Königsberg East Prussia, Exploring Its Gates
Exploring the old Königsberg in the city of Kaliningrad...
Kaliningrad, Russia, the old Konigsberg East Prussia, that if I remember well, had to be taken to prevent this nest of prussian warring snakes from making another war in Europe in the words of Stalin. Two factor of it's almost total destruction, the other being the cowardice of the man in charge, Koch, who refuse to surrender the city, but cowardly sneak out of the city and the advance of the Red Army to a boat that awaited him in the port of Pillau, now Baltisk.
The other excuse Stalin had to keep East Prussia was that the USSR did not have a port for winter.
East Prussia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
East Prussia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
East Prussia (German: Ostpreußen, pronounced [ˈɔstˌpʁɔʏsən] (listen); Polish: Prusy Wschodnie; Lithuanian: Rytų Prūsija; Latin: Borussia orientalis; Russian: Восточная Пруссия) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1773 to 1829 and again from 1878 (with the Kingdom itself being part of the German Empire from 1871); following World War I it formed part of the Weimar Republic's Free State of Prussia, until 1945. Its capital city was Königsberg (present-day Kaliningrad). East Prussia was the main part of the region of Prussia along the southeastern Baltic Coast.East Prussia enclosed the bulk of the ancestral lands of the Baltic Old Prussians. During the 13th century, the native Prussians were conquered by the crusading Teutonic Knights. After the conquest the indigenous Balts were gradually converted to Christianity. Because of Germanization and colonisation over the following centuries, Germans became the dominant ethnic group, while Masurians and Lithuanians formed minorities. From the 13th century, East Prussia was part of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. After the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466 it became a fief of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1525, with the Prussian Homage, the province became the Duchy of Prussia. The Old Prussian language had become extinct by the 17th or early 18th century.Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire, the prince-electors of Brandenburg were able to proclaim themselves King beginning in 1701. After the annexation of most of western Royal Prussia in the First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772, eastern (ducal) Prussia was connected by land with the rest of the Prussian state and was reorganized as a province the following year (1773). Between 1829 and 1878, the Province of East Prussia was joined with West Prussia to form the Province of Prussia.
The Kingdom of Prussia became the leading state of the German Empire after its creation in 1871. However, the Treaty of Versailles following World War I granted West Prussia to Poland and made East Prussia an exclave of Weimar Germany (the new Polish Corridor separating East Prussia from the rest of Germany), while the Memel Territory was detached and was annexed by Lithuania in 1923. Following Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II in 1945, war-torn East Prussia was divided at Joseph Stalin's insistence between the Soviet Union (the Kaliningrad Oblast in the Russian SFSR and the constituent counties of the Klaipėda Region in the Lithuanian SSR) and the People's Republic of Poland (the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship). The capital city Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. The German population of the province was largely evacuated during the war or expelled shortly thereafter in the expulsion of Germans after World War II. An estimated 300,000 (around one fifth of the population) died either in war time bombings raids, in the battles to defend the province or through mistreatment by the Red Army.
Kaliningrad: visa-free border traffic suspended | Made in Germany
It looked like a rapprochement between Russia and the EU. In 2012 a visa-free, “small border traffic” zone opened at the border between Poland and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad. Now the experiment in cross-border cooperation is over. For more go
Faces of GTS in Kaliningrad
The video was put together after a team trip to Kaliningrad, Baltic sea in August 2008.
ГРАНИЦА КАЛИНИНГРАДА. ВОЕННАЯ ТЕХНИКА. СОВЕТСК. ТИЛЬЗИТ
Советск бывший город Тильзит находится на границе Калининграда с Литвой. Советск это город в Калининградской области, который обладает уникальный достопримечательностями. В городе есть целый парк военной техники, множество интересных домов, которые остались от города Тильзит.
#Советск #Тильзит #Калининград
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Адрес для посылок: 236013 Россия, Калининград, ул. Карташева 2а, кв 9. Живичкин Игорь Игоревич
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Roza Shanina
Roza Georgiyevna Shanina was a Soviet sniper during World War II, credited with fifty-nine confirmed kills, including twelve soldiers during the Battle of Vilnius. Shanina volunteered for the military after the death of her brother in 1941 and chose to be a marksman on the front line. Praised for her shooting accuracy, Shanina was capable of precisely hitting moving enemy personnel and making doublets.
Allied newspapers described Shanina as the unseen terror of East Prussia. She became the first Soviet female sniper to be awarded the Order of Glory and was the first servicewoman of the 3rd Belorussian Front to receive it. Shanina was killed in action during the East Prussian Offensive while shielding the severely wounded commander of an artillery unit. Shanina's bravery received praise already during her lifetime, but came at odds with the Soviet policy of sparing snipers from heavy fights. Her combat diary was first published in 1965.
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Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50) | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
During the later stages of World War II and the post-war period, German citizens and people of German ancestry fled or were expelled from various Eastern and Central European countries and sent to the remaining territory of Germany and Austria. After 1950, some emigrated to the United States, Australia, and other countries from there. The areas affected included the former eastern territories of Germany, which were annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union after the war, as well as Germans who were living within the prewar borders of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, and the Baltic States. The Nazis had made plans—only partially completed before the Nazi defeat—to remove many Slavic and Jewish people from Eastern Europe and settle the area with Germans. The post-war expulsion of the Germans formed a major part of the geopolitical and ethnic reconfiguration of Eastern Europe in the aftermath of World War II, that attempted to create ethnically homogeneous nations within redefined borders. Between 1944 and 1948 about 31 million people, including ethnic Germans (Volksdeutsche) as well as German citizens (Reichsdeutsche), were permanently or temporarily moved from Central and Eastern Europe.By 1950, a total of approximately 12 million Germans had fled or been expelled from east-central Europe into Allied-occupied Germany and Austria. The West German government put the total at 14 million, including ethnic German migrants to Germany after 1950 and the children born to expelled parents. The largest numbers came from preexisting German territories ceded to Poland and the Soviet Union (about 7 million), and from Czechoslovakia (about 3 million). During the Cold War, the West German government also counted as expellees 1 million foreign colonists settled in territories conquered by Nazi Germany during World War II.
The death toll attributable to the flight and expulsions is disputed, with estimates ranging from 500,000, up to a West German demographic estimate from the 1950s of over 2 million. More recent estimates by some historians put the total at 500-600,000 attested deaths; they maintain that the West German government figures lack adequate support and that during the Cold War the higher figures were used for political propaganda. The German Historical Museum puts the figure at 600,000, maintaining that the figure of 2 million deaths in the previous government studies cannot be supported. The current official position of the German government is that the death toll resulting from the flight and expulsions ranged from 2 to 2.5 million civilians.
The removals occurred in three overlapping phases, the first of which was the organized evacuation of ethnic Germans by the Nazi government in the face of the advancing Red Army, from mid-1944 to early 1945. The second phase was the disorganised fleeing of ethnic Germans immediately following the Wehrmacht's defeat. The third phase was a more organised expulsion following the Allied leaders' Potsdam Agreement, which redefined the Central European borders and approved expulsions of ethnic Germans from Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. Many German civilians were sent to internment and labour camps where they were used as forced labour as part of German reparations to countries in eastern Europe. The major expulsions were complete in 1950. Estimates for the total number of people of German ancestry still living in Central and Eastern Europe in 1950 range from 700,000 to 2.7 million.
Prussia
Prussia (German: Preußen ) was a German kingdom and historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg, and centered on the region of Prussia. For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, successfully expanding its size by way of an unusually well-organised and effective army. Prussia, with its capital in Berlin after 1451, shaped the history of Germany. In 1871, German states united in creating the German Empire under Prussian leadership. In November 1918, the monarchies were abolished and the nobility lost its political power. Prussia was effectively abolished in 1932, and officially abolished in 1947.
The name Prussia derives from the Old Prussians. In the 13th century, German crusaders, the Teutonic Knights, conquered Old Prussia. In 1308 the Teutonic Knights conquered the formerly Polish region of Pomerelia with Gdańsk (Danzig). Their monastic state was mostly Germanised through immigration from central and western Germany and in the south, it was Polonised by settlers from Masovia. The Second Peace of Thorn (1466) split Prussia into the western Royal Prussia, a province of Poland, and the eastern part, from 1525 called the Duchy of Prussia, a fief of the Crown of Poland up to 1657. The union of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia in 1618 led to the proclamation of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701.
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Sounds of Lithuania | Euromaxx
We take a look at the musical traditions of this Baltic state and meet up with some of the nation's top musicians. Lithuania is in the spotlight this year at a musical event staged by the German Finance Ministry in Berlin.
For more from Euromaxx go to
Expulsion of Germans after World War II | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:35 1 Background
00:11:13 2 Reasons and justifications for the expulsions
00:13:55 2.1 Ethnically homogeneous nation-state
00:15:57 2.2 View of German minorities as potential fifth columns
00:16:09 2.2.1 Distrust and enmity
00:18:03 2.2.2 Preventing ethnic violence
00:19:24 2.3 Punishment for Nazi crimes
00:21:24 2.4 Soviet political considerations
00:22:25 3 Movements in the later stages of the war
00:22:36 3.1 Evacuation and flight to areas within Germany
00:26:23 3.2 Evacuation and flight to Denmark
00:29:13 4 Following Germany's defeat
00:33:41 4.1 Czechoslovakia
00:36:59 4.2 Hungary
00:43:09 4.3 Netherlands
00:44:31 4.4 Poland, including former German territories
00:57:26 4.5 Romania
01:01:20 4.6 Soviet Union and annexed territories
01:10:39 4.7 Yugoslavia
01:18:37 4.8 Kehl, Germany
01:19:13 4.9 Latin America
01:19:57 4.10 Palestine
01:20:54 5 Human losses
01:21:56 5.1 West German government estimates of the death toll
01:26:52 5.2 Discourse
01:27:51 5.2.1 Analysis by Rüdiger Overmans
01:32:08 5.2.2 Analysis by historian Ingo Haar
01:34:18 5.2.3 Studies in Poland
01:35:50 5.2.4 Study by Hans Henning Hahn and Eva Hahn
01:38:31 5.2.5 German and Czech commission of historians
01:39:13 5.2.6 Rebuttal by the German government
01:40:30 5.2.7 Research by Rudolph Rummel
01:41:18 5.2.8 iSchwarzbuch der Vertreibung/i by Heinz Nawratil
01:42:47 6 Condition of the expellees after arriving in post-war Germany
01:52:04 7 War children of German ancestry in Western and Northern Europe
01:53:07 8 Legacy of the expulsions
01:56:33 8.1 Status in international law
02:02:58 8.2 The Berlin Centre
02:04:16 8.3 Historiography
02:06:19 8.4 Political issues
02:07:40 8.5 Misuse of graphical materials
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8052591938853804
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
During the later stages of World War II and the post-war period, German citizens and people of German ancestry fled, many being murdered or dying in the process, or were expelled from various Eastern and Central European countries and traveled to the remaining territory of Germany and Austria. The post-war expulsion of the Germans formed part of Stalin's plan, in concert with other communist puppets, to expel all Germans from their lands east of the Oder and those lands which from May 1945 fell inside the Soviet occupation zones.Between 1944 and 1948 about 31 million people, including ethnic Germans (Volksdeutsche) as well as German citizens (Reichsdeutsche), were permanently or temporarily moved from Central and Eastern Europe. By 1950, a total of approximately 12 million Germans had fled or were expelled from east-central Europe into Allied-occupied Germany and Austria. The West German government put the total at 14.6 million, including 1 million ethnic Germans settled in territories conquered by Nazi Germany during World War II, ethnic German migrants to Germany after 1950 and the children born to expelled parents. The largest numbers came from preexisting German territories ceded to Poland, the Soviet Union (about 7 million) and from Czechoslovakia (about 3 million).
The areas affected included the former eastern territories of Germany, which were annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union after the war, as well as Germans who were living within the prewar borders of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, and the Baltic States. The Nazis had made plans—only partially completed before the Nazi defeat—to remove many Slavic and Jewish people from Eastern Europe and settle the area with Germans.The death toll attributable to the flight and expulsions is disputed, with estimates ranging from 500,000-600,000 and up to 2 to 2.5 million.The removals occurred in three overlapping phases, the first of which was the organized evacuation of eth ...
Prussia
Prussia ) was a German kingdom and historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg and centered on the region of Prussia. For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, successfully expanding its size by way of an unusually well-organised and effective army. Prussia shaped the history of Germany, with its capital in Berlin after 1451. In 1871, German states united in creating the German Empire under Prussian leadership. In November 1918, the monarchies were abolished and the nobility lost its political power. Prussia was effectively abolished in 1932, and officially abolished in 1947.
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NATO flexes military muscle
NATO is gearing up for its biggest military build-up since the Cold War. Members have agreed to send a record number of troops into eastern Europe, and the military alliance has also announced plans to strengthen its presence in the Black Sea. Earlier this week, Russia and the six other members of the Commonwealth of Independent States held a joint air defense drill to test the readiness of their combat forces. This comes amid fears of Russian aggression along the NATO-Russia border. What does this deployment mean for all involved? Joining the discussion are Ian Lesser from the German Marshall Fund, former US Ambassador to NATO Kurt Volker, and Alexander Lukin from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations.
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Russian Road Trip: Cheese, Steel and Brutal Techno | Alfa Future People
In our first official road trip for Russia Beyond Tim Kirby drives a big GAZelle NEXT van from the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow all the way to the Alfa Future People electronic music festival just outside of Nizhny Novgorod. First Tim goes through the tiny town of Petushki to visit the Bogdarnya farm where English immigrant cheesemaker John Kopiski makes fromage wonders. Next they stop of at the most a-typical small Russian town there is Sudogda to get a feel for life outside of Russia’s big cities. Next Tim drives to Murom, which many could consider to be Russia’s Smallville. After chomping down on a local kalach, Tim drives over to Vyksa where they make train wheels and massive steel pipes at the Vyksa Metal Works. After a brief snooze at the Delovoi Klub hotel Tim is treated by Vyksa locals to their regional cake which is made at the Nyeobychainoye Cafe in downtown Vyksa. Next Tim drives all the way to Nizhny Novgorod and takes a break to enjoy the view from the hills where the Azimut Hotel is located. After safely parking is 3.5 liter diesel beast, he rides in style to the up-scale Novo Restaurant using a Delimobil which is one of Russia’s most popular car sharing services. After dinner Tim takes to the landlocked “seas” on a yacht at the White River Yacht Club, then finally makes it to the beginning of the Alfa Future People electronic music festival in Bolshoye Kozino in the Nizhegorodskaya Region of Russia.
ℹ️
____________________________________
Special Thanks to:
ℹ️ Department of tourism and folk handicrafts development of Nizhny Novgorod region -
ℹ️ GAZ -
ℹ️ Bogdarnya -
ℹ️ Administration of Vyksa -
ℹ️ Hotel Delovoy Club -
ℹ️ Vyksa Steel Works -
ℹ️ Сafe chain Easy and Tasty -
ℹ️ AZIMUT HOTELl Nizhniy Novgorod -
ℹ️ Delimobil -
ℹ️ Novo Restaurant -
ℹ️ Yacht-club “Belaya rechka” -
ℹ️ Alfa Future People -
Why Does Austria Have a Navy? (Answering Google Autocomplete - Europe Edition)
Ever wondered why Andorra exists, why Germany has so many names, and why Estonia wants to be Nordic? Here's a video answering Google Autocomplete's results for Why does [country in Europe]
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Ode to Joy -- Anthem of the European Union
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Top 15 Real Hidden Treasures Still NOT Found
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In this top 15 list, we look at cases of real hidden treasure that have still not been found. Strange events led to these happenings in the first place and now treasure hunters won't stop until they find them. Enjoy our analysis of these entries.
Written by: jessicaholom
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Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
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Fair to Cloudy - election campaign on the Baltic Sea coast | People & Politics
It's not so long ago that the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern was seen as the poorhouse of Germany. But the northeastern state has transformed itself: its financial consolidation is exemplary, people have stopped moving away, and tourism is flourishing with the state's combination of old Hanseatic cityscapes and pristine lakes. A report on a summer election campaign by Margret Steffen
Que peut nous apprendre la Pologne en Géopolitique ?
Une production ESCE - groupe INSEEC
Une émission présentée par Antoine Fortune et Fabrice Ravel
Responsable éditorial : Christophe Boisseau
Chef de projet pédagogie Julie Richert
Technique, conception et réalisation Jean-Baptiste Dureau et Sébastien Lopez-Stagh
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La Seconde Guerre Mondiale résumée en quelques minutes (ancienne version)
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La Seconde Guerre Mondiale en quelques minutes.
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Russia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:06:32 1 Etymology
00:08:41 2 History
00:08:51 2.1 Early history
00:10:56 2.2 Kievan Rus'
00:14:52 2.3 Grand Duchy of Moscow
00:17:32 2.4 Tsardom of Russia
00:22:40 2.5 Imperial Russia
00:29:11 2.6 February Revolution and Russian Republic
00:31:01 2.7 Soviet Russia and civil war
00:32:50 2.8 Soviet Union
00:37:29 2.8.1 World War II
00:41:28 2.8.2 Cold War
00:46:28 2.9 Russian Federation
00:52:03 3 Politics
00:52:13 3.1 Governance
00:54:43 3.2 Foreign relations
01:00:35 3.3 Military
01:04:04 3.4 Political divisions
01:07:27 4 Geography
01:08:51 4.1 Topography
01:13:30 4.2 Climate
01:16:04 4.3 Biodiversity
01:17:30 5 Economy
01:26:22 5.1 Corruption
01:29:29 5.2 Agriculture
01:32:05 5.3 Energy
01:35:09 5.4 Transport
01:40:52 5.5 Science and technology
01:48:14 5.6 Space exploration
01:50:29 5.7 Water supply and sanitation
01:51:21 6 Demographics
01:57:01 6.1 Largest cities
01:57:11 6.2 Ethnic groups
01:57:41 6.3 Language
01:59:20 6.4 Religion
02:11:26 6.5 Health
02:13:42 6.6 Education
02:15:56 7 Culture
02:16:06 7.1 Folk culture and cuisine
02:20:06 7.2 Architecture
02:24:14 7.3 Visual arts
02:27:49 7.4 Music and dance
02:31:04 7.5 Literature and philosophy
02:35:14 7.6 Cinema, animation and media
02:39:41 7.7 Sports
02:47:57 7.8 National holidays and symbols
02:52:37 7.9 Tourism
02:56:04 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.7925987386990176
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Russia (Russian: Росси́я, tr. Rossiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə]), officially the Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə]), is a country in Eurasia. At 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with about 144.5 million people as of 2018, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital, Moscow, is the largest metropolitan area in Europe proper and one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. However, Russia recognises two more countries that border it, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, both of which are internationally recognized as parts of Georgia.
The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on th ...
From the Bordertown Out into the World: Jews in Memel
June 26, 2013
Lecture by by Dr. Ruth Leiserowitz
In the most northerly Prussian port town a highly varied Jewish life developed in the middle of the 19th century, inspired by immigrants from the East and the West. The changing political allegiances of the town and region after 1919 made it easy for the township to blossom rapidly, growing from approx. 2000 inhabitants to almost 7000 inhabitants in the interwar period. Moreover, in the 30s Klaipeda became an important center of Zionist emigration. The anti-Semitic politics in Germany which began after 1933 had rapid effects on the situation in the Memel territory. When Hitler occupied the region in March 1939 by issuing an ultimatum, the Jewish community was suddenly exterminated. The Jews of the region, who primarily fled to Lithuania, fell foul of the fiendish interplay of the National Socialist and the Stalinist dictatorship, which only a few of them survived.