Holland Land Company | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:06 1 Initial purchase
00:03:23 1.1 Treaty of Big Tree
00:06:00 1.2 Land sales
00:08:09 1.3 Land surveyed
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Speaking Rate: 0.703156383461675
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Holland Land Company was an unincorporated syndicate of thirteen Dutch investors from Amsterdam who in 1792 and 1793 purchased the western two-thirds of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase, an area that afterward was known as the Holland Purchase. Aliens were forbidden from owning land within the United States, so the investors placed their funds in the hands of certain trustees who bought the land in central and western New York State, and western Pennsylvania. The syndicate hoped to sell the land rapidly at a great profit. Instead, for many years they were forced to make further investments in their purchase; surveying it, building roads, digging canals, to make it more attractive to settlers. They sold the last of their land interests in 1840, when the syndicate was dissolved.
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Buffalo, New York | Wikipedia audio article
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Buffalo, New York
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Buffalo is the second largest city in the U.S. state of New York. As of July 2016, the population was 256,902. The city is the county seat of Erie County, and a major gateway for commerce and travel across the Canada–United States border, forming part of the bi-national Buffalo Niagara Region.
The Buffalo area was inhabited before the 17th century by the Native American Iroquois tribe and later by French settlers. The city grew significantly in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of immigration, the construction of the Erie Canal and rail transportation, and its close proximity to Lake Erie. This growth provided an abundance of fresh water and an ample trade route to the Midwestern United States while grooming its economy for the grain, steel and automobile industries that dominated the city's economy in the 20th century. Since the city's economy relied heavily on manufacturing, deindustrialization in the latter half of the 20th century led to a steady decline in population. While some manufacturing activity remains, Buffalo's economy has transitioned to service industries with a greater emphasis on healthcare, research and higher education, which emerged following the Great Recession.
Buffalo is on the eastern shore of Lake Erie, at the head of the Niagara River, 16 miles south of Niagara Falls. Its early embrace of electric power led to the nickname The City of Light. The city is also famous for its urban planning and layout by Joseph Ellicott, an extensive system of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, as well as significant architectural works. Its culture blends Northeastern and Midwestern traditions, with annual festivals including Taste of Buffalo and Allentown Art Festival, two professional sports teams (Buffalo Bills and Buffalo Sabres), and a music and arts scene.
Dutch East Indies | Wikipedia audio article
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Dutch East Indies
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Dutch East Indies (or Netherlands East-Indies; Dutch: Nederlands(ch)-Indië; Malay: Hindia Belanda) was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indonesia. It was formed from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Dutch government in 1800.
During the 19th century, the Dutch possessions and hegemony were expanded, reaching their greatest territorial extent in the early 20th century. This colony was one of the most valuable European colonies under the Dutch Empire's rule, and contributed to Dutch global prominence in spice and cash crop trade in the 19th to early 20th century. The colonial social order was based on rigid racial and social structures with a Dutch elite living separate from but linked to their native subjects. The term Indonesia came into use for the geographical location after 1880. In the early 20th century, local intellectuals began developing the concept of Indonesia as a nation state, and set the stage for an independence movement.Japan's World War II occupation dismantled much of the Dutch colonial state and economy. Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, Indonesian nationalists declared independence which they fought to secure during the subsequent Indonesian National Revolution. The Netherlands formally recognized Indonesian sovereignty at the 1949 Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference with the exception of the Netherlands New Guinea (Western New Guinea), which was ceded to Indonesia 14 years later in 1963 under the provisions of the New York Agreement.
Huguenots | Wikipedia audio article
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Huguenots
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Huguenots (; French: Les huguenots [yɡ(ə)no]) are an ethnoreligious group of French Protestants who follow the Reformed tradition.
The term has its origin in early 16th century France. It was frequently used in reference to those of the Reformed Church of France from the time of the Protestant Reformation. Huguenots were French Protestants who held to the Reformed tradition of Protestantism, while the populations of Alsace, Moselle and Montbéliard were mainly German Lutherans. In his Encyclopedia of Protestantism, Hans Hillerbrand claimed that on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572, the Huguenot community included as much as 10% of the French population, but it declined to 7–8% by around 1600 and even further after the return of heavy persecution in 1685 with Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau.
Huguenot numbers peaked near an estimated two million by 1562, concentrated mainly in the southern and western parts of the Kingdom of France. As Huguenots gained influence and more openly displayed their faith, Catholic hostility grew. A series of religious conflicts followed, known as the French Wars of Religion, fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598. The Huguenots were led by Jeanne d'Albret, her son, the future Henry IV (who would later convert to Catholicism to become king) and the princes of Condé. The wars ended with the Edict of Nantes, which granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy.
Huguenot rebellions in the 1620s prompted the abolition of their political and military privileges. They retained the religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes until the rule of Louis XIV, who gradually increased persecution of Protestantism until he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685), ultimately ending any legal recognition of Protestantism in France and forcing the Huguenots to either convert or flee in a wave of violent dragonnades. Louis XIV laid claim that the French Huguenot population was reduced from about 800,000 to 900,000 adherents down to just 1,000 to 1,500; although he overexaggerated the reduction, the dragonnades certainly were devastating for the French Protestant community. Nevertheless, the remaining Huguenots faced continued persecution under Louis XV. At the time of Louis XV's death in 1774, Calvinism had been nearly eliminated from France. Persecution of Protestants officially ended with the Edict of Versailles, signed by Louis XVI in 1787. Two years later, with the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789, Protestants gained equal rights as citizens.The bulk of Huguenot émigrés relocated to Protestant states such as England and Wales, the Channel Islands, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic, the Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of the Palatinate in the Holy Roman Empire, the Duchy of Prussia, as well as majority Catholic but Protestant-controlled Ireland. They also fled to the Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa, the Dutch East Indies, the Caribbean, New Netherland and several of the English colonies in North America. A few families also went to Orthodox Russia and Catholic Quebec.
By now, most Huguenots have been assimilated into various societies and cultures, but remnant communities of Camisards in the Cévennes, most Reformed members of the United Protestant Church of France, French members of the largely German Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine and the Huguenot diaspora in England and Australia all still retain their beliefs and Huguenot designation.
Vasa (ship)
Vasa is a Swedish warship built between 1626 and 1628. The ship foundered and sank after sailing about 1,300 m into her maiden voyage on 10 August 1628. She fell into obscurity after most of her valuable bronze cannons were salvaged in the 17th century until she was located again in the late 1950s in a busy shipping lane just outside the Stockholm harbor. Salvaged with a largely intact hull in 1961, she was housed in a temporary museum called Wasavarvet until 1988 and then moved to the Vasa Museum in Stockholm. The ship is one of Sweden's most popular tourist attractions and has been seen by over 29 million visitors since 1961. Since her recovery, Vasa has become a widely recognized symbol of the Swedish great power period and is today a de facto standard in the media and among Swedes for evaluating the historical importance of shipwrecks.
The ship was built on the orders of the King of Sweden Gustavus Adolphus as part of the military expansion he initiated in a war with Poland-Lithuania. She was constructed at the navy yard in Stockholm under a contract with private entrepreneurs in 1626–1627 and armed primarily with bronze cannons cast in Stockholm specifically for the ship. Richly decorated as a symbol of the king's ambitions for Sweden and himself, upon completion she was one of the most powerfully armed vessels in the world. However, Vasa was dangerously unstable due to too much weight in the upper structure of the hull. Despite this lack of stability she was ordered to sea and foundered only a few minutes after encountering a wind stronger than a breeze. The order to sail was the result of a combination of factors. The king, who was leading the army in Poland at the time of her maiden voyage, was impatient to see her take up her station as flagship of the reserve squadron at Älvsnabben in the Stockholm Archipelago. At the same time the king's subordinates lacked the political courage to openly discuss the ship's structural problems or to have the maiden voyage postponed. An inquiry was organized by the Swedish Privy Council to find those responsible for the disaster, but in the end no one was punished for the fiasco.
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List of works about the Dutch East India Company | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:07:29 1 Non-fiction
00:07:38 1.1 Books, dissertations and theses
00:07:49 1.1.1 General
00:24:47 1.1.2 Roles in economic, financial and business history
00:44:41 1.1.3 Science, technology, and culture in the VOC World
01:01:53 1.1.4 VOC military and political history
01:06:02 1.1.5 VOC maritime history (VOC in the Age of Exploration)
01:24:44 1.1.6 VOC historiography
01:27:47 1.1.7 VOC people
01:42:03 1.1.8 VOC in Europe
01:47:45 1.1.9 VOC in Africa
02:08:51 1.1.10 VOC in South and West Asia (including the Indian subcontinent)
02:30:42 1.1.11 VOC in Southeast Asia (including the East Indies)
02:44:53 1.1.12 VOC in East Asia
03:09:42 1.2 Journal articles, scholarly papers, essays, and book chapters
03:09:55 1.2.1 General history
03:42:39 1.2.2 Economic, financial and business history
04:35:09 1.2.3 Cultural and social history
05:29:40 1.2.4 Military and political history
05:54:16 1.2.5 Maritime history
06:12:14 2 Fiction
06:13:42 3 Audio
06:14:30 4 Video
06:15:16 5 Seminars and symposiums
06:15:42 6 Documentary
06:16:09 7 Film
06:16:27 8 Music
06:16:40 9 VOC World in visual arts
06:17:01 10 See also
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Speaking Rate: 0.8284446142312462
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC) is one of the most influential and best expertly researched companies/corporations in history. As an exemplary historical company-state, the VOC had effectively transformed itself from a corporate entity into a state, an empire, or even a world in its own right. The VOC World (i.e. networks of people, places, things, activities, and events associated with the Dutch East India Company) has been the subject of a vast amount of literature that includes both fiction and non-fiction works. VOC World studies is an international multidisciplinary field focused on social, cultural, religious, scientific, technological, economic, financial, business, maritime, military, political, legal, diplomatic activities, institutional organization, and administration of the VOC and its colourful world. Some of the notable VOC historians/scholars include Sinnappah Arasaratnam, Leonard Blussé, Peter Borschberg, Charles Ralph Boxer, Jaap Bruijn, Femme Gaastra, Om Prakash, Günter Schilder, and Nigel Worden.
In terms of global business history, the lessons from the VOC's success and failure are critically important. With a permanent capital base, the VOC was the first permanently organized limited-liability joint-stock company at the dawn of modern capitalism. As an early pioneering model of the modern corporation, the VOC was the first corporation to be ever actually listed on a formal stock exchange. In the early 1600s the VOC became the world's first formally listed public company (or publicly listed company) by widely issuing bonds and shares of stock to the general public. In many respects, modern-day publicly listed multinational corporations (including Forbes Global 2000 companies) are all 'descendants' of the 17th-century VOC business model.
For almost 200 years of its existence (1602–1800), the Company played crucial roles in business, financial, socio-politico-economic, military-political, diplomatic, legal, ethnic, and exploratory maritime history of the world. In the early modern period, the VOC was the driving force behind the rise of corporate-led globalization, corporate power, corporate identity, corporate culture, corporate social responsibility, corporate governance, corporate finance, corporate capitalism, and finance capitalism. It was the VOC's institutional innovations and business practices that laid the foundations for the rise of giant global corporations to become a highly significant and formidable socio-politico-economic force of the modern world as we know it today ...
European and American voyages of scientific exploration | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:38 1 Maritime exploration in the Age of Discovery
00:03:42 2 Maritime exploration in the Age of Enlightenment
00:06:33 2.1 Chronology of voyages
00:06:58 2.1.1 1735–39: French Geodesic Mission
00:09:11 2.1.2 1764–66: HMS iDolphin/i
00:10:22 2.1.3 1766–68: HMS iDolphin/i and HMS iSwallow/i
00:11:55 2.1.4 1766: HMS iNiger/i
00:12:41 2.1.5 1766–69: iLa Boudeuse/i and iL'Étoile/i
00:14:45 2.1.6 1768–71: HMS iEndeavour/i
00:17:06 2.1.7 1771–72: iIsle de France/i and iLe Nécessaire/i
00:17:51 2.1.8 1772: iSir Lawrence/i
00:18:25 2.1.9 1772–75: HMS iResolution/i and HMS iAdventure/i
00:19:44 2.1.10 1771–72: iLa Fortune/i and iLe Gros-Ventre/i
00:20:13 2.1.11 1773–74: iLe Roland/i and iL'Oiseau/i
00:20:46 2.1.12 1773–74: HMS iRacehorse/i and HMS iCarcass/i
00:21:37 2.1.13 1776–80: HMS iResolution/i and HMS iDiscovery/i
00:22:46 2.1.14 1785–88: iLa Boussole/i and iL'Astrolabe/i
00:24:14 2.1.15 1785–88: HMS iKing George/i
00:24:31 2.1.16 1785–94: iSlava Rossii/i
00:25:55 2.1.17 1790–91: iLa Solide/i
00:26:30 2.1.18 1789–94: iDescubierta/i and iAtrevida/i
00:28:13 2.1.19 1791–94: iLa Recherche/i and iL'Espérance/i
00:30:25 2.1.20 1791–93: HMS iProvidence/i
00:31:31 2.1.21 1791–95: HMS iDiscovery/i and HMS iChatham/i
00:33:26 2.1.22 1800–04: iLe Géographe/i and iNaturaliste/i
00:36:09 2.1.23 1801–03: HMS iInvestigator/i
00:37:24 2.1.24 1803–06: iNadezhda/i and iNeva/i
00:39:09 2.1.25 1815–18: iRurik/i
00:40:27 2.1.26 1817–20: iL'Uranie/i and iLa Physicienne/i
00:42:25 2.1.27 1819–21: iLe Rhône/i and iLa Durance/i
00:43:09 2.1.28 1822–25: iLa Coquille/i
00:45:04 2.1.29 1823–26: iPredpriyatiye/i
00:46:31 2.1.30 1824–25: HMS iBlonde/i
00:48:16 2.1.31 1824–26: iLe Thétis/i and iL'Espérance/i
00:49:12 2.1.32 1825–28: HMS iBlossom/i
00:50:27 2.1.33 1825–30: HMS iAdventure/i and HMS iBeagle/i
00:52:20 2.1.34 1826–29: iL'Astrolabe/i
00:53:23 2.1.35 1826–29: iSenyavin/i and iMoller/i
00:54:44 2.1.36 1827–28: iLa Chevrette/i
00:55:09 2.1.37 1828: Ms. Korvet iTriton/i
00:55:35 2.1.38 1829: iLa Cybèle/i
00:56:25 2.1.39 1829–32: iLa Favorite/i
00:57:51 2.1.40 1831–36: HMS iBeagle/i
00:59:53 2.1.41 1835 and 1836: iLa Recherche/i
01:00:45 2.1.42 1836–39: iVénus/i
01:01:40 2.1.43 1836–37: iLa Bonite/i
01:02:56 2.1.44 1836–42: HMS iSulphur/i
01:04:00 2.1.45 1837–40: iL'Astrolabe/i and iLa Zélée/i
01:07:02 2.1.46 1837–43: HMS iBeagle/i
01:08:21 2.1.47 1838–42: USS iVincennes/i and USS iPeacock/i
01:11:29 2.1.48 1839–43: HMS iErebus/i and HMS iTerror/i
01:13:47 2.1.49 1841–1844: iLa Favorite/i
01:14:16 2.1.50 1842–46: HMS iFly/i
01:15:45 2.1.51 1846–50: HMS iRattlesnake/i and HMS iBramble/i
01:17:17 2.1.52 1851–54: iCapricieuse/i
01:18:19 2.1.53 1851–53: iEugenie/i
01:19:21 2.1.54 1852–63: HMS iHerald/i
01:20:37 2.1.55 1853–55: USS iVincennes/i and USS iPorpoise/i
01:21:29 2.1.56 1857–60: SMS iNovara/i
01:22:38 2.1.57 1860: HMS iBulldog/i
01:23:25 2.1.58 1865–68: iMagenta/i
01:25:33 2.1.59 1865: HMS iCuracoa/i
01:26:36 2.1.60 1868 and 1869–1870: HMS iLightning/i and HMS iPorcupine/i
01:27:34 2.1.61 1873–76: HMS iChallenger/i
01:29:14 2.1.62 1875–76: HMS iAlert/i and HMS iDiscovery/i
01:30:12 2.1.63 1881: USRC iThomas Corwin/i
01:31:21 2.1.64 1882–83: iLa Romanche/i
01:32:03 2.1.65 1882–85: iVettor Pisani/i
01:32:21 2.1.66 1886–96: USS iAlbatross/i
01:33:06 2.1.67 1897–98: iLila and Mattie/i
01:34:40 2.1.68 1897–98: iBelgica/i
01:35:27 2.1.69 1898–99: iValdivia/i
01:36:42 3 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Speaking Rate: 0.9554706417624472
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The era of European and American voyages of scientific exploration followed the Age of Discovery and were inspired by a new confidence in science ...
Huguenot | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:06 1 Etymology
00:08:24 2 Symbol
00:08:53 3 Demographics
00:13:23 4 Emigration and diaspora
00:14:35 5 History
00:14:45 5.1 Origins
00:18:00 5.2 Criticism and conflict with the Catholic Church
00:20:14 5.3 Reformation and growth
00:21:34 5.4 Wars of religion
00:22:46 5.5 Civil wars
00:24:15 5.6 St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
00:25:22 5.7 Edict of Nantes
00:28:29 5.8 Edict of Fontainebleau
00:31:13 5.9 End of persecution
00:32:21 5.10 Right of return to France in the 19th and 20th centuries
00:33:54 5.11 Modern times
00:36:31 6 Exodus
00:36:58 6.1 Early emigration to colonies
00:38:08 6.2 South Africa
00:41:21 6.3 North America
00:50:49 6.3.1 Spoken language
00:51:30 6.4 Netherlands
00:55:20 6.5 Wales
00:55:58 6.6 England
01:00:26 6.7 Ireland
01:02:36 6.8 Germany and Scandinavia
01:05:51 7 Effects of the exodus
01:07:51 8 1985 apology
01:08:26 9 Legacy
01:08:40 9.1 France
01:09:27 9.2 United States
01:12:13 9.3 England
01:13:21 9.4 Prussia
01:13:47 9.5 Ireland
01:14:04 9.6 South Africa
01:14:40 9.7 Australia
01:15:34 10 See also
01:16:37 11 Notes
01:16:46 12 Further reading
01:21:17 12.1 In French
01:22:10 13 External links
01:23:12 13.1 Texts
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Speaking Rate: 0.9470992834942893
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Huguenots ( HEW-gə-nots, also UK: -nohz, French: [yɡ(ə)no]) were a religious group of French Protestants.
Huguenots were French protestants who held to the Reformed tradition of Protestantism. The term has its origin in early-16th-century France. It was frequently used in reference to those of the Reformed Church of France from the time of the Protestant Reformation. By contrast, the Protestant populations of eastern France, in Alsace, Moselle, and Montbéliard were mainly German Lutherans.
In his Encyclopedia of Protestantism, Hans Hillerbrand said that, on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572, the Huguenot community included as much as 10% of the French population. By 1600 it had declined to 7–8%, and was reduced further after the return of severe persecution in 1685 under Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau.
The Huguenots were believed to be concentrated among the population in the southern and western parts of the Kingdom of France. As Huguenots gained influence and more openly displayed their faith, Catholic hostility grew. A series of religious conflicts followed, known as the French Wars of Religion, fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598. The Huguenots were led by Jeanne d'Albret, her son, the future Henry IV (who would later convert to Catholicism in order to become king), and the princes of Condé. The wars ended with the Edict of Nantes, which granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy.
Huguenot rebellions in the 1620s resulted in the abolition of their political and military privileges. They retained the religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes until the rule of Louis XIV, who gradually increased persecution of Protestantism until he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685). This ended legal recognition of Protestantism in France and the Huguenots were forced either to convert to Catholicism (possibly as Nicodemites) or flee as refugees; they were subject to violent dragonnades. Louis XIV claimed that the French Huguenot population was reduced from about 800,000 to 900,000 adherents to just 1,000 to 1,500. He exaggerated the decline, but the dragonnades were devastating for the French Protestant community.
The remaining Huguenots faced continued persecution under Louis XV. By the time of his death in 1774, Calvinism had been nearly eliminated from France. Persecution of Protestants officially ended with the Edict of Versailles, signed by Louis XVI in 1787. Two years later, with the Revolutionary Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789, P ...
James Cook | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
James Cook
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Captain James Cook (7 November 1728 – 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the Royal Navy. Cook made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean, during which he achieved the first recorded European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands, and the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand.
Cook joined the British merchant navy as a teenager and joined the Royal Navy in 1755. He saw action in the Seven Years' War and subsequently surveyed and mapped much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege of Quebec. This helped bring Cook to the attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society. This acclaim came at a crucial moment in both Cook's career and the direction of British overseas exploration, and led to his commission in 1766 as commander of HM Bark Endeavour for the first of three Pacific voyages.
In three voyages, Cook sailed thousands of miles across largely uncharted areas of the globe. He mapped lands from New Zealand to Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean in greater detail and on a scale not previously achieved. As he progressed on his voyages of discovery, he surveyed and named features, and he recorded islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time. He displayed a combination of seamanship, superior surveying and cartographic skills, physical courage, and an ability to lead men in adverse conditions.
Cook was attacked and killed in 1779 during his third exploratory voyage in the Pacific while attempting to kidnap Kalaniʻōpuʻu, a Hawaiian chief, in order to reclaim a cutter stolen from one of his ships. He left a legacy of scientific and geographical knowledge which influenced his successors well into the 20th century, and numerous memorials worldwide have been dedicated to him.