The Gambia Juffure North Bank Medium
The Gambia the Smiling Coast.
Juffure Roots of Kunta Kinte
Created by Desmond Bailey Artist.
Pictures of Gambia 2013 039
Alternative ferries at Barra, on northern bank of River Gambia estuary. On the trip coming back we saw one of these local ferries loaded to beyond what we'd accept as a seaworthy load. Still, we didn't hear of any disasters...
JHF Lecture 2 Vincent Brown Tacky's Revolt
John Hope Franklin Lecture Series
Sponsored by the Department of History, The Center for the Study of Race, Politics and Culture, the Social Sciences Division and the Neubauer Family Assistant Professors Program
Tacky Revolt: The Story of an Atlantic Slave War
Vincent Brown, Harvard University
October 3, 2019
Afrobeats is the Nigerian sound taking over pop music
There is a sound in pop music you've been hearing a lot lately—it's called Afrobeats. And behind that sound is a story of how one African country's music went global.
Over the past decade, a new generation of Nigerian pop stars, like Davido, Wizkid, Niniola, and Tiwa Savage have seen the sounds of their Afrobeats music—not to be confused with the politically charged, big-band Afrobeat style of the legendary Fela Kuti—win fans far beyond Nigeria’s shores. The country’s music stars are selling out concert venues in New York, Paris and London, and performing at major music festivals.
Some of Afrobeats’ popularity is due to Nigeria’s vast—and affluent—diaspora around the globe. But crucially, social media, YouTube and access to global streaming sites like Spotify have also contributed to its spread.
Check out the Quartz Afrobeats Playlist here:
--
Quartz is a digital news outlet dedicated to telling stories at the intersection of the important and the interesting. Visit us at to read more.
Become a member of Quartz, your exclusive guide to the global economy:
The Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe (Robinson Crusoe #1)
Shipwrecked and castaway, Daniel DeFoe’s hard-luck character is still the standard for “growing where you’re planted.” Captured by pirates, he makes his break in a small boat and undergoes desperate adventures before winning his way back to civilization. But Crusoe proves willing to chance his luck a second time when, after sweating his way to prosperity as a planter in Brazil, he undertakes a voyage that isn’t needful… and is marooned on a small island off South America.
Crusoe shows the value of single-minded labor as he pursues ways to feed, shelter, and clothe himself. His ardent wish is to escape his island – why is it that the only people who come there are cannibals? But he spends more than two decades in isolation before acquiring a sidekick – the man Friday you’ve probably heard of. And who would guess his way to salvation would depend on leading a last-ditch fight against a shipful of mutineers?
Chapter 01. Start in Life - 00:00
Chapter 02. Slavery & Escape - 30:42
Chapter 03. Wrecked On a Desert Island - 58:58
Chapter 04. First Weeks On the Island - 1:41:10
Chapter 05. Builds a House - The Journal - 2:30:34
Chapter 06. Ill and Conscience-Stricken - 3:01:18
Chapter 07. Agricultural Experience - 3:33:47
Chapter 08. Surveys His Position - 3:54:53
Chapter 09. A Boat - 4:19:00
Chapter 10. Tames Goats - 4:57:18
Chapter 11. Finds Print of Man's Foot on the Sand - 5:24:10
Chapter 12. A Cave Retreat - 5:55:31
Chapter 13. Wreck of a Spanish Ship - 6:35:57
Chapter 14. A Dream Realized - 7:06:53
Chapter 15. Friday's Education - 7:44:45
Chapter 16. Rescue of Prisoners From Cannibals - 8:20:30
Chapter 17. Visit of Mutineers - 8:58:52
Chapter 18. The Ship Recovered - 9:34:33
Chapter 19. Return to England - 10:12:10
Chapter 20. Fight Between Friday and a Bear - 10:46:17
Read by Mark F. Smith (
Timeline of British diplomatic history | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Timeline of British diplomatic history
00:00:09 1 16th century
00:04:37 2 17th century
00:11:36 3 1700–1789
00:21:48 4 1789–1815
00:26:35 5 1815–1860
00:32:16 6 1860–1896
00:42:46 7 1897–1919
00:54:40 8 1920–1934
00:56:08 9 1935-1945
00:56:18 10 1945–1989
01:02:32 11 Since 1990
01:12:06 12 Prominent diplomats
01:20:16 13 See also
01:21:58 14 Notes
01:23:21 15 References
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
This timeline covers the main points of British (and English) foreign policy from 1485 to the early 21st century.
From College Hill to Foggy Bottom: Reflections and Advice from Alumni in Foreign Service
“Every interaction is an opportunity for diplomacy.” This was just one bit of advice offered during a recent half-day gathering, “From College Hill to Foggy Bottom: Reflections and Advice from Alumni in Foreign Service.”
Returning to campus for the session, which included a panel discussion and a series of smaller workshops, were: Dr. David Gehrenbeck ’00, Ambassador Rodney Moore ’86, Ambassador Stephanie Sanders Sullivan ’80, and Ambassador Stuart Symington ’74. Students interested in learning more about careers in US foreign policy and diplomacy listened intently as the panelists reflected on their lives at and after Brown.
Ambassador Symington, currently the US Special Representative to the Central African Republic, recalled being told by a French professor that he didn’t have the necessary skills to master foreign languages. It’s a good thing he didn’t listen: since then, he has served high profile diplomatic positions in Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East, all of which have required advanced language skills. That being said, he cautioned students, to be realistic. “If you’ve been studying Russian an entire semester and still don’t know the Cyrillic Alphabet,” he joked, “drop it.” He characterized diplomacy as “turning the world into your mentor, student and classmate one interaction at a time,” and urged students to ask and listen.
During post-panel topical sessions with students, Ambassador Moore noted that the only supervisory position he had held prior to becoming a Foreign Service Officer was as a dining services worker at the Ratty, where he was in charge of three other students. Almost a decade younger than most of his State Department peers, he learned quickly how to lead others. He credited opportunities provided by Brown as being instrumental in preparing and guiding him toward a career in the State Department, helping gain admittance to the Foreign Service, and ultimately determining his assignments, which allowed him to rise to senior positions in the Balkans.
When asked about her experience as a female diplomat, Ambassador Sullivan, drew from her experience as Ambassador to the Republic of Congo. She said that while there are unique challenges related to balancing one’s career with family life, women who are truly passionate about careers in diplomacy find ways to overcome them. She added that being a female has its advantages, and added that, in the field generally, “Humor goes a long way.”
Dr. David Gehrenbeck, former research assistant at the Watson Institute while obtaining his PhD in Russian Literature, recalled advice from former director Mark Garrison and other professors who helped lead him to an internship in the Moscow embassy, and ultimately to the Foreign Service. A broad liberal arts education with strong communications and cross-cultural skills is good preparation for diplomacy but not sufficient; experience is important and internships are also useful.
Upperclassmen and underclassmen alike appreciated the advice and perspectives offered by the panelists. For Liu Yi ’15, who is considering a career in foreign policy, “interacting with these senior diplomats offered insights into the challenges and rewards of a career in the Foreign Service.” Freshman Abby Borges, who is already considering a career in the State Department, said, “the speakers’ stories and advice allowed me to affirm my aspirations,” adding that, “events like this help Brown undergraduates like me explore their future prospects.”
The day of panel session and workshops concluded with a campus-wide screening of the HBO documentary film, “The Diplomat,” chronicling the life and legacy of the late Ambassador Richard Holbrooke, a 1962 graduate of Brown, and directed by his son, David Holbrooke. Underscoring what had become evident throughout the day, in her introduction, Brown University President Christina Paxson noted Brown’s long tradition of educating leaders who pursue the field of diplomacy. “At present, there are two Brown alumna serving as Assistant Secretary; Roberta Jacobson, Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs; and Victoria Nuland, Assistant Secretary for European and Eurasian Affairs. And no fewer than four Brown alumni served as Secretary of State: William L. Marcy, Richard Olney, John Hay, and Charles Evans Hughes.” She went on to note that had his life not been cut short, Holbrooke may very well have been the fifth.
Given the interest among current students at Brown, it appears this tradition will likely continue.
The Gambia | Wikipedia audio article
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The Gambia
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SUMMARY
=======
The Gambia ( ( listen)), officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa that is almost entirely surrounded by Senegal with the exception of its western coastline along the Atlantic Ocean. It is the smallest country within mainland Africa.The Gambia is situated on either side of the Gambia River, the nation's namesake, which flows through the centre of The Gambia and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Its area is 10,689 square kilometres (4,127 sq mi) with a population of 1,857,181 as of the April 2013 census. Banjul is the Gambian capital and the largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama.
The Gambia shares historical roots with many other West African nations in the slave trade, which was the key factor in the placing and keeping of a colony on the Gambia River, first by the Portuguese, during which era it was known as A Gâmbia. Later, on 25 May 1765, The Gambia was made a part of the British Empire when the government formally assumed control, establishing the Province of Senegambia. In 1965, The Gambia gained independence under the leadership of Dawda Jawara, who ruled until Yahya Jammeh seized power in a bloodless 1994 coup. Adama Barrow became The Gambia's third president in January 2017, after defeating Jammeh in December 2016 elections. Jammeh initially accepted the results, then refused to accept them, which triggered a constitutional crisis and military intervention by the Economic Community of West African States, resulting in his exile.The Gambia's economy is dominated by farming, fishing and, especially, tourism. In 2015, 48.6% of the population lived in poverty. In rural areas poverty is even more widespread with a higher proportion of the population being poor (almost 70%).
Colonialism | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Colonialism
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Colonialism is the policy of a foreign polity seeking to extend or retain its authority over other people or territories, generally with the aim of opening trade opportunities. The colonizing country seeks to benefit whilst the colonized country or land mass, as many of the colonized countries were not countries at all, modernize in terms defined by the colonizers, especially in economics, religion, and health. Others describe it as a relationship of domination of an indigenous majority by a minority of foreign invaders where the latter rule in pursuit of its interests.Early records of colonization go as far back as Phoenecians, an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean from 1550 BC to 300 BC and later the Greeks and Persians continued on this line of setting up colonies. Although these early European migration characteristics are recorded or documented as colonization, these examples wouldn't be the first time and certainly would not be the last. The Romans would soon follow, setting up colonies throughout the Mediterranean, Northern Africa, and Western Asia. In the 9th century a new wave of Mediterranean colonization had begun between competing states such as the Islamic Ottomans and the Venetians, Genovese and Amalfians, invading the wealthy previously Byzantine or Eastern Roman islands and lands. Venice began with the conquest of Dalmatia and reached its greatest nominal extent at the conclusion of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, with the declaration of the acquisition of three octaves of the Byzantine Empire.
Later, in the 15th century some European states established their own empires during the European colonial period. The Belgian, British, Danish, Dutch, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish and Swedish empires established colonies across large areas. Imperial Japan, the Ottoman Empire and the United States also acquired colonies, as did imperialist China and finally in the late 19th century the German and the Italian.
At first, European colonizing countries followed policies of mercantilism, in order to strengthen the home economy, so agreements usually restricted the colonies to trading only with the metropole (mother country). By the mid-19th century, however, the powerful British Empire gave up mercantilism and trade restrictions and adopted the principle of free trade, with few restrictions or tariffs. Christian missionaries were active in practically all of the colonies because the Colonialists were Christians. Historian Philip Hoffman calculated that by 1800, before the Industrial Revolution, Europeans already controlled at least 35% of the globe, and by 1914, they had gained control of 84%.
In the aftermath of World War II, the archetypal European colonial system practically ended between 1945–1975, when nearly all Europe's colonies gained political independence.
Southern Rhodesia in World War II | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:37 1 Background
00:06:19 2 Outbreak of war
00:10:40 3 Africa and the Mediterranean
00:10:50 3.1 Early deployments
00:12:29 3.2 East Africa
00:18:05 3.3 North Africa
00:25:30 3.4 El Alamein
00:27:48 3.5 Tunisia
00:31:21 3.6 Dodecanese
00:33:16 3.7 Italy
00:38:19 3.8 Balkans and Greece
00:41:31 3.9 Spring 1945 offensive in Italy
00:45:00 4 Britain, Norway and western Europe
00:50:01 5 Burma
00:56:01 6 Southern Rhodesians in other theatres
00:57:03 7 Home front
00:57:12 7.1 Rhodesian Air Training Group
01:00:23 7.2 Home service
01:02:09 7.2.1 Women
01:04:22 7.3 Domestic politics
01:05:00 7.4 Economic impact; conscripted labour
01:11:15 7.5 Internment camps and Polish refugees
01:13:57 8 End of the war
01:14:47 8.1 Statistics
01:17:45 9 Legacy
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Speaking Rate: 0.998484797387344
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Southern Rhodesia, then a self-governing colony of the United Kingdom, entered World War II along with Britain shortly after the invasion of Poland in 1939. By the war's end, 26,121 Southern Rhodesians of all races had served in the armed forces, 8,390 of them overseas, operating in the European theatre, the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre, East Africa, Burma and elsewhere. The territory's most important contribution to the war is commonly held to be its contribution to the Empire Air Training Scheme (EATS), under which 8,235 British, Commonwealth and Allied airmen were trained in Southern Rhodesian flight schools. The colony's operational casualties numbered 916 killed and 483 wounded of all races.
Southern Rhodesia had no diplomatic powers, but largely oversaw its own contributions of manpower and materiel to the war effort, being responsible for its own defence. Rhodesian officers and soldiers were distributed in small groups throughout the British and South African forces in an attempt to prevent high losses. Most of the colony's men served in Britain, East Africa and the Mediterranean, particularly at first; a more broad dispersal occurred from late 1942. Rhodesian servicemen in operational areas were mostly from the country's white minority, with the Rhodesian African Rifles—made up of black troops and white officers—providing the main exception in Burma from late 1944. Other non-white soldiers and white servicewomen served in East Africa and on the home front within Southern Rhodesia. Tens of thousands of black men were conscripted from rural communities for work, first on the aerodromes and later on white-owned farms.
World War II prompted major changes in Southern Rhodesia's financial and military policy, and accelerated the process of industrialisation. The territory's participation in the EATS brought about major economic and infrastructural developments and led to the post-war immigration of many former airmen, contributing to the growth of the white population to over double its pre-war size by 1951. The war remained prominent in the national consciousness for decades afterwards. Since the country's reconstitution as Zimbabwe in 1980, the modern government has removed many references to the World Wars, such as memorial monuments and plaques, from public view, regarding them as unwelcome vestiges of white minority rule and colonialism. Southern Rhodesia's dead of the war today have no official commemoration, either in Zimbabwe or overseas.
Timeline of United States discoveries | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Timeline of United States discoveries
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Timeline of United States discoveries encompasses the breakthroughs of human thought and knowledge of new scientific findings, phenomena, places, things, and what was previously unknown to exist. From a historical stand point, the timeline below of United States discoveries dates from the 18th century to the 21st century, which have been achieved by discoverers who are either native-born or naturalized citizens of the United States.
With an emphasis of discoveries in the fields of astronomy, physics, chemistry, medicine, biology, geology, paleontology, and archaeology, United States citizens acclaimed in their professions have contributed much. For example, the Bone Wars, beginning in 1877 and ending in 1892, was an intense period of rivalry between two American paleontologists, Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh, who initiated several expeditions throughout North America in the pursuit of discovering, identifying, and finding new species of dinosaur fossils. In total, their large efforts resulted in when 142 species of dinosaurs being discovered. With the founding of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958, a vision and continued commitment by the United States of finding extraterrestrial and astronomical discoveries has helped the world to better understand our solar system and universe. As one example, in 2008, the Phoenix lander discovered the presence of frozen water on the planet Mars of which scientists such as Peter H. Smith of the University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (LPL) had suspected before the mission confirmed its existence.
World Bank Group | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
World Bank Group
00:02:17 1 History
00:02:25 1.1 Founding
00:03:14 2 Membership
00:04:52 3 Organizational structure
00:06:17 3.1 World Bank Group agencies
00:08:36 3.2 Presidency
00:09:01 3.2.1 Current President
00:09:20 3.3 Managing Director
00:09:55 3.4 Independent Evaluation group
00:10:43 3.5 Extractive Industries Review
00:12:28 3.6 Impact evaluations
00:13:28 3.7 Access to Information
00:14:35 3.8 AIDS funding
00:14:58 4 Criticism
00:17:43 4.1 Allegations of corruption
00:18:04 4.2 Investments
00:18:45 5 List of presidents
00:20:18 6 List of chief economists
00:21:35 7 List of World Bank Directors-General of Evaluation
00:22:36 8 List of World Bank Board of Directors
00:26:06 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The World Bank Group (WBG) (French: Groupe de la Banque mondiale) is a family of five international organizations that make leveraged loans to developing countries. It is the largest and most well-known development bank in the world and is an observer at the United Nations Development Group. The bank is based in Washington, D.C. and provided around $61 billion in loans and assistance to developing and transition countries in the 2014 fiscal year. The bank's stated mission is to achieve the twin goals of ending extreme poverty and building shared prosperity. Total lending as of 2015 for the last 10 years through Development Policy Financing was approximately $117 billion. Its five organizations are the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). The first two are sometimes collectively (and confusingly) referred to as the World Bank.
The World Bank's (the IBRD and IDA's) activities are focused on developing countries, in fields such as human development (e.g. education, health), agriculture and rural development (e.g. irrigation and rural services), environmental protection (e.g. pollution reduction, establishing and enforcing regulations), infrastructure (e.g. roads, urban regeneration, and electricity), large industrial construction projects, and governance (e.g. anti-corruption, legal institutions development). The IBRD and IDA provide loans at preferential rates to member countries, as well as grants to the poorest countries. Loans or grants for specific projects are often linked to wider policy changes in the sector or the country's economy as a whole. For example, a loan to improve coastal environmental management may be linked to development of new environmental institutions at national and local levels and the implementation of new regulations to limit pollution.The World Bank has received various criticisms over the years and was tarnished by a scandal with the bank's then President Paul Wolfowitz and his aide, Shaha Riza, in 2007.
European colonialism | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:37 1 Definitions
00:06:29 2 Types of colonialism
00:08:43 3 Socio-cultural evolution
00:10:06 4 History
00:15:12 4.1 European empires in the 20th century
00:16:50 4.1.1 British colonies and protectorates
00:20:41 4.1.2 French colonies
00:22:52 4.1.3 Russian colonies and protectorates
00:24:59 4.1.4 German colonies
00:25:39 4.1.5 Italian colonies and protectorates
00:26:23 4.1.6 Dutch colonies
00:27:02 4.1.7 Portuguese colonies
00:28:12 4.1.8 Spanish colonies
00:29:53 4.1.9 Austro-Hungarian colonies
00:30:19 4.1.10 Danish colonies
00:30:59 4.1.11 Belgian colonies
00:31:15 4.1.12 Swedish colonies
00:31:39 4.1.13 Polish-Lituanian colonies and protectorates
00:31:58 4.1.14 Romanian colonies and occupied territories
00:32:17 4.1.15 Norwegian Overseas Territories
00:32:39 4.1.16 Numbers of European settlers in the colonies (1500–1914)
00:34:23 4.2 Other non-European colonialist countries
00:34:35 4.3 Australian protectorate
00:35:06 4.3.1 New Zealand dependencies
00:35:33 4.3.2 United States colonies and protectorates
00:36:36 4.3.3 Japanese colonies and protectorates
00:37:18 4.3.4 Chinese colonies and protectorates
00:38:08 4.3.5 Omani colonies
00:38:33 4.3.6 Mexican colonies
00:38:54 4.3.7 Ecuatorian colonies
00:39:06 4.3.8 Colombian colonies
00:39:27 4.3.9 Argentine colonies and protectorates
00:40:15 4.3.10 Chilean colonies
00:40:38 4.3.11 Paraguayan colonies
00:40:52 4.3.12 Bolivian colonies
00:41:14 4.3.13 Brazil colonies
00:41:40 4.3.14 Ethiopian colonies
00:41:52 4.3.15 Moroccan colonies
00:42:03 4.3.16 Siam colonies
00:42:41 4.3.17 (Ancient) Egyptian colonies
00:42:54 4.4 Neocolonialism
00:43:54 5 Impact of colonialism and colonisation
00:44:52 5.1 Economy, trade and commerce
00:50:30 5.2 Slavery and indentured servitude
00:54:03 5.3 Military innovation
00:55:31 5.4 The end of empire
00:57:51 5.5 Post-independence population movement
01:01:19 5.6 Introduced diseases
01:05:13 5.6.1 Countering disease
01:06:38 6 Colonialism and the history of thought
01:06:50 6.1 Universalism
01:09:15 6.2 Colonialism and geography
01:14:36 6.3 Colonialism and imperialism
01:15:34 6.4 Marxist view of colonialism
01:21:55 6.5 Liberalism, capitalism and colonialism
01:23:02 6.6 Scientific thought in colonialism, race and gender
01:26:44 6.7 The Other
01:28:20 6.8 Post-colonialism
01:30:32 6.9 Colonistics
01:30:52 6.10 Effects of Colonialism on the Colonisers
01:33:24 7 British public opinion about the British Empire
01:34:36 8 Colonial migrations
01:40:52 9 See also
01:41:01 10 Notes
01:41:11 11 Further reading
01:45:55 11.1 Primary sources
01:46:41 12 External links
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.8162471946962113
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-F
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Colonialism is the policy of a nation seeking to extend or retain its authority over other people or territories, generally with the aim of opening trade opportunities. The colonising country seeks to benefit from the colonised country or land mass. In the process, colonisers imposed their religion, economics, and medicinal practices on the natives. Some argue this was a positive move toward modernisation, while other scholars counter that this is an intrinsically Eurocentric rationalisation, given that modernisation is itself a concept introduced by Europeans. Colonialism is largely regarded as a relationship of domination of an indigenous majority by a minority of foreign invaders where the latter rule in pursuit of its interests.Early records of colonisation go as far back as Phoenicians, an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean from 1550 BC to 300 BC and later the Greeks and Persians continued on this line of setting up colonies. The Romans would soon follow, setting up colonies throughout the Mediterranean, Northern Africa, and Western Asia. In the 9th century a new wave of Mediter ...
Colonialism | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Colonialism
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Colonialism is the policy of a foreign polity seeking to extend or retain its authority over other people or territories, generally with the aim of opening trade opportunities. The colonizing country seeks to benefit whilst the colonized country or land mass, as many of the colonized countries were not countries at all, modernize in terms defined by the colonizers, especially in economics, religion, and health. Others describe it as a relationship of domination of an indigenous majority by a minority of foreign invaders where the latter rule in pursuit of its interests.Early records of colonization go as far back as Phoenecians, an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean from 1550 BC to 300 BC and later the Greeks and Persians continued on this line of setting up colonies. Although these early European migration characteristics are recorded or documented as colonization, these examples wouldn't be the first time and certainly would not be the last. The Romans would soon follow, setting up colonies throughout the Mediterranean, Northern Africa, and Western Asia. In the 9th century a new wave of Mediterranean colonization had begun between competing states such as the Islamic Ottomans and the Venetians, Genovese and Amalfians, invading the wealthy previously Byzantine or Eastern Roman islands and lands. Venice began with the conquest of Dalmatia and reached its greatest nominal extent at the conclusion of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, with the declaration of the acquisition of three octaves of the Byzantine Empire.
Later, in the 15th century some European states established their own empires during the European colonial period. The Belgian, British, Danish, Dutch, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish and Swedish empires established colonies across large areas. Imperial Japan, the Ottoman Empire and the United States also acquired colonies, as did imperialist China and finally in the late 19th century the German and the Italian.
At first, European colonizing countries followed policies of mercantilism, in order to strengthen the home economy, so agreements usually restricted the colonies to trading only with the metropole (mother country). By the mid-19th century, however, the powerful British Empire gave up mercantilism and trade restrictions and adopted the principle of free trade, with few restrictions or tariffs. Christian missionaries were active in practically all of the colonies because the Colonialists were Christians. Historian Philip Hoffman calculated that by 1800, before the Industrial Revolution, Europeans already controlled at least 35% of the globe, and by 1914, they had gained control of 84%.
In the aftermath of World War II, the archetypal European colonial system practically ended between 1945–1975, when nearly all Europe's colonies gained political independence.
International Year of Light | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:32 1 History
00:07:07 2 Vision goals and objectives
00:07:45 2.1 Motivation
00:08:46 2.2 Goals
00:10:52 3 Anniversaries during 2015
00:11:13 3.1 Great works on optics by Ibn Al-Haytham - over 1000 years
00:12:37 3.2 Fresnel and his theory of light as a wave - 1815
00:13:48 3.3 Maxwell describes his theory of light - 1865
00:15:13 3.4 Einstein and the General Theory of Relativity - 1915
00:17:24 3.5 Penzias and Wilson discover the Microwave Background - 1965
00:18:51 3.6 Charles Kao develops optical fibre communications - 1965
00:20:00 4 Organization
00:20:09 4.1 IYL 2015 Governance
00:20:46 4.2 IYL 2015 Global Secretariat
00:21:24 4.3 IYL 2015 National Nodes
00:22:42 4.4 Partners
00:23:47 5 IYL 2015 Activities Overview
00:24:26 5.1 Event Breakdown
00:25:43 5.2 Selected Activities
00:25:52 5.2.1 Opening Ceremony 19–20 January 2015, Paris, France
00:27:16 5.2.2 Closing Ceremony 4–6 February 2016, Mérida, Mexico
00:28:57 5.2.3 Education Focus
00:31:36 5.2.4 Light Poverty
00:33:32 5.2.5 Gender, diversity, and inclusion
00:36:33 5.2.6 High-Level Support
00:40:26 5.2.7 Scientific Conferences
00:43:18 5.2.8 IYL 2015 Festivals and Events running over Multiple Days
00:46:15 5.2.9 IYL 2015 Anniversaries and History of Science
00:48:27 5.2.10 IYL 2015 and Astronomy
00:50:23 5.2.11 Lighting and Architecture
00:53:56 5.2.12 Art and Museums
00:56:46 5.2.13 Photography
00:57:13 5.2.14 Literature
00:57:54 5.2.15 Theatre and Film
01:00:09 5.2.16 Music
01:01:34 5.2.17 Publications
01:03:22 5.2.18 Other commemorations
01:05:34 6 See also
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I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The International Year of Light and Light-based Technologies 2015 or International Year of Light 2015 (IYL 2015) was a United Nations observance that aimed to raise awareness of the achievements of light science and its applications, and its importance to humankind. Under the leadership of UNESCO, the IYL 2015 brought together hundreds of national and international partners to organize more than 13,000 activities in 147 countries. The audience reached by the IYL 2015 is estimated to be over 100 million.
AIR Dibrugarh Online Radio Live Stream
ALL INDIA RADIO: DIBRUGARH
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7.30 GEETANJALI: 1.Artist: Umesh Gogoi Lyc: Hem Burhagohain Karnu Sure… 2.Artist: Utpal Chakraborty
Lyc: Sailendra Kr. Dutta Ashru Konabur… 3.Artist: Usha Alley Lyc: Nirmal Prabha Bordoloi Shyam Shyam… 4. Artist: Urmimala Hazarika Lyc: Mukti Nath Bordoloi Ji Batedi… 5. Artist: Yashminara Rahman Lyc: Nagen Bora Bhor Duporote…
7.55 Commercial Spot:
8.00 Samachar Prabhat. :
8.15 Morning News:
8.30 North East News Bulletin in English:
8.35 “SURAR PANCHOI” (Composite) Assamese Film Songs
8.50 Puwar Anchalik Batori
9.00 ANTARA (Composite) Hindi Film Songs
9.20 SEUJI CHORA/ Gyanor Safura Conducted by Anjoomoni Phulkonwar
9.50 Close Down
TRANSMISSION II (11.28 AM to 3.30 PM)
11.58 AIR Signature Tune/Opening Announcement
12.00 News in English.
12.05 “SURAR SATSORI” (Request Programme of Assamese Film Songs)
1.00 News in English
1.05 News in Hindi:
1.10 GHARJEUTI: OB Based Programme on Magh Bihu
1.40 News in Assamese:
1.50 Quotation: Adhunik Geet: Artist: Drona Kanta Phukan
2.00 Ghazal: Artist: Ghulam Ali
2.15 Dopahar Samachar
2.30 Western Music:
3.00 Close Down
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3.28 AIR Signature Tune/Opening Announcement
3.30 Deori Songs: Artist: Jatin Deori & Pty
3.45 Programme in Mizumishimi
4.05 Programme in Khampti
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6.00 Anchalik Batori:
6.05 Programme Summary
6.10 Vrindagaan:
6.15 GOYAN RAIJOR ANUSTHAN (Rural Programme) Interview on “Krishokor Krishi Kormot Krishi Vigyan Kendror Bhumika” With Pradeep Handique.
6.45 Sandhiyar Anchalik Batori
6.55 Sangbad Safura
7.00 News in Hindi
7.05 News in Assamese
7.15 CHAH SRAMIKOR ASOR: (T.G. Programme) 1.Tushu Geet by Dilip Moira & Pty. 2. Talk on “Tushu Pujar Mahattwa Aru Porompora” By Mancharam Patowari
7.45 “Juya Pora Son: Interview with Satyanath Phukan on His Life and Works Interviewer Rupjyoti Dowarah
8.00 Times & Metre Reading, Discussion in Assamese on “Khelo India: Naba Prajonma Kheluoir Unnotir Ekhoj” Pts: Arun Kr. Das, Thaneswar Saikia, Shiva Ranjan Sharma (Moderator)
8.30 SAARC News Bulletin in English
8.35 Vrindagaan
8.40 Programme Highlight
8.42 Commercial Spot:
8.45 Samachar Sandhya:
9.00 News at Nine
9.15 Commercial Spot:
9.16 Bare Rahania: (Tahanir Geet) Artist: Rani Pal
9.25 Nishar Anchalik Batori
9.30 DRAMA: Play “PANI” Written by Kabita Goswami Produced by Lakhi Dutta
10.00 Report on Khelo India Fit India 2020 Held at Guwahati
10.30 Close Down.
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Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone , officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa that is bordered by Guinea to the northeast, Liberia to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. Sierra Leone is a constitutional republic with a directly elected president and a unicameral legislature. The country has a tropical climate, with a diverse environment ranging from savannah to rainforests. The country covers a total area of 71,740 km2 and with an estimated population of 6 million .
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Sierra Leone | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Sierra Leone
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Sierra Leone (, UK also ), officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea to the northeast, Liberia to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. It has a tropical climate, with a diverse environment ranging from savanna to rainforests. The country has a total area of 71,740 km2 (27,699 sq mi) and a population of 7,075,641 as of the 2015 census. Sierra Leone is a constitutional republic with a directly elected president and a unicameral legislature. Sierra Leone has a dominant unitary central government. The president is the head of state and the head of government. The country's capital and largest city is Freetown.
Kenema, located 185 miles from Freetown, is the country's second most populous city. Other major cities with a population above one hundred thousand are Bo, Koidu Town and Makeni. Sierra Leone is made up of five administrative regions: the Northern Province, North West Province, Eastern Province, Southern Province and the Western Area. These regions are subdivided into sixteen districts.Sierra Leone became independent from the United Kingdom on 27 April 1961, led by Sir Milton Margai, who became the country's first prime minister. In May 1962, Sierra Leone held its first general elections as an independent nation. Siaka Stevens All People's Congress won the 1967 Sierra Leone parliamentary election over the governing Sierra Leone People's Party. Stevens ruled Sierra Leone from 1968 to 1985 in which he was intolerance of opposions and critics of his government. In 1971, Stevens abolished Sierra Leone's parliamentary government system and declared Sierra Leone a presidential republic. Sierra Leone was a one-party state from 1978 to 1985, in which Stevens' All People's Congress was the only legal political party in the country. The current constitution of Sierra Leone, which includes multi party democracy, was adopted in 1991 by the government of President Joseph Saidu Momoh, Stevens' hand-picked successor. In 1991, a rebel group known as the Revolutionary United Front led by former Sierra Leone army Corporal Foday Sankoh launched a brutal civil war in the country.
In April 1992 a group of Junior military officers toppled Momoh from power and 25-year-old Captain Valentine Strasser became the head of state. In January 1996 Strasser was toppled from power by his deputy, Brigadier General Julius Maada Bio. Bio returned the country to multi-party democracy and the 1991 constitution was reestablished. Bio handed power to Ahmad Tejan Kabbah of the Sierra Leone People's Party after his victory in the 1996 Sierra Leone presidential election. In 1997, the military overthrew president Kabbah. However, in February 1998, a coalition of West African Ecowas armed forces led by Nigeria, removed the military Junta from power by force and president Kabbah was reinstated as president. In 1998, the coup leaders were executed after they were sentenced to death by a military court martial. Sierra Leone has had an uninterrupted democracy since 1998 to present. In January 2002, President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah fulfilled his campaign promise by officially ending the civil war as the rebels were defeated by military force with the help and support of Ecowas, the British government, the African Union, and the United Nations.
About 16 ethnic groups inhabit Sierra Leone, each with its own language and customs. The two largest and most influential are the Temne and Mende. The Temne are predominantly found in the northwest of the country, and the Mende are predominant in the southeast. Comprising a small minority, about 2%, are the Krio people, who are descendants of freed African-American and West Indian slaves. The Krios are overwhelmingly found in the capital Freetown and its surrounding countryside. Although English is the official language, used in schools and government administration, Krio, an English-based creole, is the most widely spoken language across Sier ...
Memphis, Tennessee - Wiki
Memphis is a city in the southwestern corner of the U S state of Tennessee and the county seat of Shelby County The city is located on the fourth Chickasaw Bluff south of the confluence of the Wolf...
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