:16 3.1 Galicia–Volhynia Wars
00:10:40 3.2 Kingdom of Poland
00:15:56 3.3 Habsburg Empire
00:22:09 3.3.1 First World War
00:23:02 3.4 Polish–Ukrainian War
00:26:51 3.5 Interbellum period
00:29:35 3.6 World War II and the Soviet incorporation
00:31:13 3.7 German occupation
00:35:32 3.8 Liberation from Nazis
00:37:37 3.9 Post-war Soviet Union
00:42:14 3.10 Independent Ukraine
00:43:14 4 Administrative division
00:44:17 5 Demographics
00:45:18 5.1 Historical populations
00:49:48 5.2 The ethnic Polish population
00:51:39 5.3 The Jewish population
00:54:42 6 Economy
01:00:12 6.1 Information technology
01:02:53 7 Culture
01:04:19 7.1 Architecture
01:05:51 7.2 Monuments
01:08:19 7.3 Religion
01:08:55 7.3.1 Christianity
01:10:51 7.3.2 Judaism
01:12:25 7.4 Arts
01:15:13 7.5 Theatre and opera
01:16:59 7.6 Museums and art galleries
01:19:01 7.7 Music
01:23:41 7.8 Universities and academia
01:26:35 7.9 Mathematics
01:27:39 7.10 Print and media
01:31:40 7.11 In cinema and literature
01:33:41 7.12 Parks
01:36:54 7.13 Sport
01:41:52 8 Tourism
01:43:42 9 Popular culture
01:45:34 10 Public transportation
01:48:19 10.1 Railways
01:50:55 10.2 Air transport
01:53:46 10.3 Bicycle lanes
01:55:55 11 Education
01:58:00 11.1 Universities
01:59:45 12 Notable people
01:59:54 12.1 Writers and authors
02:01:45 12.2 Musicians and composers
02:03:12 12.3 Philosophers, scholars, and doctors
02:04:57 12.4 Chess and gaming
02:05:43 12.5 Actors, singers, and directors
02:06:47 12.6 Painters
02:07:36 12.7 Military leaders
02:08:08 12.8 Government officials and politicians
02:09:04 12.9 Clergy
02:10:46 12.10 Sports
02:11:33 13 International relations
02:11:43 13.1 Twin towns and sister cities
02:11:54 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Speaking Rate: 0.8838144945354984
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Lviv (Ukrainian: Львів [lʲwiu̯] (listen); Old East Slavic: Львіхород; Polish: Lwów [lvuf] (listen); Russian: Львов, romanized: Lvov [lʲvof]; German: Lemberg; Latin: Leopolis; see also other names) is the largest city in western Ukraine and the seventh-largest city in the country overall, with a population of 724,713 as of January 2019. Lviv is one of the main cultural centres of Ukraine.
Named in honour of Leo, the eldest son of Daniel, King of Ruthenia, it was the capital of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (also called the Kingdom of Ruthenia) from 1272 to 1349, when it was conquered by King Casimir III the Great who then became known as the King of Poland and Ruthenia. From 1434, it was the regional capital of the Ruthenian Voivodeship in the Kingdom of Poland. In 1772, after the First Partition of Poland, the city became the capital of the Habsburg Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. In 1918, for a short time, it was the capital of the West Ukrainian People's Republic. Between the wars, the city was the centre of the Lwów Voivodeship in the Second Polish Republic.
After the German-Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, Lviv became part of the Soviet Union, and in 1944–46 there was a population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine. In 1991, it became part of the independent nation of Ukraine.
Administratively, Lviv serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and has the status of city of oblast significance.
Lviv was the centre of the historical regions of Red Ruthenia and Galicia. The historical heart of the city, with its old buildings and cobblestone streets, survived Soviet and German occupations during World War II largely unscathed. The city has many industries and institutions of higher education such as Lviv University and Lviv Polytechnic. Lviv is also the home of many cultural institutions, including a philharmonic orchestra and the Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet. The histori ...
Angela Merkel | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:01 1 Background and early life
00:09:43 2 Early political career
00:11:59 2.1 Leader of the opposition
00:16:03 2.1.1 2005 national election
00:19:09 3 Chancellor of Germany
00:22:06 3.1 Domestic policy
00:22:16 3.1.1 Immigration
00:23:19 3.1.2 Refugee and migration policy
00:24:13 3.2 Foreign policy
00:26:53 3.3 Eurozone crisis
00:28:06 3.4 Social expenditure
00:30:07 3.5 Cabinets
00:32:30 3.6 Approval ratings
00:35:01 3.7 International status
00:37:06 3.8 Resignation plans
00:37:58 4 Personal life
00:39:35 4.1 Religion
00:40:58 5 Honours and awards
00:41:08 5.1 Honours
00:41:16 5.1.1 National honours
00:41:32 5.1.2 Foreign honours
00:42:39 5.2 Honorary degrees
00:44:26 5.3 Awards
00:47:46 6 Comparisons
00:49:19 7 Controversies
00:54:24 8 In the arts and media
00:55:56 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.8960896114294896
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Angela Dorothea Merkel (, German: [aŋˈɡeːla ˈmɛɐ̯kl̩]; née Kasner; born 17 July 1954) is a German politician serving as Chancellor of Germany since 2005. She served as the leader of the centre-right Christian Democratic Union (CDU) from 2000 to 2018. Merkel has been widely described as the de facto leader of the European Union, the most powerful woman in the world, and by many commentators as the leader of the Free World.Merkel was born in Hamburg in then-West Germany and moved to East Germany as an infant when her father, a Lutheran clergyman, received a pastorate in Perleberg. She obtained a doctorate in quantum chemistry in 1986 and worked as a research scientist until 1989. Merkel entered politics in the wake of the Revolutions of 1989, and briefly served as a deputy spokesperson for the first democratically elected East German Government headed by Lothar de Maizière in 1990. Following German reunification in 1990, Merkel was elected to the Bundestag for the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, and has been reelected ever since. As the protégée of Chancellor Helmut Kohl, Merkel was appointed as the Federal Minister for Women and Youth in Kohl's government in 1991, and became the Federal Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety in 1994. After her party lost the federal election in 1998, Merkel was elected Secretary-General of the CDU before becoming the party's first female leader two years later in the aftermath of a donations scandal that toppled Wolfgang Schäuble.
Following the 2005 federal election, Merkel was appointed Germany's first female chancellor at the head of a grand coalition consisting of the CDU, its Bavarian sister party the Christian Social Union (CSU), and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). In the 2009 federal election the CDU obtained the largest share of the vote, and Merkel was able to form a coalition government with the Free Democratic Party (FDP). At the 2013 federal election, Merkel's CDU won a landslide victory with 41.5% of the vote and formed a second grand coalition with the SPD, after the FDP lost all of its representation in the Bundestag. After the 2017 federal election the CDU was again the largest party, and she was reelected to her fourth term on 14 March 2018.In 2007, Merkel was President of the European Council and played a central role in the negotiation of the Treaty of Lisbon and the Berlin Declaration. One of Merkel's consistent priorities has been to strengthen transatlantic economic relations. Merkel played a crucial role in managing the financial crisis at the European and international level, and she has been referred to as the decider. In domestic policy, health care reform, problems concerning future energy development and more recently her government's approach to the ongoing migrant crisis have been major issues during her Chancellorship. On 26 March 2014, Merkel became the longest-serving ...
Poland | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Poland
00:03:02 1 Etymology
00:03:42 2 History
00:03:51 2.1 Prehistory and protohistory
00:05:43 2.2 Piast dynasty
00:09:26 2.3 Jagiellon dynasty
00:12:27 2.4 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
00:16:27 2.5 Partitions
00:19:09 2.6 Era of insurrections
00:23:38 2.7 Reconstruction
00:26:43 2.8 World War II
00:32:40 2.9 Post-war communism
00:35:24 2.10 1990s to present
00:38:32 3 Geography
00:40:09 3.1 Geology
00:43:46 3.2 Waters
00:48:15 3.3 Land use
00:50:07 3.4 Biodiversity
00:52:05 3.5 Climate
00:54:08 4 Politics
00:56:32 4.1 Law
01:00:23 4.2 Foreign relations
01:02:55 4.3 Administrative divisions
01:04:06 4.4 Military
01:08:03 4.5 Law enforcement and emergency services
01:09:29 5 Economy
01:13:56 5.1 Corporations
01:15:28 5.2 Tourism
01:17:21 5.3 Energy
01:19:18 5.4 Transport
01:23:19 5.5 Science and technology
01:26:00 5.6 Communications
01:27:42 6 Demographics
01:29:17 6.1 Urbanization
01:29:25 6.2 Languages
01:31:58 6.3 Ethnicity
01:35:04 6.4 Religion
01:38:58 6.5 Health
01:40:59 6.6 Education
01:43:51 7 Culture
01:44:50 7.1 Music
01:49:13 7.2 Art
01:51:49 7.3 Architecture
01:55:15 7.4 Literature
01:59:51 7.5 Cinema
02:02:15 7.6 Media
02:04:41 7.7 Cuisine
02:07:29 7.8 Sports
02:10:37 7.9 Fashion and design
02:14:16 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Poland (Polish: Polska [ˈpɔlska] (listen)), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska [ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska] (listen)), is a country located in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres (120,733 sq mi), and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With a population of approximately 38.5 million people, Poland is the sixth most populous member state of the European Union. Poland's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw. Other major cities include Kraków, Łódź, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin.
The establishment of the Polish state can be traced back to A.D. 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest (about 1 million km2) and most populous countries of 16th- and 17th-century Europe, with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe's first written national constitution, the Constitution of 3 May 1791.
More than a century after the Partitions of Poland at the end of the 18th century, Poland regained its independence in 1918 with the Treaty of Versailles. In September 1939, World War II started with the invasion of Poland by Germany, followed by the Soviet Union invading Poland in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. More than six million Polish citizens perished in the war. In 1947, the Polish People's Republic was established as a satellite state under Soviet influence. In the aftermath of the Revolutions of 1989, most notably through the emergence of the Solidarity movement, the sovereign state of Poland reestablished itself as a presidential democratic republic.
Poland is a developed market and regional power. It has the eighth largest and one of the most dynamic economies in the European Union, simultaneously achieving a very high rank on the Human Development Index. Additionally, the Polish Stock Exchange in Warsaw is the largest and most important in Central Europe. Poland is a developed country, which maintains a high-income economy along with very high standards of living, life quality, safety, education and economic freedom. Poland has a developed school educational system. The country provides free university education, state-funded social security and a universal health care system for all citizens. Poland has 15 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 14 of which are cultural. Poland is a m ...
War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:41 1 The invasion of Poland (September 1939)
00:03:12 1.1 Indiscriminate executions by firing squad
00:09:20 1.2 Bombing campaigns
00:11:11 2 German and Soviet occupation (September 1939 – June 1941)
00:12:46 3 Soviet war crimes against Poland
00:14:26 3.1 Katyn massacre of Polish military echelon by the NKVD
00:16:10 3.2 Soviet deportations as a means of ethnic cleansing
00:17:52 3.3 Cultural destruction of Kresy
00:20:00 4 Terror in the German zone of occupation
00:22:25 4.1 German pacifications of Polish settlements
00:25:32 4.2 Extermination of psychiatric patients
00:28:37 4.3 Treatment of Polish Jews prior to the Holocaust
00:31:43 4.4 Cultural genocide
00:34:12 4.5 Forced evictions and roundups of slave labour
00:37:26 4.5.1 Concentration camps
00:39:52 4.5.2 Forced labour camps
00:41:11 5 German–Soviet war of aggression (July 1941 – December 1944)
00:42:09 5.1 Soviet executions of civilian prisoners June–July 1941
00:45:02 6 The Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland
00:45:13 6.1 Chełmno, Bełżec, Sobibor, and Treblinka
00:47:14 6.2 Auschwitz-Birkenau
00:48:50 7 Ukrainian massacres in occupied Poland
00:54:45 8 German massacres during World War II
00:56:15 8.1 Warsaw Uprising massacres
00:59:45 9 The end of German rule and the return of the Soviets (January 1945)
01:01:25 9.1 Internment of Polish nationals
01:02:50 10 Estimated casualties of World War II and its aftermath
01:04:48 11 See also
01:05:43 12 Notes
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9101237143227763
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Over six million Polish citizens, divided almost equally between ethnic Poles and Polish Jews, are estimated to have perished during World War II. Most were civilians killed by the actions of Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and their respective allies. At the International Military Tribunal held in Nuremberg, Germany, in 1945–46, three categories of wartime criminality were juridically established: waging a war of aggression; war crimes; and crimes against humanity. These three crimes in international law were for the first time, from the end of the war, categorised as violations of fundamental human values and norms. These crimes were committed in occupied Poland on a tremendous scale.In 1939 the invading forces comprised 1.5 million Germans and nearly half a million Soviets. Poland's territory was divided between Nazi Germany and the USSR. In the summer and autumn of 1941 the lands annexed in the east by the Soviets, containing large Ukrainian and Belarusian populations, were overrun by Nazi Germany in the initially successful Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union. Wartime German and Soviet actions eclipsed the sovereign Polish state, inflicted massive damage to the country's cultural heritage, and killed millions of Polish citizens. War crimes against Poland included deportations aimed at ethnic cleansing, imposition of forced labor, pacifications, and selective as well as mass murders.
Poland | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Poland
00:03:02 1 Etymology
00:03:42 2 History
00:03:51 2.1 Prehistory and protohistory
00:05:43 2.2 Piast dynasty
00:09:26 2.3 Jagiellon dynasty
00:12:27 2.4 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
00:16:27 2.5 Partitions
00:19:09 2.6 Era of insurrections
00:23:38 2.7 Reconstruction
00:26:43 2.8 World War II
00:32:40 2.9 Post-war communism
00:35:24 2.10 1990s to present
00:38:32 3 Geography
00:40:09 3.1 Geology
00:43:46 3.2 Waters
00:48:15 3.3 Land use
00:50:07 3.4 Biodiversity
00:52:05 3.5 Climate
00:54:08 4 Politics
00:56:32 4.1 Law
01:00:23 4.2 Foreign relations
01:02:55 4.3 Administrative divisions
01:04:06 4.4 Military
01:08:03 4.5 Law enforcement and emergency services
01:09:29 5 Economy
01:13:56 5.1 Corporations
01:15:28 5.2 Tourism
01:17:21 5.3 Energy
01:19:18 5.4 Transport
01:23:19 5.5 Science and technology
01:26:00 5.6 Communications
01:27:42 6 Demographics
01:29:17 6.1 Urbanization
01:29:25 6.2 Languages
01:31:58 6.3 Ethnicity
01:35:04 6.4 Religion
01:38:58 6.5 Health
01:40:59 6.6 Education
01:43:51 7 Culture
01:44:50 7.1 Music
01:49:13 7.2 Art
01:51:49 7.3 Architecture
01:55:15 7.4 Literature
01:59:51 7.5 Cinema
02:02:15 7.6 Media
02:04:41 7.7 Cuisine
02:07:29 7.8 Sports
02:10:37 7.9 Fashion and design
02:14:16 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Poland (Polish: Polska [ˈpɔlska] (listen)), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska [ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska] (listen)), is a country located in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres (120,733 sq mi), and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With a population of approximately 38.5 million people, Poland is the sixth most populous member state of the European Union. Poland's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw. Other major cities include Kraków, Łódź, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin.
The establishment of the Polish state can be traced back to A.D. 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest (about 1 million km2) and most populous countries of 16th- and 17th-century Europe, with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe's first written national constitution, the Constitution of 3 May 1791.
More than a century after the Partitions of Poland at the end of the 18th century, Poland regained its independence in 1918 with the Treaty of Versailles. In September 1939, World War II started with the invasion of Poland by Germany, followed by the Soviet Union invading Poland in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. More than six million Polish citizens perished in the war. In 1947, the Polish People's Republic was established as a satellite state under Soviet influence. In the aftermath of the Revolutions of 1989, most notably through the emergence of the Solidarity movement, the sovereign state of Poland reestablished itself as a presidential democratic republic.
Poland is a developed market and regional power. It has the eighth largest and one of the most dynamic economies in the European Union, simultaneously achieving a very high rank on the Human Development Index. Additionally, the Polish Stock Exchange in Warsaw is the largest and most important in Central Europe. Poland is a developed country, which maintains a high-income economy along with very high standards of living, life quality, safety, education and economic freedom. Poland has a developed school educational system. The country provides free university education, state-funded social security and a universal health care system for all citizens. Poland has 15 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 14 of which are cultural. Poland is a m ...
Гданьск ???????? Что посмотреть. Достопримечательности... ????Алекс Авантюрист
В выпуске: Первое упоминание Гданьска как города относится к 997 году...
????Подпишись - Вокруг Света с Алексом! -
Главные события: Гданьск — один из тех городов, которые отличаются длинной и непростой историей. Первое упоминание Гданьска как города относится к 997 году. С тех пор он успел побывать частью Королевства Польского, территорией Тевтонского ордена, одной из спорных земель во время Тринадцатилетней войны, вернуться в Королевство Польское, войти в состав Речи Посполитой, а потом — Прусского королевства, превратиться в Вольный город Данциг, снова отойти к Пруссии, а затем к Германской империи и ненадолго — к Веймарской республике; почти на 20 лет вернуться в статус вольного города, а потом стать частью нацистской Германии...
Вокруг Света с Алексом! - Серия документальных фильмов о самостоятельных путешествиях по различным странам, городам и континентам.
????Смотреть онлайн бесплатно:
????????Макао
????????Гонконг
????????Белоруссия
????????Финляндия
????????Латвия
????????Эстония
????????Польша
????????Чили
????????Испания
????????Нидерланды
????????Бельгия
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????????Китай
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????????Дания
????????Германия
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Poland | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Poland
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Poland (Polish: Polska [ˈpɔlska] (listen)), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska [ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska] (listen)), is a country located in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres (120,733 sq mi), and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With a population of approximately 38.5 million people, Poland is the sixth most populous member state of the European Union. Poland's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw. Other major cities include Kraków, Łódź, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin.
The establishment of the Polish state can be traced back to A.D. 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest (about 1 million km2) and most populous countries of 16th- and 17th-century Europe, with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe's first written national constitution, the Constitution of 3 May 1791.
More than a century after the Partitions of Poland at the end of the 18th century, Poland regained its independence in 1918 with the Treaty of Versailles. In September 1939, World War II started with the invasion of Poland by Germany, followed by the Soviet Union invading Poland in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. More than six million Polish citizens perished in the war. In 1947, the Polish People's Republic was established as a satellite state under Soviet influence. In the aftermath of the Revolutions of 1989, most notably through the emergence of the Solidarity movement, the sovereign state of Poland reestablished itself as a presidential democratic republic.
Poland is a developed market and regional power. It has the eighth largest and one of the most dynamic economies in the European Union, simultaneously achieving a very high rank on the Human Development Index. Additionally, the Polish Stock Exchange in Warsaw is the largest and most important in Central Europe. Poland is a developed country, which maintains a high-income economy along with very high standards of living, life quality, safety, education and economic freedom. Poland has a developed school educational system. The country provides free university education, state-funded social security and a universal health care system for all citizens. Poland has 15 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 14 of which are cultural. Poland is a member state of the European Union, the Schengen Area, the United Nations, NATO, the OECD, the Three Seas Initiative, and the Visegrád Group.
Poland | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Poland
00:03:02 1 Etymology
00:03:42 2 History
00:03:51 2.1 Prehistory and protohistory
00:05:43 2.2 Piast dynasty
00:09:26 2.3 Jagiellon dynasty
00:12:27 2.4 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
00:16:27 2.5 Partitions
00:19:09 2.6 Era of insurrections
00:23:38 2.7 Reconstruction
00:26:43 2.8 World War II
00:32:40 2.9 Post-war communism
00:35:24 2.10 1990s to present
00:38:32 3 Geography
00:40:09 3.1 Geology
00:43:46 3.2 Waters
00:48:15 3.3 Land use
00:50:07 3.4 Biodiversity
00:52:05 3.5 Climate
00:54:08 4 Politics
00:56:32 4.1 Law
01:00:23 4.2 Foreign relations
01:02:55 4.3 Administrative divisions
01:04:06 4.4 Military
01:08:03 4.5 Law enforcement and emergency services
01:09:29 5 Economy
01:13:56 5.1 Corporations
01:15:28 5.2 Tourism
01:17:21 5.3 Energy
01:19:18 5.4 Transport
01:23:19 5.5 Science and technology
01:26:00 5.6 Communications
01:27:42 6 Demographics
01:29:17 6.1 Urbanization
01:29:25 6.2 Languages
01:31:58 6.3 Ethnicity
01:35:04 6.4 Religion
01:38:58 6.5 Health
01:40:59 6.6 Education
01:43:51 7 Culture
01:44:50 7.1 Music
01:49:13 7.2 Art
01:51:49 7.3 Architecture
01:55:15 7.4 Literature
01:59:51 7.5 Cinema
02:02:15 7.6 Media
02:04:41 7.7 Cuisine
02:07:29 7.8 Sports
02:10:37 7.9 Fashion and design
02:14:16 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Poland (Polish: Polska [ˈpɔlska] (listen)), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska [ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska] (listen)), is a country located in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres (120,733 sq mi), and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With a population of approximately 38.5 million people, Poland is the sixth most populous member state of the European Union. Poland's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw. Other major cities include Kraków, Łódź, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin.
The establishment of the Polish state can be traced back to A.D. 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest (about 1 million km2) and most populous countries of 16th- and 17th-century Europe, with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe's first written national constitution, the Constitution of 3 May 1791.
More than a century after the Partitions of Poland at the end of the 18th century, Poland regained its independence in 1918 with the Treaty of Versailles. In September 1939, World War II started with the invasion of Poland by Germany, followed by the Soviet Union invading Poland in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. More than six million Polish citizens perished in the war. In 1947, the Polish People's Republic was established as a satellite state under Soviet influence. In the aftermath of the Revolutions of 1989, most notably through the emergence of the Solidarity movement, the sovereign state of Poland reestablished itself as a presidential democratic republic.
Poland is a developed market and regional power. It has the eighth largest and one of the most dynamic economies in the European Union, simultaneously achieving a very high rank on the Human Development Index. Additionally, the Polish Stock Exchange in Warsaw is the largest and most important in Central Europe. Poland is a developed country, which maintains a high-income economy along with very high standards of living, life quality, safety, education and economic freedom. Poland has a developed school educational system. The country provides free university education, state-funded social security and a universal health care system for all citizens. Poland has 15 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 14 of which are cultural. Poland is a m ...
Axis Powers | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Axis Powers
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Axis powers (German: Achsenmächte; Italian: Potenze dell'Asse; Japanese: 枢軸国 Sūjikukoku), also known as the Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis, were the nations that fought in World War II against the Allies. The Axis powers agreed on their opposition to the Allies, but did not completely coordinate their activity.
The Axis grew out of the diplomatic efforts of Germany, Italy, and Japan to secure their own specific expansionist interests in the mid-1930s. The first step was the treaty signed by Germany and Italy in October 1936. Benito Mussolini declared on 1 November that all other European countries would from then on rotate on the Rome–Berlin axis, thus creating the term Axis. The almost simultaneous second step was the signing in November 1936 of the Anti-Comintern Pact, an anti-communist treaty between Germany and Japan. Italy joined the Pact in 1937. The Rome–Berlin Axis became a military alliance in 1939 under the so-called Pact of Steel, with the Tripartite Pact of 1940 leading to the integration of the military aims of Germany, Italy and Japan.
At its zenith during World War II, the Axis presided over territories that occupied large parts of Europe, North Africa, and East Asia. There were no three-way summit meetings and cooperation and coordination was minimal, with slightly more between Germany and Italy. The war ended in 1945 with the defeat of the Axis powers and the dissolution of their alliance. As in the case of the Allies, membership of the Axis was fluid, with some nations switching sides or changing their degree of military involvement over the course of the war.
Axis powers | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Axis powers
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Axis powers (German: Achsenmächte; Italian: Potenze dell'Asse; Japanese: 枢軸国 Sūjikukoku), also known as the Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis, were the nations that fought in World War II against the Allies. The Axis powers agreed on their opposition to the Allies, but did not completely coordinate their activity.
The Axis grew out of the diplomatic efforts of Germany, Italy, and Japan to secure their own specific expansionist interests in the mid-1930s. The first step was the treaty signed by Germany and Italy in October 1936. Benito Mussolini declared on 1 November that all other European countries would from then on rotate on the Rome–Berlin axis, thus creating the term Axis. The almost simultaneous second step was the signing in November 1936 of the Anti-Comintern Pact, an anti-communist treaty between Germany and Japan. Italy joined the Pact in 1937. The Rome–Berlin Axis became a military alliance in 1939 under the so-called Pact of Steel, with the Tripartite Pact of 1940 leading to the integration of the military aims of Germany, Italy and Japan.
At its zenith during World War II, the Axis presided over territories that occupied large parts of Europe, North Africa, and East Asia. There were no three-way summit meetings and cooperation and coordination was minimal, with slightly more between Germany and Italy. The war ended in 1945 with the defeat of the Axis powers and the dissolution of their alliance. As in the case of the Allies, membership of the Axis was fluid, with some nations switching sides or changing their degree of military involvement over the course of the war.