Norvegia Oslo Isole Lofoten - Norway Lofoten islands
#norvegia #oslo #lofoten
Norvegia Oslo Isole Lofoten luglio 2011 - Norway Lofoten islands
Magnifico viaggio in Norvegia Lofoten (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈluːfuːtən]) is an archipelago and a traditional district in the county of Nordland, Norway.
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Lofoten is known for a distinctive scenery with dramatic mountains and peaks, open sea and sheltered bays, beaches and untouched lands. Though lying within the Arctic Circle, the archipelago experiences one of the world's largest elevated temperature anomalies relative to its high latitude.There is evidence of human settlement extending back at least 11,000 yrs in Lofoten, and the earliest archaeological sites ... are only about 5,500 yrs old, at the transition from the early to late Stone Age. Iron Age agriculture, livestock, and significant human habitation can be traced back to ~250 BCE.[1]
Svolvær in Lofoten, Norway. View from the ferry harbour.
The town of Vågan (Norse Vágar) is the first known town formation in northern Norway. It existed in the early Viking Age, maybe earlier, and was located on the southern coast on eastern Lofoten, near today's village Kabelvåg in Vågan municipality. However, the Lofotr Viking Museum with the reconstructed 83-meter-long longhouse (the largest known) is located near Borg on Vestvågøy, which has many archeological finds from the Iron Age and Viking Age.[2]
The islands have for more than 1,000 years been the centre of great cod fisheries, especially in winter, when the cod migrates south from the Barents Sea and gathers in Lofoten to spawn. Bergen in southwestern Norway was for a long time the hub for further export south to different parts of Europe, particularly so when trade was controlled by the Hanseatic League. In the lowland areas, particularly Vestvågøy, agriculture plays a significant role, as it has done since the Bronze Age.
Lofotr was originally the name of the island of Vestvågøy only. Later it became the name of the chain of islands. The chain of islands with its pointed peaks looks like a lynx foot from the mainland. In Norwegian, it is always a singular. Another name one might come across, is Lofotveggen or the Lofoten wall. The archipelago looks like a closed wall when seen from elevated points around Bodø or when arriving from the sea, some 100 kilometres (62 miles) long, and 800–1,000 metres (2,600–3,300 feet) high.
In 1941, the islands were raided by British Commandos during Operation Claymore in March and a subsequent diversionary attack to support the Vaagso raid in December.
RVing in Norway: Road Trip to the North Cape (Nordkapp) - Traveling Robert
In this video we drive to the northernmost point in the world accessible by car. We make the road trip on a Sunlight T69L motorhome, courtesy of We take a breathtaking drive along the Porsanger Fjord, and get a glimpse of the midnight sun just two weeks before the Summer Solstice.
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Beautiful girls of Kiruna ,Swedish city, tour guide to monuments, buildings, history and attractions
Beautiful girls of Kiruna ,Swedish city, tour guide to monuments, buildings, history and attractions
game :
city college ,city, Swedish , Kiruna, Sweden, college, Kiruna , Swedish city, tour guide, monuments, buildings, history , attractions, , tour, guide, parks, nature, skylines, silhouette, coast, port, architecture, art, museum, street, traffic, city, city hall, square, market square, business centre, airport, flight, travel, cheap travel, good travel, exchange, future, education, school, exercise, new, beautiful, girls,
Kiruna (Northern Sami: Giron, Finnish: Kiiruna) is the northernmost town in Sweden, situated in the province of Lapland. It had 18,148 inhabitants in 2010[1] and is the seat of Kiruna Municipality (population: 23,099 in 2008[2]) in Norrbotten County.
The city's vicinity shares a long history with the indigenous Sami people, with evidence of at least 6000 years of settlement. The city of Kiruna was founded in 1900 and quickly became a major centre of iron ore extraction and mining industry.[citation needed] During World War II, large quantities of iron were transported from Kiruna by rail to the east coast, and further down to be sold to Germany.[citation needed] Due to Kiruna's position north of the Arctic Circle the city experiences both midnight sun and polar night throughout the year as well as a very cold climate by Scandinavian standards.
Esrange Space Center was established in Kiruna in the 1960s.[3] Also in Kiruna are the Institute of Space Physics[4] and the Department of Space Science belonging to Luleå University of Technology.[5]
City college , Kiruna ,Swedish city, tour guide to monuments, buildings, history and attractions
game :
city college ,city, Swedish , Kiruna, Sweden, college, Kiruna , Swedish city, tour guide, monuments, buildings, history , attractions, , tour, guide, parks, nature, skylines, silhouette, coast, port, architecture, art, museum, street, traffic, city, city hall, square, market square, business centre, airport, flight, travel, cheap travel, good travel, exchange, future, education, school, exercise, new, beautiful, girls,
Kiruna (Northern Sami: Giron, Finnish: Kiiruna) is the northernmost town in Sweden, situated in the province of Lapland. It had 18,148 inhabitants in 2010[1] and is the seat of Kiruna Municipality (population: 23,099 in 2008[2]) in Norrbotten County.
The city's vicinity shares a long history with the indigenous Sami people, with evidence of at least 6000 years of settlement. The city of Kiruna was founded in 1900 and quickly became a major centre of iron ore extraction and mining industry.[citation needed] During World War II, large quantities of iron were transported from Kiruna by rail to the east coast, and further down to be sold to Germany.[citation needed] Due to Kiruna's position north of the Arctic Circle the city experiences both midnight sun and polar night throughout the year as well as a very cold climate by Scandinavian standards.
Esrange Space Center was established in Kiruna in the 1960s.[3] Also in Kiruna are the Institute of Space Physics[4] and the Department of Space Science belonging to Luleå University of Technology.[5]
MALMO TRAVEL GUIDE // 3 DAY ITINERARY - Europe City Break ????????
Presenting all the best things to do in Malmo (in paid collaboration with @malmotown) Follow Emily and I around the gorgeous Swedish city of Malmo to explore all the sites by bike, boat and electric scooter AND finding the best Swedish meatballs and falafel in town!
#makeitmalmo
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History: UKRAINE
Crimea:
Cossacks helped Russia get Crimea from Turkey 39:43
Donbas (East) 56:55
Crimea turned over to Ukraine 2:16:28
Russia 12:46 / 31:16
UKRAINE - THE BIRTH OF A NATION (2008) / A Jerzy Hoffman Film
1:34 Kyiv (401 - 500)
2:16 Byzantium (330–1453)
2:45 Princess Olga (890 - 969) adopted Christianity
3:28 Chersonesus in Crimea
4:06 Volodymyr the Great (958 - 1015)
4:29 Prince Yaroslav the Wise (978 - 1054)
4:39 Saint Sophia's Cathedral (1100)
5:31 Anna the Queen of France (1030 – 1075)
6:41 Volodymyr II Monomakh (1053-1125)
7:20 Yuri Dolgorukiy (1099 - 1157)
7:26 Moscow
7:37 The Mongols
10:16 The Principality of Galicia–Volhynia or Kingdom of Rus
10:49 Lviv
12:37 Ivan III of Russia (1440-1505)
12:46 The myth about Russia
13:07 Crimea
13:53 Roxolana (1502 – 1558)
15:20 serfdom (Polish oppression)
15:40 printing press
17:14 Zaporizhian Sich
18:33 Ukraine replaces the name Rus
18:40 cossack
20:15 Brest Union
20:18 The uniates
21:08 Hetman Sagaidachny (1570 - 1622)
23:05 Orthodoxy
23:28 Yarema Vyshnevetsky (1612 – 1651)
23:31 Catholicism
24:54 Bohdan Khmelnytsky (1595 – 1657)
30:04 The Pereyaslav Council -------------------------------------------------1654
34:39 Ivan Mazepa (1639 - 1709)
37:06 The Battle of Poltava on 27 June 1709
40:11 Zaporizhian Sich (1552-1709)
40:27 Solovki
French Revolution--------------------------------------------------------------------- 1789
47:03 Dumy - historical ballads
48:18 Greek Catholic Church banned
48:49 Kyiv University (1833)
49:48 The Order of Basilian Fathers
50:55 Taras Shevchenko (1814 - 1861) (age 47)
54:57 Blue and yellow banner
55:45 The Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood
56:32 national liberation movement
56:55 Crimean War ----------------------------------------------------- 1853 to 1856
57:07 Alexander II (1818 - 1881) abolished serfdom
57:26 city of Donetsk (1868)
58:56 Green wedge
59:23 Volodymyr Antonovych (1834 - 1908)
59:28 Mykhailo Drahomanov (1841-1895 )
1:00:42 Lesya Ukrainka (1871 - 1913) (aged 42)
1:02:13 The Shevchenko Scientific Society (1873 )
1:11:03 Mykhailo Hrushevsky
1:03:27 Ivan Franko (1856 - 1916)
1:04:22 History of Ukraine-Ruthenia
1:04:49 Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky (1865 - 1944) 1:45:42
1:06:31 World War I------------------------------------------------------------------1914
1:07:32 Dmitro Dontsov (1883 - 1973)
1:07:57 (1914) Russian occupation
1:11:24 Symon Petliura
1:11:24 West Ukrainian People's Republic
1:19:27 Ukrainian Galician Army
1:23:30 Nestor Makhno
1:30:48 The Russian famine ----------------------------------------------------1921
1:41:21 Ukr National Democratic Alliance, (UNDO)
1:42:20 Ukr Sich Riflemen
1:42:43 (UVO) Ukr Military Organization
1:42:51 Yevhen Konovalets
1:43:10 Dmytro Dontsov
1:44:01 The Organization of Ukr Nationalists (OUN)
1:44:52 (1933) Stepan Bandera head of OUN
1:47:07 Avgustyn Voloshyn
1:47:33 Melnyk's and Bandera's
1:39:06 collectivization (1939)
1:38:55 *** ???????????????????????????? ????????????????: !!! ???????????????????? 1:39:33
World War II ----------------------------------------------------------------(1939 - 1945)
1:51:24 The Nachtigall Battalion (Nightingale)
1:51:43 Independent Ukr State
1:44:50 Stepan Bandera (1909 – 1959) -----------------------------------1933
Between Hitler & Stalin: Ukraine in World War II
Wehrmacht Saves Innocent Civilians In Ukraine 1941
1:53:42 Babi Yar
1:55:40 partisan warfare
1:44:01 Organization of Ukr Nationalists (OUN)
1:57:42 Roman Shukhevych
1:58:37 Volyn
1:58:57 UPA - Ukrainian Insurgent Army
2:00:04 ethnic cleansing (1943)
2:02:32 SS Galicia Division
2:02:33 Banderavists (Bandera) split of OUN (former UVO) 1:47:26
2:02:25 Melnykovites (Melnyk)
2:02:57 SS Galicia crushed by the Red Army
2:04:51 Nikita Khrushchev
2:05:21 Joseph Stalin
1:39:56 RUSYN replaced the term Ukrainian
2:06:14 Gulag
2:06:31 Yalta
2:10:30 Operation Vistula (Polish: Akcja Wisła)
2:12:00 The Greek Catholic Church abolishment
2:12:21 Josyf Slipyj (1893 - 1984)
1:49:25 annexation of the Western Ukraine
2:16:33 turning Crimea over to Ukraine
2:18:25 Thaw (early 1950s to the early 1960s)
2:30:09 (April 26 1986) - Chornobyl disaster
2:35:30 Rukh - Movement
2:37:29 (1991) Declaration of Sovereignty of Ukraine
1:13:48 The Ukr People's Republic of 1918 - 1920
2:50:29 The Orange Revolution (2004)
Aalborg
Aalborg is an industrial and university city in the North of Jutland, Denmark. As of 1 January 2014, it has a population of 130,853, making it the fourth most populous city in Denmark. With a population of 205,809, the Municipality of Aalborg is the third most populous in the country after Copenhagen and Aarhus. By road Aalborg is 64 kilometres southwest of Frederikshavn, and 118 kilometres north of Aarhus.
The earliest settlements date to around AD 700. Aalborg's position at the narrowest point on the Limfjord made it an important harbour during the Middle Ages, and later a large industrial centre. Architecturally, the city is known for its half-timbered mansions built by its prosperous merchants. Budolfi Church, now a cathedral, dates from the end of the 14th century and Aalborghus Castle, a royal residence, was built in 1550. Today, Aalborg is a city in transition from a working-class industrial area to a knowledge-based community. A major exporter of grain, cement, and spirits, its thriving business interests include Siemens Wind Power, Aalborg Industries, and Aalborg Portland. These companies have become global producers of wind turbine rotors, marine boilers and cement.
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Electric tram | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:17 1 Etymology and terminology
00:05:32 2 History
00:05:55 2.1 Horse-drawn
00:11:47 2.2 Steam
00:13:56 2.3 Cable-hauled
00:18:42 2.4 Gas
00:20:41 2.5 Electric
00:29:45 2.6 Other power sources
00:30:00 2.6.1 Battery
00:31:14 2.6.2 Human Power
00:32:13 2.6.3 Liquid fuel
00:33:03 2.6.4 Compressed air
00:33:18 2.6.5 Hydrogen
00:33:50 2.6.6 Hybrid
00:34:36 2.7 Modern development
00:35:27 3 Design
00:35:35 3.1 Single-ended vs double-ended
00:38:14 3.2 Articulated
00:39:42 3.3 Double decker
00:40:59 3.4 Drop-Centre (lowered central section)
00:41:49 3.5 Low floor
00:44:10 3.5.1 Ultra low floor
00:45:02 3.5.2 Pivoting bogie
00:45:47 3.6 Tram-train
00:46:44 3.7 Cargo tram
00:49:50 3.8 Tourist tram
00:50:24 3.9 Nursery tram
00:50:54 3.10 Hearse tram
00:52:19 3.11 Dog car
00:52:45 3.12 Restaurant tram
00:54:20 3.13 Mobile library service
00:54:59 3.14 Contractors' mobile office
00:55:28 3.15 Maintenance tram
00:56:23 3.16 Rubber-tyred tram
00:57:16 3.17 Other designs
00:57:24 3.17.1 Modular design
00:58:11 3.17.2 Modern styling
00:58:37 4 Operation
00:59:14 4.1 Track
01:01:19 4.2 Track gauge
01:02:31 4.3 Power supply
01:04:02 4.3.1 Ground-level power supply
01:05:12 4.4 Tram stop
01:05:47 4.5 Route
01:09:36 4.6 Controls
01:10:11 5 Manufacturing
01:10:39 6 Advantages
01:12:32 7 Disadvantages
01:14:14 8 By region
01:16:30 8.1 Statistics
01:19:28 8.2 Major tram and light rail systems
01:31:17 8.3 Africa
01:31:25 8.4 Asia
01:34:25 8.5 Europe
01:35:24 8.6 North America
01:39:17 8.7 Oceania
01:43:53 8.8 South America
01:45:09 9 Incidents
01:47:53 10 Tram modelling
01:50:39 11 In popular culture
01:50:54 11.1 Literature
01:57:59 11.2 Music
01:59:28 11.3 Film
02:02:44 11.4 Television
02:03:33 11.5 Visual arts
02:05:42 11.6 Drama
02:06:12 11.7 Ballet
02:06:29 11.8 Opera
02:06:45 11.9 Other
02:07:54 12 See also
02:08:03 12.1 Tram types
02:08:12 12.2 Trams by region
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8924788607054737
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
A tram (in North America streetcar or trolley) is a rail vehicle which runs on tramway tracks along public urban streets; some include segments of segregated right-of-way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways. Historically the term electric street railways was also used in the United States. In the United States, the term tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tyred trackless trains, which are not related to the other vehicles covered in this article.
Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than main line and rapid transit trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph sliding on an overhead line; older systems may use a trolley pole or a bow collector. In some cases by a contact shoe on a third rail is used. If necessary, they may have dual power systems—electricity in city streets, and diesel in more rural environments. Occasionally, trams also carry freight.
Trams are now commonly included in the wider term light rail, which also includes grade-separated systems. Some trams, known as tram-trains, may have segments that run on mainline railway tracks, similar to interurban systems. The differences between these modes of rail transport are often indistinct, and a given system may combine multiple features.
One of the advantages over earlier forms of transit was the low rolling resistance of metal wheels on steel rails, allowing the animals to haul a greater load for a given effort. Problems included the fact that any given animal could only work so many hours on a given day, had to be housed, groomed, fed and cared for day in and day out, and produced prodigious amounts of manure, which the streetcar company was charged with disposing of. Electric trams largely replaced animal power in the late 19th and early 20th century. Improvements in other forms of road transport ...
Lewis chessmen
The Lewis chessmen are a group of 12th-century chess pieces, along with other gaming pieces, most of which are carved in walrus ivory. Discovered in 1831 on the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland, they may constitute some of the few complete, surviving medieval chess sets, although it is not clear if a set as originally made can be assembled from the pieces. When found, the hoard contained 93 artifacts: 78 chess pieces, 14 tablemen and one belt buckle. Today, 82 pieces are owned and usually exhibited by the British Museum in London, and the remaining 11 are at the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh.
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Creative Commons image source in video
City college , Kiruna ,Swedish city, tour guide to monuments, buildings, history and attractions
City college , Kiruna ,Swedish city, tour guide to monuments, buildings, history and attractions
game :
city college ,city, Swedish , Kiruna, Sweden, college, Kiruna , Swedish city, tour guide, monuments, buildings, history , attractions, , tour, guide, parks, nature, skylines, silhouette, coast, port, architecture, art, museum, street, traffic, city, city hall, square, market square, business centre, airport, flight, travel, cheap travel, good travel, exchange, future, education, school, exercise, new,
Kiruna (Northern Sami: Giron, Finnish: Kiiruna) is the northernmost town in Sweden, situated in the province of Lapland. It had 18,148 inhabitants in 2010[1] and is the seat of Kiruna Municipality (population: 23,099 in 2008[2]) in Norrbotten County.
The city's vicinity shares a long history with the indigenous Sami people, with evidence of at least 6000 years of settlement. The city of Kiruna was founded in 1900 and quickly became a major centre of iron ore extraction and mining industry.[citation needed] During World War II, large quantities of iron were transported from Kiruna by rail to the east coast, and further down to be sold to Germany.[citation needed] Due to Kiruna's position north of the Arctic Circle the city experiences both midnight sun and polar night throughout the year as well as a very cold climate by Scandinavian standards.
Esrange Space Center was established in Kiruna in the 1960s.[3] Also in Kiruna are the Institute of Space Physics[4] and the Department of Space Science belonging to Luleå University of Technology.[5]
Η μικρή γοργόνα, ΚΟΠΕΓΧΑΓΗ, COPENHAGUE, COPENHAGEN, KØBENHAVN, 哥本哈根，, MONUMENTS, DENMARK, EUROPE,
Η μικρή γοργόνα
Στην άκρη του λιμανιού, έργο του Edvard Eriksen από το 1913. Αναφέρεται σε ηρωίδα παραμυθιού του Χανς Κρίστιαν Άντερσεν.
COPENHAGEN, KØBENHAVN, ΚΟΠΕΓΧΑΓΗ, COPENHAGUE, 哥本哈根，, MONUMENTS, DENMARK, EUROPE,
COPENHAGEN
Copenhagen[note 1] (Danish: København [købm̩ˈhɑwˀn] ( listen); Latin: Hafnia) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark. The city has a population of 763,908 (as of December 2016), of whom 601,448 live in the Municipality of Copenhagen.[7][8] The larger urban area has a population of approximately 1.3 million (as of 1 January 2016),[4] while the Copenhagen metropolitan areahas just over 2 million inhabitants.[9] Copenhagen is situated on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand; another small portion of the city is located on Amager, and is separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the strait of Øresund. The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road.
Originally a Viking fishing village founded in the 10th century, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the early 15th century. Beginning in the 17th century it consolidated its position as a regional centre of power with its institutions, defences and armed forces. After suffering from the effects of plague and fire in the 18th century, the city underwent a period of redevelopment. This included construction of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden and founding of such cultural institutions as the Royal Theatreand the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. After further disasters in the early 19th century when Nelson attacked the Dano-Norwegian fleet and bombarded the city, rebuilding during the Danish Golden Age brought a Neoclassical look to Copenhagen's architecture. Later, following the Second World War, the Finger Plan fostered the development of housing and businesses along the five urban railway routes stretching out from the city centre.
-NATURE, HISTORY, CULTURE, MONUMENTS, SITES, SIGHTS, MYTHOLOGY,
Dr Mentis K./ European culture ,
-ПРИРОДА, ИСТОРИЯ, КУЛЬТУРА, ПАМЯТНИКИ, САЙТЫ, МИФОЛОГИЯ,
-性质，历史，文化，古迹，地点，神话，
-NATURALEZA, HISTORIA, CULTURA, MONUMENTOS, SITIOS, MITOLOGÍA,
-NATURA, STORIA, CULTURA, MONUMENTI, SITI, MITOLOGIA,
- STATION, HISTOIRE, CULTURE, MONUMENTS, SITES, MYTHOLOGIE,
-ΦΥΣΗ, ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ, ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΜΟΣ, ΜΝΗΜΕΙΑ, ΑΞΙΟΘΕΑΤΑ, ΜΥΘΟΛΟΓΙΑ,
-NATUR, GESCHICHTE, KULTUR, DENKMÄLER, SEITEN, MYTHOLOGIE,
ΚΟΠΕΓΧΑΓΗ
Αξιοθέατα της πόλης
Nationalmuseet (Εθνικό Μουσείο)
Με ευρήματα που χρονολογούνται στην εποχή των παγετώνων. Η είσοδος είναι δωρεάν.
Κάστρο του Ρόζενμποργκ
Παλάτι της Κοπεγχάγης, αναγεννησιακό, κάθε αίθουσα είναι αφιερωμένη και σε ένα μονάρχη της χώρας. Ανοιχτό καθημερινά, 60 κορώνες η είσοδος. Αλλαγή φρουράς στις 12:00.
Η μικρή γοργόνα
Στην άκρη του λιμανιού, έργο του Edvard Eriksen από το 1913. Αναφέρεται σε ηρωίδα παραμυθιού του Χανς Κρίστιαν Άντερσεν.
Kastellet
Παλιό φρούριο, κοντά στη μικρή γοργόνα, το οποίο σήμερα έχει μετατραπεί σε πάρκο αναψυχής.
Τίβολι
Ο παραδοσιακός κήπος διασκέδασης στο κέντρο.
Strøget
Το σύνολο των πεζοδρόμων στην καρδιά της Κοπεγχάγης προσελκύει πλήθος τουριστών.
Christiansborg
Παλάτι που σήμερα φιλοξενεί το κοινοβούλιο της Δανίας.
Marmorkirken, Nyhavn, Statens Museum for Kunst , Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Christiansborg,Christiansborg, Strøget, Kastellet,
BIBLIOGRAPHY – SOURCES:
- Βικιπαιδεια,
- Dr Mentis K; BOOKS, ARCHIVES, RESEARCHES, SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS FOR: EUROPEAN AND HELLENIC CULTURE, EUROPEAN CULTURAL MONUMENTS, ECONOMY, FOLKLORE, CULTURAL MANAGEMENT, ECONOMY OF CULTURE
-wikipedia
БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ - ИСТОЧНИКИ,
- Википедия,
- ДИДАКТОР Д-р Dr МЕДИС КОНСТАНТИНОС: КНИГИ, АРХИВЫ, ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ, НАУЧНЫЕ ПУБЛИКАЦИИ ДЛЯ: ЕВРОПЕЙСКОЙ И ХЕЛЛОВОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ, ЕВРОПЕЙСКИХ КУЛЬТУРНЫХ ПАМЯТНИКОВ, ЭКОНОМИКИ, ФОЛЬКЛОР, КУЛЬТУРНОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ, ЭКОНОМИКИ КУЛЬТУРЫ
参考书目 - 来源，
- 维基百科，
- DIDAKTOR Dr MEDIS KONSTANTINOS博士：书籍，档案，研究，科学出版物：欧洲和地中海文化，欧洲文化古迹，经济，民主，文化管理，经济文化
ΜΟΥΣΙΚΗ Hero Theme MK2 Κινηματογραφική
Ebeltoft, Djursland, Denmark (Town Tour) walking and cycling.. GoPro
Check the Denmark Play-List:
Ebeltoft
Ebeltoft is an old port town on the central east coast of Denmark with a population of 7,468 (1 January 2014). It is located in Syddjurs municipality in Region Midtjylland on the larger Djursland peninsula of Jutland.
CountryDenmarkRegionCentral Denmark (Midtjylland)MunicipalitySyddjursCoordinates56°11′37″N 10°40′41″EPopulation7,468 (2014)TimezoneCET (UTC+1) - summer (DST)CEST (UTC+2)Postal code8400
Ebeltoft is known for its old town center with cobble-stoned streets and centuries-old half-timbered houses. Plans for the conservation of this peculiar environment, was initiated in the 1960s by the city council and the National Museum of Denmark. Apart from this overall old-village charm, Ebeltoft holds several other notable institutions such as Glasmuseet Ebeltoft, one of the world's first glass museums, Fregatten Jylland, the longeattractionsEip in the world and the European Film College, offering short and long courses in film making, especially for young people.
Tourism
Ebeltoft and the surrounding countryside is one of the tourist centres of Denmark, with many summer houses and rentals, a marina, a golf course and many child-friendly beaches. In spite of its relatively small size, Ebeltoft is quite lively, especially in the summer season. The population soars in June, July, and August - but all year round, there are many more people staying here than the official number of inhabitants suggests. This is due to the Danish phenomenon of 'summer houses' (holiday homes): most are made of wood but often quite luxurious, and there are several thousand in this area. The tourism, the old traditions of trade in this harbour town, and the international schools in the area probably explain why most people in this small town are open-minded and friendly towards foreigners. The town is, generally speaking, also well-to-do. Quite a few people work in the city of Aarhus, which is only 50 km away by road and so within commuting distance. The Aarhus Airport is just 15 km by road to the north.
Ebeltoft itself offers fewer and fewer opportunities for employment. Several large companies that used to employ unskilled labour are now closed; traditional trades, such as fishing and farming are diminishing rapidly; and the ferry line, Mols-linien, has moved quite a few of its employees to the ferry port of Aarhus. However, the town is popular with artisans, such as glass workers, potters, painters, and jewellery designers. The Glasmuseet Ebeltoft, which shows contemporary glass art from all over the world, was established in 1985 by Ebeltoft glass artists Finn Lynggaard and his wife, Tchai Munch. The many general stores and supermarkets - as well as hotels, restaurants, and bars - offer opportunities to make a living here.
Surroundings
Around Ebeltoft lie few small towns such as Fuglsø and Knebel on the Mols Peninsula. Just south of the town is the holiday resort of Øer. In 2009 the large Mols Bjerge National Park was inaugurated and it includes the town of Ebeltoft.
Gallery
Some regional attractions
Djurs Sommerland - outdoor amusement parkRanders Tropical ZooKattegatcentret – aquarium, fish, (large) sharks, sealsFjord- og Kystcentret/ Visit Center at Randers Fjord – exhibitions, guided tours, etc.Dansk Motor- og Maskinsamling – The Engine Collection, Scandinavia’s largest stationary engine collectionLandbrugsmuseet, Gl. Estrup/ The Agriculture Museum at Gl. Estrup - agricultural museum including extensive gardens with traditional vegetables and cropsHerregårdsmuseet Gl. Estrup/ The Manor Museum, Gl. EstrupMunkholm Zoo – zoo aimed at families with small childrenRee Park – zoo in hilly countrysideSkandinavisk Dyrepark/ Scandinavian animal park – zoo, Nordic animalsGlasmuseet – contemporary glass museum.Fregatten Jylland – Frigate Jutland – one of world's largest wooden warshipsKalø Castle – a 700-year-old ruined castle on a peninsulaKalø Veteranbiltræf/ Kaloe Veteran Car Meet, Tuesdays.
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To see Leeuwarden City Center click:
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To see Hindeloopen City Tour click:
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Amaldus Clarin Nielsen (1838-1932) A collection of paintings 4K Ultra HD
Amaldus Clarin Nielsen (1838-1932) was a Norwegian painter.
He was born in Halse as a son of ship-master and merchant Niels Clemetsen Nielsen (1795–1845) and his wife Andrea Marie Møller (1802–1866).
He grew up in Mandal in Vest-Agder county, Norway. He lived most of his childhood and adolescence without a father. He received some tuition from a traveling drawing teacher and traveled to Copenhagen to study in 1854.
After one year of painting studies in Copenhagen, he enrolled at the Academy of Art in 1855. He failed to progress in the academy's system, but with financial support from his brother and business owner Diderik Cappelen (1856–1935), he studied under Hans Gude at the Düsseldorf Academy from 1857 to 1859.
He spent the years 1859 to 1863 travelling over Western and Southern Norway, and spent 1863 to 1864 in Düsseldorf again. He is associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting. He then travelled home due to illness, moved to Christiania where he sealed a deal to make paintings that the Christiania Kunstforening would sell at auctions, securing a steady income. He spent the years 1867 to 1868 in Karlsruhe before finally settling at Majorstuen in 1869.
He painted in the naturalist style, and has been called Norway's first naturalist painter. Important paintings include Hvalørhei (1874), Skovbillede (1896), Morgen ved Ny-Hellesund (1885, one of several from Ny-Hellesund), Ensomt sted (1901), Fra Bankefjorden (1910) and Kveld på Jæren (1925) Most of his paintings portrayed Western and Southern Norway, but also Østfold.
He participated almost annually in the Autumn Exhibit between 1883 and 1911, and held notable exhibitions in Christiania Kunstforening (1895, 1906, 1924, 1931), at the 1862 International Exhibition, the Exposition Universelle of 1889 and in Munich in 1913.
Eleven of his works are owned by the National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design. He is also represented in Mandal Kunstforening and Mandal Bymuseum, but is perhaps best known for the collection of about 300 works which was donated to Oslo municipality by Nielsen's heirs in 1933.
Since 1994 this collection is on permanent exhibit in the Stenersen Museum. Nielsen was also decorated as a Knight, First Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1890. The square Amaldus Nielsens plass, which includes a bust of Nielsen, was named after him.
In October 1868 in Christiania he married Johanne Nicoline Augusta Vangensteen, born 1845 as a daughter of district stipendiary magistrate Ove Bodvar Hussein Vangensteen (1806–1859).
The couple had eleven children. Both his wife and three children died in March 1886 from a diphtheria epidemic. After a period of grief, he married Laura Tandberg (1857–1928) in February 1888 in Risør. Nielsen died in December 1932, aged 94, from pneumonia.
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Четвърти лекционен тур с Лъчезар Бояджиев - 22.10.2016
ВЪВЕДЕНИЕ В СЪВРЕМЕННОТО ИЗКУСТВО - СОФИЯ, 2016
ЛЕКЦИОННИ ТУРОВЕ С ЛЪЧЕЗАР БОЯДЖИЕВ
Четвърти лекционен тур - 22.10.2016
Тема на маршрута: Музея през „прозореца“ на града
На 22 октомври, се състоя последният четвърти лекционен тур от „Въведение в съвременното изкуство“, 2016 в София. Този път „обиколката“ на града бе на закрито – а именно в музея - Квадрат 500. Там участниците видяха колекцията през погледа на Лъчезар Бояджиев, който въз основа на конкретни произведения говори за града.
Лъчезар Бояджиев за последния четвърти лекционен тур:
Музеят през „прозореца” на града – ще ходим из Квадрата, но ще го гледаме през снимки от града!
Какво е съвремие и съ-временно? (Contemporaneity and con-temporary?)
Какво е „образ на времето”, който внушава един музей?
Какво е „експозиция” в града за разлика от експозицията в музея?
Защо градът и музеят не могат един без друг?
Защо София не е Скопие, и никога няма да бъде, въпреки че на онези, които „инвестират в идентичност” много им се иска?
Защо Квадрат 500 не е Лувъра и никога няма да бъде?
Защо въведението в съ-временното изкуство всъщност зависи изцяло от Вас?
Между другото ще стане дума и за:
- опакото на пространството;
- град и село;
- религия и бохема;
- идеология и форма;
- художници и бълдъзи;
- фотография и скулптура;
- живопис и днес.
Повече за Лекционните турове с Лъчезар Бояджиев и образователната платформа „Въведение в съвременното изкуство“:
„Въведение в съвременното изкуство“ е проект на фондация „Отворени изкуства“ и галерия SARIEV Contemporary.
Проектът „Въведение в съвременното изкуство“ 2016 – София е финансиран от Столична програма „Култура“ на Столична община за 2016 г.
С подкрепата на награда „Гауденц Б. Руф“
Партньор: Национална художествена галерия
Медийни партньори: @BG on Air, Виж София, егоист, Timeart.me, Stand.bg, Artnewscafe Bulletin
Камера и монтаж: Калин Серапионов
-
„Въведение в съвременното изкуство” е проект на Фондация „Отворени изкуства” и Галерия SARIEV Contemporary.
Проектът „Въведение в съвременното изкуство” 2016 – София е финансиран от Столична програма „Култура” на Столична община за 2016 г.
С подкрепата на награда „Гауденц Б. Руф”.
Партньори: Национална художествена галерия
Медийни партньори: Виж! София, Timeart.me, Stand.bg, artnewscafé бюлетин, егоист.
Slettnes fyr
The northernmost mainland lighthouse in the world is situated in Slettnes nature reserve in Gamvik municipality in Finnmark, Northern Norway. The lighthouse history is as dramatic as the scenery.
KØBENHAVN, 哥本哈根， ΚΟΠΕΓΧΑΓΗ, COPENHAGUE, COPENHAGEN, MONUMENTS, DENMARK, EUROPE, Η μικρή γοργόνα,
Η μικρή γοργόνα
Στην άκρη του λιμανιού, έργο του Edvard Eriksen από το 1913. Αναφέρεται σε ηρωίδα παραμυθιού του Χανς Κρίστιαν Άντερσεν.
COPENHAGEN, KØBENHAVN, ΚΟΠΕΓΧΑΓΗ, COPENHAGUE, 哥本哈根，, MONUMENTS, DENMARK, EUROPE,
COPENHAGEN
Copenhagen[note 1] (Danish: København [købm̩ˈhɑwˀn] ( listen); Latin: Hafnia) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark. The city has a population of 763,908 (as of December 2016), of whom 601,448 live in the Municipality of Copenhagen.[7][8] The larger urban area has a population of approximately 1.3 million (as of 1 January 2016),[4] while the Copenhagen metropolitan areahas just over 2 million inhabitants.[9] Copenhagen is situated on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand; another small portion of the city is located on Amager, and is separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the strait of Øresund. The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road.
Originally a Viking fishing village founded in the 10th century, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the early 15th century. Beginning in the 17th century it consolidated its position as a regional centre of power with its institutions, defences and armed forces. After suffering from the effects of plague and fire in the 18th century, the city underwent a period of redevelopment. This included construction of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden and founding of such cultural institutions as the Royal Theatreand the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. After further disasters in the early 19th century when Nelson attacked the Dano-Norwegian fleet and bombarded the city, rebuilding during the Danish Golden Age brought a Neoclassical look to Copenhagen's architecture. Later, following the Second World War, the Finger Plan fostered the development of housing and businesses along the five urban railway routes stretching out from the city centre.
-NATURE, HISTORY, CULTURE, MONUMENTS, SITES, SIGHTS, MYTHOLOGY,
Dr Mentis K./ European culture ,
-ПРИРОДА, ИСТОРИЯ, КУЛЬТУРА, ПАМЯТНИКИ, САЙТЫ, МИФОЛОГИЯ,
-性质，历史，文化，古迹，地点，神话，
-NATURALEZA, HISTORIA, CULTURA, MONUMENTOS, SITIOS, MITOLOGÍA,
-NATURA, STORIA, CULTURA, MONUMENTI, SITI, MITOLOGIA,
- STATION, HISTOIRE, CULTURE, MONUMENTS, SITES, MYTHOLOGIE,
-ΦΥΣΗ, ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ, ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΜΟΣ, ΜΝΗΜΕΙΑ, ΑΞΙΟΘΕΑΤΑ, ΜΥΘΟΛΟΓΙΑ,
-NATUR, GESCHICHTE, KULTUR, DENKMÄLER, SEITEN, MYTHOLOGIE,
ΚΟΠΕΓΧΑΓΗ
Αξιοθέατα της πόλης
Nationalmuseet (Εθνικό Μουσείο)
Με ευρήματα που χρονολογούνται στην εποχή των παγετώνων. Η είσοδος είναι δωρεάν.
Κάστρο του Ρόζενμποργκ
Παλάτι της Κοπεγχάγης, αναγεννησιακό, κάθε αίθουσα είναι αφιερωμένη και σε ένα μονάρχη της χώρας. Ανοιχτό καθημερινά, 60 κορώνες η είσοδος. Αλλαγή φρουράς στις 12:00.
Η μικρή γοργόνα
Στην άκρη του λιμανιού, έργο του Edvard Eriksen από το 1913. Αναφέρεται σε ηρωίδα παραμυθιού του Χανς Κρίστιαν Άντερσεν.
Kastellet
Παλιό φρούριο, κοντά στη μικρή γοργόνα, το οποίο σήμερα έχει μετατραπεί σε πάρκο αναψυχής.
Τίβολι
Ο παραδοσιακός κήπος διασκέδασης στο κέντρο.
Strøget
Το σύνολο των πεζοδρόμων στην καρδιά της Κοπεγχάγης προσελκύει πλήθος τουριστών.
Christiansborg
Παλάτι που σήμερα φιλοξενεί το κοινοβούλιο της Δανίας.
Marmorkirken, Nyhavn, Statens Museum for Kunst , Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Christiansborg,Christiansborg, Strøget, Kastellet,
BIBLIOGRAPHY – SOURCES:
- Βικιπαιδεια,
- Dr Mentis K; BOOKS, ARCHIVES, RESEARCHES, SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS FOR: EUROPEAN AND HELLENIC CULTURE, EUROPEAN CULTURAL MONUMENTS, ECONOMY, FOLKLORE, CULTURAL MANAGEMENT, ECONOMY OF CULTURE
-wikipedia
БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ - ИСТОЧНИКИ,
- Википедия,
- ДИДАКТОР Д-р Dr МЕДИС КОНСТАНТИНОС: КНИГИ, АРХИВЫ, ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ, НАУЧНЫЕ ПУБЛИКАЦИИ ДЛЯ: ЕВРОПЕЙСКОЙ И ХЕЛЛОВОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ, ЕВРОПЕЙСКИХ КУЛЬТУРНЫХ ПАМЯТНИКОВ, ЭКОНОМИКИ, ФОЛЬКЛОР, КУЛЬТУРНОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ, ЭКОНОМИКИ КУЛЬТУРЫ
参考书目 - 来源，
- 维基百科，
- DIDAKTOR Dr MEDIS KONSTANTINOS博士：书籍，档案，研究，科学出版物：欧洲和地中海文化，欧洲文化古迹，经济，民主，文化管理，经济文化
ΜΟΥΣΙΚΗ Hero Theme MK2 Κινηματογραφική
SWEDEN: The spectacular UNESCO CHURCH TOWN of GAMMELSTAD ????, Luleå
SUBSCRIBE: - The church village in Gammelstad, Luleå. Sweden is a Scandinavian nation with thousands of coastal islands and inland lakes, along with vast boreal forests and glaciated mountains. Its principal cities, eastern capital Stockholm and southwestern Gothenburg and Malmö, are all coastal. Stockholm is built on 14 islands. It has more than 50 bridges, as well as the medieval old town, Gamla Stan, royal palaces and museums such as open-air Skansen.
#VicStefanu
Vic Stefanu, vstefanu@yahoo.com
Copenhagen in 4K
I had the opportunity, back in February, to visit the dynamic city of Copenhagen, Denmark. It is incredible to observe how renewable energies are spreading all over the world, and especially in this surprising city. Filmed in the course of 3 days, on a gorilla-pod and a travel tripod with the Nikon Coolpix a900 and the GoPro Hero 6. Locations featured: The Nyhavn canal, Copenhagen's opera, the Castellet, Helsingør, Den Lille Havfrue (The Little Mermaid), the food market, Kronborg Castle, Amalienborg Palace, and various other churches. Hope you enjoy!
Copenhagen[a] (Danish: København [købm̩ˈhɑwˀn]; Latin: Hafnia) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark. The city has a population of 775,033 (as of January 2018), of whom 613,288 live in the Municipality of Copenhagen and the Copenhagen urban area has a population of 1,308,893 (as of January 2018).[6][7] Copenhagen is situated on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand; another small portion of the city is located on Amager, and is separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the strait of Øresund. The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road. Originally a Viking fishing village founded in the 10th century, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the early 15th century. Beginning in the 17th century it consolidated its position as a regional centre of power with its institutions, defences and armed forces. After suffering from the effects of plague and fire in the 18th century, the city underwent a period of redevelopment. This included construction of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden and founding of such cultural institutions as the Royal Theatre and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. After further disasters in the early 19th century when Horatio Nelson attacked the Dano-Norwegian fleet and bombarded the city, rebuilding during the Danish Golden Age brought a Neoclassical look to Copenhagen's architecture. Later, following the Second World War, the Finger Plan fostered the development of housing and businesses along the five urban railway routes stretching out from the city centre. Since the turn of the 21st century, Copenhagen has seen strong urban and cultural development, facilitated by investment in its institutions and infrastructure. The city is the cultural, economic and governmental centre of Denmark; it is one of the major financial centres of Northern Europe with the Copenhagen Stock Exchange. Copenhagen's economy has seen rapid developments in the service sector, especially through initiatives in information technology, pharmaceuticals and clean technology. Since the completion of the Øresund Bridge, Copenhagen has become increasingly integrated with the Swedish province of Scania and its largest city, Malmö, forming the Øresund Region. With a number of bridges connecting the various districts, the cityscape is characterised by parks, promenades and waterfronts. Copenhagen's landmarks such as Tivoli Gardens, The Little Mermaid statue, the Amalienborg and Christiansborg palaces, Rosenborg Castle Gardens, Frederik's Church, and many museums, restaurants and nightclubs are significant tourist attractions. The largest lake of Denmark, Arresø, lies around 27 miles (43 kilometers) northwest of the City Hall Square. Copenhagen is home to the University of Copenhagen, the Technical University of Denmark and Copenhagen Business School. The University of Copenhagen, founded in 1479, is the oldest university in Denmark. Copenhagen is home to the FC København and Brøndby football clubs. The annual Copenhagen Marathon was established in 1980. Copenhagen is one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world. The Copenhagen Metro launched in 2002 serves central Copenhagen while the Copenhagen S-train and Lokaltog (private railway) and the Coast Line network serves and connects central Copenhagen to outlying boroughs. To relieve traffic congestion, which is partly the result of increased traffic because of the Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link road and rail construction is planned because the narrow 9-9.5 mile isthmus between Roskilde Fjord and Køge Bugt (Køge Bay) forms a traffic bottleneck. The Copenhagen-Ringsted Line will relieve traffic congestion in the corridor between Roskilde and Copenhagen. Serving roughly two million passengers a month, Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup, is the busiest airport in the Nordic countries.
US Coast Guard: Boat with father, 3 teens missing off Florida coast
News 2 at 5pm
Electric trolley | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:02 1 Etymology and terminology
00:04:57 2 History
00:05:20 2.1 Horse-drawn
00:10:27 2.2 Steam
00:12:21 2.3 Cable-hauled
00:16:36 2.4 Gas
00:18:20 2.5 Electric
00:26:35 2.6 Other power sources
00:26:50 2.6.1 Battery
00:27:55 2.6.2 Compressed air
00:28:10 2.6.3 Human power
00:29:03 2.6.4 Hydrogen
00:29:32 2.6.5 Hybrid
00:30:15 2.6.6 Liquid fuel
00:31:01 2.7 Modern development
00:31:49 3 Design
00:31:58 3.1 Articulated
00:33:18 3.2 Cargo tram
00:36:06 3.3 Dog car
00:36:30 3.4 Double decker
00:37:40 3.5 Drop-Centre (lowered central section)
00:38:25 3.6 Hearse tram
00:39:43 3.7 Low floor
00:42:30 3.7.1 Pivoting bogie
00:43:08 3.8 Maintenance tram
00:43:58 3.9 Mobile library service
00:44:34 3.10 Nursery tram
00:45:02 3.11 Restaurant tram
00:46:37 3.12 Single-ended versus double-ended
00:48:59 3.13 Tourist tram
00:49:30 3.14 Tram-train
00:50:22 3.15 Contractors' mobile office
00:50:49 3.16 Rubber-tyred tram
00:51:50 3.17 Other designs
00:51:59 3.17.1 Modern styling
00:52:23 3.17.2 Modular design
00:53:06 4 Operation
00:53:40 4.1 Controls
00:54:12 4.2 Power supply
00:55:33 4.2.1 Ground-level power supply
00:56:36 4.3 Route
01:00:03 4.4 Track
01:01:59 4.5 Track gauge
01:03:04 4.6 Tram stop
01:03:37 5 Manufacturing
01:04:03 6 Debate
01:04:12 6.1 Advantages
01:06:00 6.2 Disadvantages
01:07:33 7 By region
01:09:35 7.1 Major tram and light rail systems
01:19:58 7.1.1 Statistics
01:22:49 7.2 Africa
01:22:57 7.3 Asia
01:25:39 7.4 Europe
01:26:33 7.5 North America
01:30:07 7.6 Oceania
01:34:18 7.7 South America
01:35:51 8 Incidents
01:38:16 9 Tram modelling
01:40:44 10 In popular culture
01:40:59 10.1 Ballet
01:41:14 10.2 Drama
01:41:42 10.3 Film
01:44:38 10.4 Literature
01:51:29 10.5 Music
01:52:49 10.6 Opera
01:53:05 10.7 Television
01:53:50 10.8 Visual arts
01:55:47 10.9 Other
01:56:51 11 See also
01:57:01 11.1 Tram types
01:57:10 11.2 Trams by region
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9571201280978989
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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A tram (in North America streetcar or trolley) is a rail vehicle which runs on tramway tracks along public urban streets; some include segments of segregated right-of-way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways. Historically the term electric street railways was also used in the United States. In the United States, the term tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trains, which are unrelated to other kinds of trams.
Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than main line and rapid transit trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph sliding on an overhead line; older systems may use a trolley pole or a bow collector. In some cases by a contact shoe on a third rail is used. If necessary, they may have dual power systems—electricity in city streets, and diesel in more rural environments. Occasionally, trams also carry freight.
Trams are now commonly included in the wider term light rail, which also includes grade-separated systems. Some trams, known as tram-trains, may have segments that run on mainline railway tracks, similar to interurban systems. The differences between these modes of rail transport are often indistinct, and a given system may combine multiple features.
One of the advantages over earlier forms of transit was the low rolling resistance of metal wheels on steel rails, allowing the trams to haul a greater load for a given effort. Problems included the fact that any given animal could only work so many hours on a given day, had to be housed, groomed, fed and cared for day in and day out, and produced prodigious amounts of manure, which the streetcar company was charged with disposing of. Electric trams largely replaced animal power in the late 19th and early 20th century. Improvements in other forms of road transport such as buses led to decline of ...