BATTLE of ANTIETAM - WikiVidi Documentary
The Battle of Antietam , also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, particularly in the South, was fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland and Antietam Creek as part of the Maryland Campaign. It was the first field army-level engagement in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War to take place on Union soil and is the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with a combined tally of 22,717 dead, wounded, or missing. After pursuing the Confederate general Robert E. Lee into Maryland, Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan of the Union Army launched attacks against Lee's army, in defensive positions behind Antietam Creek. At dawn on September 17, Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker's corps mounted a powerful assault on Lee's left flank. Attacks and counterattacks swept across Miller's Cornfield, and fighting swirled around the Dunker Church. Union assaults against the Sunken Road eventually pierced the Confederate center,, but the Federal advantage was not followed up. In the afte...
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Keedysville, Md., vicinity. Confederate wounded at Smith's Barn,
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Summary: Photograph from the main eastern theater of the war, Battle of Antietam, September-October 1862. Photograph of Confederate wounded after the Battle of Antietam, Dr. A. Hurd, 14th Indiana Infantry in attendance.
Additional info from the book:
The Photographic History of The Civil War
In Ten Volumes
Volume Seven
Prisons and Hospitals
Page 18
WHEN MUSKETS AND BAYONETS WERE TURNED INTO TENT-POLES CARING FOR THE ANTIETAM WOUNDED IN SEPTEMBER, 1862, JUST AFTER THE BLOODIEST DAY OF THE WAR
Erect, to the right of the center, stands Dr. A. Hurd, of the Fourteenth Indiana Volunteers, caring for Confederate wounded near the battlefield of Antietam. Around him the twisted forms of sufferers lie under temporary coverings, made of blankets or flaps from shelter-tents suspended upon guns for tentpoles. Swords are not yet “beaten into plowshares” ; but bayonets are thrust into the ground for the merciful purpose of protecting the feverish patients from the burning sun. Use has been made of the hay from Smith’s farm nearby to form soft beds for the wounded limbs. Further shelter has been improvised by laying fence-rails against supporting poles. Below appear the straw huts for wounded on Smith’s farm, erected a day or two later. The surgeon on the field of battle knew neither friend nor foe in his treatment
of the wounded. On June 6, 1862, a week after the battles of Seven Pines or Fair Oaks, a general order was issued from Washington that surgeons should be considered non-combatants and not sent to prison. It was a result of “Stonewall” Jackson’s previous action, and was accepted by Lee at Richmond on the 17th.
Image info:
Title: [Keedysville, Md., vicinity. Confederate wounded at Smith's Barn, with Dr. Anson Hurd, 14th Indiana Volunteers, in attendance]
Creator(s): Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882, photographer
Date Created/Published: 1862 September.
Medium: 1 negative : glass, stereograph, wet collodion ; 4 x 10 in.
Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-cwpb-00255 (digital file from original neg.) LC-B8171-588 (b&w film neg.)
Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication.
Call Number: LC-B815- 588 [P&P]
Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
Notes: Civil War photographs, 1861-1865 / compiled by Hirst D. Milhollen and Donald H. Mugridge, Washington, D.C. : Library of Congress, 1977. No. 0135
Title from Milhollen and Mugridge.
Forms part of Civil War glass negative collection (Library of Congress).
Additional info:
George B. McClellan | Wikipedia audio article
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George B. McClellan
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
George Brinton McClellan (December 3, 1826 – October 29, 1885) was an American soldier, civil engineer, railroad executive, and politician. A graduate of West Point, McClellan served with distinction during the Mexican War (1846–1848), and later left the Army to work in railroads until the outbreak of the Civil War (1861–1865). Early in the war, McClellan was appointed to the rank of major general and played an important role in raising a well-trained and organized army, which would become the Army of the Potomac in the Eastern Theater; he served a brief period (November 1861 to March 1862) as general-in-chief of the Union Army. Although McClellan was meticulous in his planning and preparations, these very characteristics hampered his ability to challenge aggressive opponents in a fast-moving battlefield environment. He chronically overestimated the strength of enemy units and was reluctant to apply principles of mass, frequently leaving large portions of his army unengaged at decisive points.
McClellan organized and led the Union army in the Peninsula Campaign in southeastern Virginia from March through July 1862. It was the first large-scale offensive in the Eastern Theater. Making an amphibious clockwise turning movement around the Confederate Army in northern Virginia, McClellan's forces turned west to move up the Virginia Peninsula, between the James and York Rivers landing from the Chesapeake Bay, with the Confederate capital, Richmond, as their objective. Initially, McClellan was somewhat successful against the equally cautious General Joseph E. Johnston, but the military emergence of General Robert E. Lee to command the Army of Northern Virginia turned the subsequent Seven Days Battles into a partial Union defeat.
General McClellan failed to maintain the trust of President Abraham Lincoln. He did not trust his commander-in-chief and was privately derisive of him. He was removed from command in November after failing to decisively pursue Lee's Army following the tactically inconclusive but strategic Union victory at the Battle of Antietam outside Sharpsburg, Maryland, and never received another field command. McClellan went on to become the unsuccessful Democratic Party nominee in the 1864 presidential election against Lincoln's reelection. The effectiveness of his campaign was damaged when he repudiated his party's platform, which promised an end to the war and negotiations with the southern Confederacy. He served as the 24th Governor of New Jersey from 1878 to 1881, and eventually became a writer, and vigorously defended his Civil War conduct.
Most modern authorities have assessed McClellan as a poor battlefield general. Some historians view him as a highly capable commander whose reputation suffered unfairly at the hands of pro-Lincoln partisans who made him a scapegoat for the Union's military setbacks. After the war, subsequent commanding general and 18th President Ulysses S. Grant was asked for his opinion of McClellan as a general; he replied, McClellan is to me one of the mysteries of the war.
2018 Winter Lecture Series - Early at the Gates: The Battle of Fort Stevens
The role of the fortifications around Washington, D.C. and how they were instrumental in the defense of the capital city in 1864 during the raid of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early are examined in this winter lecture.
Union Military Leaders During the Civil War
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Military initiative in the American Civil War was impacted by expert military training and the well deserved practicality of summon experience. While not all pioneers had formal military preparing, the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York and the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis made devoted frameworks of expert officers whose comprehension of military science had significant impact on the behavior of the American Civil War and whose enduring legacy fashioned the customs of the current U.S. officer corps of all administration branches.
James Longstreet | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
James Longstreet
00:03:25 1 Early life and career
00:08:19 2 Mexican-American War
00:09:28 3 Subsequent activities
00:11:54 4 American Civil War
00:12:04 4.1 First Bull Run
00:16:10 4.2 Family tragedy and Peninsula
00:21:13 4.3 Second Bull Run
00:26:58 4.4 Antietam and Fredericksburg
00:31:14 4.5 Suffolk
00:33:59 4.6 Gettysburg
00:34:07 4.6.1 Campaign plans
00:38:03 4.6.2 July 1–2
00:42:52 4.6.3 July 3
00:46:15 4.7 Chickamauga
00:50:16 4.8 Tennessee
00:55:43 4.9 Wilderness to Appomattox
01:00:16 5 Postbellum life
01:07:18 6 Legacy
01:07:27 6.1 Historical reputation
01:11:33 6.2 In memoriam
01:12:58 7 In popular culture
01:14:49 8 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
James Longstreet (January 8, 1821 – January 2, 1904) was one of the foremost Confederate generals of the American Civil War and the principal subordinate to General Robert E. Lee, who called him his Old War Horse. He served under Lee as a corps commander for many of the famous battles fought by the Army of Northern Virginia in the Eastern Theater, and briefly with Braxton Bragg in the Army of Tennessee in the Western Theater.
After graduating from the United States Military Academy at West Point, Longstreet served in the Mexican–American War. He was wounded in the thigh at the Battle of Chapultepec, and afterward married his first wife, Louise Garland. Throughout the 1850s, he served on frontier duty in the American Southwest. In June 1861, Longstreet resigned his U.S. Army commission and joined the Confederate Army. He commanded Confederate troops during an early victory at Blackburn's Ford in July and played a minor role at the First Battle of Bull Run.
Longstreet's talents as a general made significant contributions to several important Confederate victories, mostly in the Eastern Theater as one of Robert E. Lee's chief subordinates in the Army of Northern Virginia. He performed poorly at Seven Pines by accidentally marching his men down the wrong road, causing them to be late in arrival. He played an important role in the success of the Seven Days Battles in the summer of 1862. Longstreet led a devastating counterattack that routed the Union army at Second Bull Run in August. His men held their ground in defensive roles at Antietam and Fredericksburg. Longstreet's most controversial service was at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, where he openly disagreed with General Lee on the tactics to be employed and reluctantly supervised several attacks on Union forces, including the disastrous Pickett's Charge. Afterwards, Longstreet was, at his own request, sent to the Western Theater to fight under Braxton Bragg, where his troops launched a ferocious assault on the Union lines at Chickamauga, which carried the day. Afterwards, his performance in semiautonomous command during the Knoxville Campaign resulted in a Confederate defeat. Longstreet's tenure in the Western Theater was marred by his central role in numerous conflicts amongst important Confederate generals. Unhappy serving under Bragg, Longstreet and his men were sent back to Lee. He ably commanded troops during the Battle of the Wilderness in 1864, where he was seriously wounded by friendly fire. He later returned to the field, serving under Lee in the Siege of Petersburg and the Appomattox Campaign.
He enjoyed a successful post-war career working for the U.S. government as a diplomat, civil servant, and administrator. His conversion to the Republican Party and his cooperation with his old friend, President Ulysses S. Grant, as well as critical comments he wrote in his memoirs about General Lee's wartime performance, made him anathema to many of his former Confederate colleagues. His reputation in the South further suffered when he led African-American militia against the anti-Reconstruction White League at the Battle of Liberty Place in 1874. Authors of the Lost Cause movement focused on Longstreet's actions at Gettysburg as a primary reason for the Confederacy's loss ...
RTTH0134 2
Harper's Ferry West Virginia is visited on this edition of Road Trip to History.
The Journey of the Wounded from Cemetery Ridge to the Spangler Farm
Join Ranger Christopher Gwinn of the Gettysburg National Military Park and Dan Welch of the Gettysburg Foundation and follow the path of the wounded from Cemetery Ridge to field hospitals behind the Union lines, where surgeons, nurses, and volunteers struggled to save the torn and bleeding casualties of the battle. How were the wounded evacuated from the field of battle, where were they taken, and what were the physical, psychological, and emotional consequences of the fighting at Gettysburg? This journey will conclude at the George Spangler Farm, one of the best preserved Civil War field hospitals in the country.
Career Interest Presentation
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List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials
00:00:15 1 Washington, D.C.
00:02:39 1.1 U.S. Currency
00:03:38 1.2 US military
00:03:47 1.2.1 Bases
00:04:19 1.3 Gallery
00:04:27 2 Arizona
00:04:52 3 Arkansas
00:06:02 4 California
00:06:11 4.1 Schools
00:06:25 5 Colorado
00:06:49 6 Connecticut
00:07:14 6.1 Schools
00:07:32 7 Delaware
00:08:02 8 Florida
00:09:21 8.1 Schools
00:09:47 9 Illinois
00:10:26 9.1 Schools
00:10:58 10 Indiana
00:11:40 11 Iowa
00:12:57 11.1 Schools
00:13:09 12 Kansas
00:14:52 13 Kentucky
00:16:02 14 Louisiana
00:16:17 15 Maine
00:16:39 16 Maryland
00:17:07 17 Massachusetts
00:17:44 18 Michigan
00:18:22 19 Minnesota
00:18:34 20 Mississippi
00:19:45 21 Montana
00:19:58 22 Nebraska
00:20:24 23 New Hampshire
00:20:45 24 New Jersey
00:20:54 24.1 Schools
00:21:06 25 New Mexico
00:21:19 26 New York
00:22:13 27 North Carolina
00:22:23 27.1 Schools
00:22:35 28 North Dakota
00:22:48 29 Ohio
00:23:42 30 Oklahoma
00:24:43 31 Oregon
00:25:06 31.1 Schools
00:25:26 32 Pennsylvania
00:29:58 32.1 Schools
00:30:10 33 Rhode Island
00:30:36 34 South Dakota
00:30:50 35 Tennessee
00:31:05 36 Texas
00:31:17 37 Utah
00:31:34 38 Vermont
00:31:50 39 Virginia
00:32:46 40 Washington
00:33:24 41 West Virginia
00:33:56 41.1 Former
00:34:19 42 Scotland
00:34:33 43 See also
00:35:15 44 External links
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Learning by listening is a great way to:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
This is a list of American Civil War monuments and memorials associated with the Union. Monuments and memorials are listed below alphabetically by state. States not listed have no known qualifying items for the list.
William McKinley | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:35 1 Early life and family
00:05:45 2 Civil War
00:05:55 2.1 Western Virginia and Antietam
00:09:27 2.2 Shenandoah Valley and promotion
00:13:59 3 Legal career and marriage
00:18:23 4 Rising politician 1877–1895
00:18:36 4.1 Spokesman for protection
00:23:25 4.2 Gerrymandering and defeat for re-election
00:26:15 4.3 Governor of Ohio (1892–1896)
00:31:29 5 Election of 1896
00:31:39 5.1 Obtaining the nomination
00:36:49 5.2 General election campaign
00:43:59 6 Presidency (1897–1901)
00:44:11 6.1 Inauguration and appointments
00:48:05 6.1.1 Cabinet
00:48:13 6.2 Cuba crisis and war with Spain
00:53:30 6.3 Peace and territorial gain
00:56:37 6.4 Expanding influence overseas
00:59:01 6.5 Tariffs and bimetallism
01:00:54 6.6 Civil rights
01:04:02 6.7 1900 election
01:07:36 6.8 Second term
01:08:28 6.9 Assassination
01:12:48 7 Funeral, memorials, and legacy
01:12:59 7.1 Funeral and resting place
01:15:19 7.2 Other memorials
01:17:08 7.3 Legacy and historical image
01:22:15 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
William McKinley (born William McKinley Jr.; January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the 25th president of the United States, serving from March 4, 1897, until his assassination six months into his second term. During his presidency, McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish–American War, raised protective tariffs to promote American industry and kept the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of free silver (effectively, expansionary monetary policy).
McKinley was the last president to have served in the American Civil War and the only one to have started the war as an enlisted soldier, beginning as a private in the Union Army and ending as a brevet major. After the war, he settled in Canton, Ohio, where he practiced law and married Ida Saxton. In 1876, he was elected to Congress, where he became the Republican Party's expert on the protective tariff, which he promised would bring prosperity. His 1890 McKinley Tariff was highly controversial, which together with a Democratic redistricting aimed at gerrymandering him out of office led to his defeat in the Democratic landslide of 1890. He was elected governor of Ohio in 1891 and 1893, steering a moderate course between capital and labor interests. With the aid of his close adviser Mark Hanna, he secured the Republican nomination for president in 1896 amid a deep economic depression. He defeated his Democratic rival William Jennings Bryan after a front porch campaign in which he advocated sound money (the gold standard unless altered by international agreement) and promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity.
Rapid economic growth marked McKinley's presidency. He promoted the 1897 Dingley Tariff to protect manufacturers and factory workers from foreign competition and in 1900 secured the passage of the Gold Standard Act. McKinley hoped to persuade Spain to grant independence to rebellious Cuba without conflict, but when negotiation failed he led the nation into the Spanish-American War of 1898. The United States victory was quick and decisive. As part of the peace settlement, Spain turned over to the United States its main overseas colonies of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines while Cuba was promised independence, but at that time remained under the control of the United States Army. The United States annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898 and it became a United States territory.
Historians regard McKinley's 1896 victory as a realigning election in which the political stalemate of the post-Civil War era gave way to the Republican-dominated Fourth Party System, which began with the Progressive Era. McKinley defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election in a campaign focused on imperialis ...
Thy Will Be Done Chapter 13a - A Great Civil War Story by Jim Surkamp
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Thy Will Be Done - Chapter 12 from the Civil War by Jim Surkamp TRT: 26:54
Thy Will Be Done - Chapter 12b From The Civil War by Jim Surkamp
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American Civil War | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
American Civil War
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The American Civil War (also known by other names) was a war fought in the United States (U.S.) from 1861 to 1865. The Civil War is the most studied and written about episode in U.S. history. Largely as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people, war broke out in April 1861, when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina, shortly after United States President Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated. The loyalists of the Union in the North proclaimed support for the Constitution. They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South, who advocated for states' rights to uphold slavery.
Among the 34 U.S. states in February 1861, seven Southern slave states individually declared their secession from the country to form the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy grew to include eleven states, all of them slaveholding. The Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by the United States government, nor was it recognized by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal to the U.S. were known as the Union. The Union and Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years. Intense combat left 620,000 to 750,000 people dead, more than the number of U.S. military deaths in all other wars combined.The Union finally won the war when General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at the Battle of Appomattox Court House, followed with a series of surrenders by Confederate generals throughout the southern states. Much of the South's infrastructure was destroyed, especially the transportation systems. The Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and 4 million black slaves were freed. The Reconstruction Era (1863–1877) overlapped and followed the war, with the process of restoring national unity, strengthening the national government, and granting civil rights to freed black slaves throughout the country.
Southern United States | Wikipedia audio article
The Southern United States, also known as the American South, Dixie, Dixieland, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America. It is located between the Atlantic Ocean and the Western United States, with the Midwestern United States and Northeastern United States to its north and the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico to its south.
The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States but is commonly defined as including the states that fought for the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War. The Deep South is fully located in the southeastern corner. Arizona and New Mexico, which are geographically in the southern part of the country, are rarely considered part, while West Virginia, which separated from Virginia in 1863, commonly is. Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries. While the states of Delaware and Maryland, as well as the District of Columbia, permitted slavery prior to the start of the Civil War, they remained with the Union. Since the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, they became more culturally, economically, and politically aligned with the industrial Northern states, and are often identified as part of the Mid-Atlantic or Northeast by many residents, businesses, public institutions, and private organizations,but the United States Census Bureau puts them in the South.
Usually, the South is defined as including the southeastern and south-central United States. The region is known for its culture and history, having developed its own customs, musical styles, and cuisines, which have distinguished it in some ways from the rest of the United States. The Southern ethnic heritage is diverse and includes strong European (mostly English, Scottish, Scotch-Irish, Irish, German, French, and Spanish American), African, and some Native American components.Some other aspects of the historical and cultural development of the South have been influenced by the institution of slave labor on plantations in the Deep South to an extent seen nowhere else in the United States; the presence of a large proportion of African Americans in the population; support for the doctrine of states' rights, and the legacy of racial tension magnified by the Civil War and Reconstruction Era, as seen in thousands of lynchings (mostly from 1880 to 1930), the segregated system of separate schools and public facilities known as Jim Crow laws, that lasted until the 1960s, and the widespread use of poll taxes and other methods to frequently deny black people of the right to vote or hold office until the 1960s. Since the late 1960s, black people have held many offices in Southern states, especially in the coastal states of Virginia and South Carolina. Many black people have also been elected or appointed as mayors and police chiefs in the metropolises of Charlotte, Birmingham, Richmond, Columbia, Memphis, Houston, Atlanta, Jacksonville, and New Orleans, and serve in both the U.S. Congress and state legislatures.Historically, the South relied heavily on agriculture, and was highly rural until after 1945. It has since become more industrialized and urban and has attracted national and international migrants. The American South is now among the fastest-growing areas in the United States. Houston is the largest city in the Southern United States. Sociological research indicates that Southern collective identity stems from political, demographic, and cultural distinctiveness from the rest of the United States. The region contains almost all of the Bible Belt, an area of high Protestant church attendance (especially evangelical churches such as the Southern Baptist Convention) and predominantly conservative, religion-influenced politics. Indeed, studies have shown that Southerners are more conservative than non-Southerners in several areas, including religion, morality, international relations, and race relations. This is evident in both the region's religious attendance figures and in the region's usually strong support for the Republican Party in political elections since the 1960s, and especially since the 1990s.Apart from its climate, the living experience in the South increasingly resembles the rest of the nation. The arrival of millions of Northerners (especially in major metropolitan areas and coastal areas) and millions of Hispanics has meant the introduction of cultural values and social norms not rooted in Southern traditions. Observers conclude that collective identity and Southern distinctiveness are thus declining, particularly when defined against an earlier South that was somehow more authentic, real, more unified and distinct. The process has worked both ways, however, with aspects of Southern culture spreading throughout a greater portion of the rest of the United States in a process termed Southernization.
Southern United States | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Southern United States
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The Southern United States, also known as the American South, Dixie, Dixieland, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America. It is located between the Atlantic Ocean and the Western United States, with the Midwestern United States and Northeastern United States to its north and the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico to its south.
The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States but is commonly defined as including the states that fought for the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War. The Deep South is fully located in the southeastern corner. Arizona and New Mexico, which are geographically in the southern part of the country, are rarely considered part, while West Virginia, which separated from Virginia in 1863, commonly is. Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries. While the states of Delaware and Maryland, as well as the District of Columbia, permitted slavery prior to the start of the Civil War, they remained with the Union. Since the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, they became more culturally, economically, and politically aligned with the industrial Northern states, and are often identified as part of the Mid-Atlantic or Northeast by many residents, businesses, public institutions, and private organizations,but the United States Census Bureau puts them in the South.
Usually, the South is defined as including the southeastern and south-central United States. The region is known for its culture and history, having developed its own customs, musical styles, and cuisines, which have distinguished it in some ways from the rest of the United States. The Southern ethnic heritage is diverse and includes strong European (mostly English, Scottish, Scotch-Irish, Irish, German, French, and Spanish American), African, and some Native American components.Some other aspects of the historical and cultural development of the South have been influenced by the institution of slave labor on plantations in the Deep South to an extent seen nowhere else in the United States; the presence of a large proportion of African Americans in the population; support for the doctrine of states' rights, and the legacy of racial tension magnified by the Civil War and Reconstruction Era, as seen in thousands of lynchings (mostly from 1880 to 1930), the segregated system of separate schools and public facilities known as Jim Crow laws, that lasted until the 1960s, and the widespread use of poll taxes and other methods to frequently deny black people of the right to vote or hold office until the 1960s. Since the late 1960s, black people have held many offices in Southern states, especially in the coastal states of Virginia and South Carolina. Many black people have also been elected or appointed as mayors and police chiefs in the metropolises of Charlotte, Birmingham, Richmond, Columbia, Memphis, Houston, Atlanta, Jacksonville, and New Orleans, and serve in both the U.S. Congress and state legislatures.Historically, the South relied heavily on agriculture, and was highly rural until after 1945. It has since become more industrialized and urban and has attracted national and international migrants. The American South is now among the fastest-growing areas in the United States. Houston is the largest city in the Southern United States. Sociological research indicates that Southern collective identity stems from political, demographic, and cultural distinctiveness from the rest of the United States. The region contains almost all of the Bible Belt, an area of high Protestant church attendance (especially evangelical churches such as the Southern Baptist Convention) and predominantly conservative, religion-influenced politics. Indeed, studies have shown that Southerners are more conservative than non-Southerners in several areas, including religion, morality, international relations, and race relations. This is ...