Estonia and Latvia Fight For Independence - Russian Civil War Baltic Front I THE GREAT WAR June 1919
GAME OF TRENCHES: The first 20 players to register at: will receive in-game rewards worth a total of 10 600 Gold
Estonia and Latvia had declared their independence from Russia in the late 1918 chaos. Over the spring of 1919 both countries' new governments needed to defend that independence not only against the Russian Bolsheviks, there was also a violent internal struggle about the future of these countries. The Baltic Germans didn't want to give up their social status and the even the anti-bolshevik Russians considered the Baltics as part of the Russian Empire.
» SUPPORT THE CHANNEL
Patreon:
Merchandise:
Become a member:
» SOURCES
Bennett, Geoffrey Martin. Cowan's War. The Story of British Naval Operations in the Baltic, 1918-1920 (London: Collins, 1964)
Chester, Geoff. When the Capital of Latvia was a Ship Called Saratov” (Deep Baltic, 2016).
Fletcher, William A. The British Navy In the Baltic, 1918-1920. Its Contribution to the Independence of the Baltic Nations. Journal of Baltic Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2, Summer 1976, p. 134-144.
Gerwarth, Robert. The Vanquished. Why the First World War Failed to End, 1917-1923 (Penguin, 2017).
Hatlie, Mark R. Riga at War 1914-1919. War and Wartime Experience in a Multi-ethnic Metropolis (Marburg: Herder-Institut, 2014).
Jēkabsons, Ēriks: Cēsis, Battle of, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 2014-10-08.
Ibid. The Latvian War of Independence 1918-1920 and the United States. In: Fleishman L., Weiner A. (ed). War, Revolution, and Governance: The Baltic Countries in the Twentieth Century (Boston, 2018).
Kirby, David. The Baltic World 1772–1993. Europe's Northern Periphery in an Age of Change. (London: Longman, 1995).
Raun, Toivo U. Estonia and the Estonians, 2nd ed. (Stanford: Hoover, 2002).
Sammartino, Annemarie H. The Impossible Border: Germany and the East, 1914–1922 (Cornell, 2014).
Sullivan, Charles L. “The 1919 German Campaign in the Baltic. The Final Phase.” In The Baltic States in Peace and War, 1917–1945, ed. V. Stanley Vardys and Romuald J. Misiunas, 31-42. (University Park: Penn State, 1978).
Tammela, Mari-Leen. Saaremaa Uprising. Estonica (Estonian Institute, 2012).
Uustalu, Evald. The History of Estonian People (London: Boreas, 1952).
Von Rauch, Georg. The Baltic States. The Years of Independence 1917-1940 (London: Hurst, 1995).
Smele, Jonathan. The 'Russian' Civil Wars, 1916-1926: Ten Years That Shook the World (Oxford University Press: 2016)
Palmer, Alan. Northern Shores: A History of the Baltic Sea and Its Peoples (John Murray, 2005)
» SOCIAL MEDIA
Facebook:
Instagram:
Twitter:
Reddit: htpps://reddit.com/r/TheGreatWarChannel
»CREDITS
Presented by: Jesse Alexander
Written by: Jesse Alexander
Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig
Director of Photography: Toni Steller
Sound: Toni Steller
Editing: Toni Steller
Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design:
Motion Design: Christian Graef - GRAEFX
Maps: Daniel Kogosov (
Research by: Kevin Axe, Jesse Alexander
Fact checking: Florian Wittig
Channel Design: Alexander Clark
Original Logo: David van Stephold
A Mediakraft Networks Original Channel
Contains licensed material by getty images
All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2019
The Baltic States in World War 1 I THE GREAT WAR SPECIAL
Before the First World War, what are today Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia were part of the Russian Empire. As that empire fought and fell, so to fought the soldiers of the Baltic States, first during the war, and then in their struggles for eventual independence.
» HOW CAN I SUPPORT YOUR CHANNEL?
You can support us by sharing our videos with your friends and spreading the word about our work.You can also support us financially on Patreon:
You can also buy our merchandise in our online shop:
Patreon is a platform for creators like us, that enables us to get monthly financial support from the community in exchange for cool perks.
» WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION ABOUT WORLD WAR I AND WHERE ELSE CAN I FIND YOU?
We’re offering background knowledge, news, a glimpse behind the scenes and much more on:
reddit:
Facebook:
Twitter:
Instagram:
» CAN I EMBED YOUR VIDEOS ON MY WEBSITE?
Of course, you can embed our videos on your website. We are happy if you show our channel to your friends, fellow students, classmates, professors, teachers or neighbours. Or just share our videos on Facebook, Twitter, Reddit etc.
We are also happy to get your feedback, criticism or ideas in the comments. If you have interesting historical questions, just post them and we will answer in our OUT OF THE TRENCHES videos. You can find a selection of answers to the most frequently asked questions here:
» CAN I SHOW YOUR VIDEOS IN CLASS?
Of course! Tell your teachers or professors about our channel and our videos. We’re happy if we can contribute with our videos. If you are a teacher and have questions about our show, you can get in contact with us on one of our social media presences.
» WHAT ARE YOUR SOURCES?
Videos: British Pathé
Pictures: Mostly Picture Alliance
Background Map:
Literature (excerpt):
Gilbert, Martin. The First World War. A Complete History, Holt Paperbacks, 2004.
Hart, Peter. The Great War. A Combat History of the First World War, Oxford University Press, 2013.
Hart, Peter. The Great War. 1914-1918, Profile Books, 2013.
Stone, Norman. World War One. A Short History, Penguin, 2008.
Keegan, John. The First World War, Vintage, 2000.
Hastings, Max. Catastrophe 1914. Europe Goes To War, Knopf, 2013.
Hirschfeld, Gerhard. Enzyklopädie Erster Weltkrieg, Schöningh Paderborn, 2004
Michalka, Wolfgang. Der Erste Weltkrieg. Wirkung, Wahrnehmung, Analyse, Seehamer Verlag GmbH, 2000
Leonhard, Jörn. Die Büchse der Pandora: Geschichte des Ersten Weltkrieges, C.H. Beck, 2014
If you want to buy some of the books we use or recommend during our show, check out our Amazon Store:
NOTE: This store uses affiliate links which grant us a commission if you buy a product there.
» WHAT IS “THE GREAT WAR” PROJECT?
THE GREAT WAR covers the events exactly 100 years ago: The story of World War I in realtime. Featuring: The unique archive material of British Pathé. Indy Neidell takes you on a journey into the past to show you what really happened and how it all could spiral into more than four years of dire war. Subscribe to our channel and don’t miss our new episodes every Thursday.
» WHO IS REPLYING TO MY COMMENTS? AND WHO IS BEHIND THIS PROJECT?
Most of the comments are written by our social media manager Florian. He is posting links, facts and backstage material on our social media channels. But from time to time, Indy reads and answers comments with his personal account, too.
The Team responsible for THE GREAT WAR is even bigger:
- CREDITS -
Presented by : Indiana Neidell
Written by: Indiana Neidell
Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig
Director of Photography: Toni Steller
Sound: Toni Steller
Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: above-zero.com
Editing: Steven Roberts
Motion Design: Philipp Appelt
Research by: Indiana Neidell
Fact checking: Markus Linke
The Great War Theme composed by Karim Theilgaard:
A Mediakraft Networks Original Channel
Based on a concept by Spartacus Olsson
Author: Indiana Neidell
Visual Concept: Astrid Deinhard-Olsson & David van Stephold
Executive Producer: Spartacus Olsson
Producer: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig
Social Media Manager: Florian Wittig
Contains licenced Material by British Pathé
All rights reserved - © Mediakraft Networks GmbH, 2017
U.S. Naval Forces Europe/Africa, U.S. 6th Fleet Year in Review
U.S. Naval Forces Europe/Africa, U.S. 6th Fleet Year in Review
Chieftain Talks: The Battle for Poland | World of Warships
The Battle for Poland is the first in series of talks from Nicholas “The Chieftain” Moran, covering the start of World War II in September 1, 1939 — the day when the German armed forces invaded Poland.
Keep an eye out on the official World of Warships website. Your first port of call for new ship releases!
Twitter:
Facebook:
Instagram:
Russia: Man busted by cops... in his mother's FRIDGE!?
A Yekaterinburg man was left red-faced and rosy-cheeked after trying and failing to avoid a court date, Thursday, by hiding in his mother's fridge.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To use this footage please contact the Ruptly Client Desk: cd@ruptly.tv
Video ID: 20150219-055
----------------------------------
Twitter:
VK:
Facebook:
LiveLeak:
Vine:
Instagram:
Google Plus:
YouTube:
DailyMotion:
Video on Demand:
BALTOPS 2019 - Lieutenants Veloria and Byrne
Lieutenants Veloria and Byrne aboard U.S. 2nd Fleet’s USS Fort McHenry explain how the variety of teams' skill sets found at #BALTOPS2019 strengthen our ability to grow together as a community of NATO Allies and partners.
Phanstiel Lecture: General Michael Hayden “Cold War Revival?”
Russian expansionism, cyber incursions, and mixed messages on counterterrorism objectives suggest continued instability for global security. A frequent commentator and nationally recognized authority of the subject, General Mike Hayden, former CIA director and NSA leader, explores these and other dimensions of the fragile US - Russia relationship. This lecture was sponsored by the Howard and Louise Phanstiel endowed Chair in Strategic Management and Leadership. Recorded October 20, 2017.
Head of US military in Greece on two-day official visit
Head of US military in Greece on two-day official visit
Marine General Joseph Dunford, the chairman of the US military’s Joint Chiefs of Staff, started an official two-day visit to Greece on Monday. The top US military officer is undertaking the visit following an invitation from the chief of the Hellenic National Defense General Staff (GEETHA), Admiral Evangelos Apostolakis. The visit is seen as recognition by Washington of Apostolakis’s stabilizing role in the region in recent years. It also comes at a time of intensified military cooperation betwe...
-----------------------------
Don't forget Subscribe:
Estonia in World War II | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:52 1 Preface
00:03:09 1.1 Kellogg-Briand Pact
00:03:32 1.2 Non-aggression treaty
00:03:46 1.3 The Convention for the Definition of Aggression
00:04:35 1.4 Declaration of neutrality
00:05:27 1.5 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
00:06:37 2 The beginning of World War II
00:10:39 3 Soviet occupation
00:17:53 3.1 Soviet terror
00:20:55 3.2 Soviet repression of ethnic Russians
00:21:46 3.3 Historical Soviet sources
00:25:30 4 Summer War
00:30:05 4.1 Damages
00:32:49 5 German occupation
00:36:52 5.1 The Holocaust
00:41:02 6 Estonian military units in 1941–1943
00:41:16 6.1 Estonian units in German forces
00:44:18 6.2 Estonian Rifle Corps in the Red Army
00:46:11 7 Battles in 1944
00:48:14 7.1 Formation of bridgeheads in Narva
00:50:00 7.2 Narva Offensives, February and March
00:54:15 7.3 Sinimäed Hills
00:56:39 7.4 Southeastern Estonia
00:59:15 7.5 Baltic Offensive
01:01:57 8 Attempt to restore independence
01:03:40 9 Soviet return
01:07:39 10 Controversies
01:07:53 10.1 The position of the European Court of Human Rights
01:09:44 10.2 The position of the Estonian government
01:10:48 10.3 The position of the Russian government
01:11:48 10.4 Positions of the veterans
01:13:09 11 Notes
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8758266150043176
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Before the outbreak of the Second World War, Germany and the Soviet Union signed the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, concerning the partition and disposition of sovereign states, including Estonia, and in particular its Secret Additional Protocol of August 1939.The Republic of Estonia declared neutrality in the war but fell under the Soviet sphere of influence due to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940. Mass political arrests, deportations, and executions followed. In the Summer War during the German Operation Barbarossa in 1941, the pro-independence Forest Brothers captured South Estonia from the NKVD and the 8th Army before the arrival of the German 18th Army. At the same time, Soviet paramilitary destruction battalions carried out punitive operations, including looting and killing, based on the tactics of scorched earth proclaimed by Joseph Stalin. Estonia was occupied by Germany and incorporated into Reichskommissariat Ostland.
In 1941, Estonians were conscripted into the 8th Estonian Rifle Corps and in 1941–1944 to the Nazi German forces. Men who avoided these mobilisations fled to Finland to be formed into the Finnish Infantry Regiment 200. About 40% of the Estonian pre-war fleet was requisitioned by British authorities and used in Atlantic convoys. Approximately 1000 Estonian sailors served in the British Merchant Navy, 200 of them as officers. A small number of Estonians served in the Royal Air Force, in the British Army and in the U.S. Army.From February to September 1944, the German army detachment Narwa held back the Soviet Estonian Operation. After breaching the defence of II Army Corps across the Emajõgi river and clashing with the pro-independence Estonian troops, Soviet forces reoccupied mainland Estonia in September 1944. After the war, Estonia remained incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Estonian SSR until 1991, although the Atlantic Charter stated that no territorial arrangements would be made.
World War II losses in Estonia, estimated at around 25% of the population, were among the highest proportion in Europe. War and occupation deaths listed in the current reports total at 81,000. These include deaths in Soviet deportations in 1941, Soviet executions, German deportations, and victims of the Holocaust in Estonia.
HMS Illustrious (R06)
HMS Illustrious is the second of three Invincible-class light aircraft carriers built for the Royal Navy in the late 1970s and early 1980s. She is the fifth warship and second aircraft carrier to bear the name Illustrious, and is affectionately known to her crew as Lusty. In 1982, the conflict in the Falklands necessitated that Illustrious be completed and rushed south to join her sister ship HMS Invincible and the veteran carrier HMS Hermes. To this end, she was brought forward by three months for completion at Swan Hunter Shipyard, then commissioned on 20 June 1982 at sea en-route to Portsmouth Dockyard to take on board extra stores and crew. She arrived in the Falklands to relieve Invincible on 28 August 1982 in a steam past. Returning to the UK, she was not formally commissioned into the fleet until 20 March 1983. After the Falklands War, she was deployed on Operation Southern Watch in Iraq, then Operation Deny Flight in Bosnia during the 1990s and Operation Palliser in Sierra Leone in 2000. An extensive re-fit during 2002 prevented her from involvement in the 2003 Iraq War, but she was repaired in time to assist British citizens trapped by the 2006 Lebanon War.
Following the retirement of her fixed-wing British Aerospace Harrier II aircraft in 2010, Illustrious now operates as one of two Royal Navy helicopter carriers. She is the oldest ship in the Royal Navy's active fleet and it is envisaged that she will be withdrawn from service at the end of 2014 (after 32 years' service) and will not be replaced until HMS Queen Elizabeth is commissioned in 2016. The UK Ministry of Defence announced on 10 September 2012 that once she is decommissioned Illustrious will be preserved for the nation.
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Creative Commons image source in video
The Rise Of The Soviet Navy - History Documentary
The Soviet Navy was the naval arm of the Soviet Armed Forces. Often referred to as the Red Fleet, the Soviet Navy was a large part of the Soviet Union's strategic plan in the event of a conflict with the United States, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or another conflict related to the Warsaw Pact. The influence of the Soviet Navy played a large role in the Cold War, as the majority of conflicts centered on naval forces.
Follow Us:
Facebook:
Twitter:
Watch More Space Videos:
#LunarDocu #Navy #Documentary
U.S. Navy Week in Review Oct. 15-21, 2011
Welcome to this week's U.S. Navy multimedia production featuring selected images from around the fleet received during the week of Oct. 15-21, 2011. The images represent the work of the many naval photographers deployed worldwide and submitted to Navy Visual News Service. For access to more than 100,000 high resolution photos visit:
NATO Should Buy Mistrals: US Navy chief says NATO could purchase French warships
It’s the most advanced amphibious assault ship in the world, and was due to be handed over to Russia within weeks, but could NATO now buy them? Earlier this month Paris halted the infamous Mistral warship deal because of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine; but now the chief of the US Navy says NATO should buy the state-of-the-art helicopter carriers, which can also carry tanks and over 450 troops.
Check out our website:
Facebook:
Twitter:
Conscripts passing shooting exams. Western military district
Memorial Honoring WWII Vets who Liberated France
Petty Officer Kelby Sanders takes us to Rhone American Cemetery in France for a ceremony honoring World War II veterans who fought to liberate Europe from the Nazis.
Timeline of World War II (1944) | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Timeline of World War II (1944)
00:00:07 1 January 1944
00:02:34 2 February 1944
00:06:29 3 March 1944
00:09:48 4 April 1944
00:11:51 5 May 1944
00:13:52 6 June 1944
00:18:12 7 July 1944
00:23:12 8 August 1944
00:27:20 9 September 1944
00:32:04 10 October 1944
00:35:06 11 November 1944
00:37:41 12 December 1944
00:40:35 13 See also
00:40:52 14 Notes and references
00:41:01 15 External links
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
This is a timeline of events that occurred during 1944 in World War II.
Prince Harry
Prince Harry (Henry Charles Albert David; formally styled Prince Henry of Wales; born 15 September 1984), known as Captain Harry Wales in his military role, is the younger son of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Diana, Princess of Wales. His paternal grandparents are Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. His stepmother is Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall. He stands fourth in line to succeed his grandmother as monarch of the Commonwealth realms, preceded by his father, elder brother Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and nephew Prince George of Cambridge.
After an education at schools in the United Kingdom and spending parts of his gap year in Australia and Lesotho, Harry chose a military career, undergoing officer training at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Blues and Royals of the Household Cavalry Regiment, serving temporarily with his brother, and completed his training as a troop leader. In 2007--2008 he served for 77 days in Helmand, Afghanistan. but he was pulled out following publication of the story in an Australian magazine. He returned to Afghanistan for a 20-week deployment in 2012--2013 with the Army Air Corps.
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Creative Commons image source in video
October Revolution | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:45 1 Etymology
00:04:47 2 Background
00:04:56 2.1 February Revolution
00:06:37 2.2 Unrest by workers, peasants and soldiers
00:11:58 2.3 Antiwar demonstrations
00:13:34 2.4 July days
00:15:59 2.5 Kornilov affair
00:17:56 2.6 German support
00:19:14 3 Insurrection
00:19:24 3.1 Planning
00:21:00 3.2 Onset
00:25:37 3.3 Assault on the Winter Palace
00:27:55 3.4 Later Soviet portrayal
00:31:39 3.5 Dybenko's memoirs
00:33:00 4 Timeline of the spread of Soviet power (Gregorian calendar dates)
00:36:51 5 Outcome
00:48:33 6 Historiography
00:49:05 6.1 Soviet historiography
00:54:28 6.2 Western historiography
00:56:39 6.3 Effect of the dissolution of the USSR on historical research
00:58:03 7 Legacy
01:00:39 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7675851884294663
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-E
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The October Revolution, officially known in Soviet historiography as the Great October Socialist Revolution and commonly referred to as the October Uprising, the October Coup, the Bolshevik Revolution, the Bolshevik Coup or the Red October, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917. It took place with an armed insurrection in Petrograd on 7 November (25 October, O.S.) 1917.
It followed and capitalized on the February Revolution of the same year, which overthrew the Tsarist autocracy and resulted in a provisional government after a transfer of power proclaimed by Grand Duke Michael, the younger brother of Tsar Nicholas II, who declined to take power after the Tsar stepped down. During this time, urban workers began to organize into councils (soviets) wherein revolutionaries criticized the provisional government and its actions. After the Congress of Soviets, now the governing body, had its second session, it elected members of the Bolsheviks and other leftist groups such as the Left Socialist Revolutionaries to important positions within the new state of affairs. This immediately initiated the establishment of the Russian Soviet Republic. On 17 July 1918, the Tsar and his family were executed.
The revolution was led by the Bolsheviks, who used their influence in the Petrograd Soviet to organize the armed forces. Bolshevik Red Guards forces under the Military Revolutionary Committee began the occupation of government buildings on 7 November 1917 (New Style). The following day, the Winter Palace (the seat of the Provisional government located in Petrograd, then capital of Russia) was captured.
The long-awaited Constituent Assembly elections were held on 12 November 1917. In contrast to their majority in the Soviets, the Bolsheviks only won 175 seats in the 715-seat legislative body, coming in second behind the Socialist Revolutionary Party, which won 370 seats, although the SR Party no longer existed as a whole party by that time, as the Left SRs had gone into coalition with the Bolsheviks from October 1917 to March 1918. The Constituent Assembly was to first meet on 28 November 1917, but its convocation was delayed until 5 January 1918 by the Bolsheviks. On its first and only day in session, the Constituent Assembly came into conflict with the Soviets, and it rejected Soviet decrees on peace and land, resulting in the Constituent Assembly being dissolved the next day by order of the Congress of Soviets.As the revolution was not universally recognized, there followed the struggles of the Russian Civil War (1917–22) and the creation of the Soviet Union in 1922.
Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:26 1 Background
00:02:36 1.1 1918–1939: Historical background
00:04:20 1.2 Relevant treaties between USSR and Latvia
00:05:46 2 1939–1940: The road to loss of independence
00:06:00 2.1 German–Latvian non-aggression pact
00:07:32 2.2 German–Soviet non-aggression pact
00:08:32 2.3 Invasion of Poland
00:11:57 2.4 Baltic–Soviet relations in autumn 1939
00:16:58 2.5 Soviet invasion of Finland
00:18:26 3 1940–1941: The first Soviet occupation
00:18:40 3.1 Political background
00:21:22 3.2 Soviet invasion
00:25:05 3.3 Loss of independence
00:31:52 3.4 Soviet terror
00:36:11 4 Aftermath
00:36:21 4.1 Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany 1941–1944
00:40:22 4.2 Second Soviet occupation 1944–1991
00:44:18 5 Historical Soviet version of events
00:46:57 6 Conflicting versions of history
00:50:13 7 Legacy
00:50:32 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8079769910296986
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 refers, according to the European Court of Human Rights, the Government of Latvia, the United States Department of State, and the European Union, to the military occupation of the Republic of Latvia by the Soviet Union ostensibly under the provisions of the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany.
When World War II started in September 1939 with the German invasion of Poland, Latvia had already come under the Soviet sphere of influence in the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and its Secret Additional Protocol of August 1939. Forced to choose between Germany and Russia, they have chosen Germany, because they seek co-operation with western civilization. The rule of the Germans seems to them to be the lesser of two evils. oberführer Adolf Ax reported later explaining the German Waffen-SS Latvian Legion motivation.
In the reassessment period of the Soviet history that began during the Perestroika, the USSR in 1989 condemned the 1939 secret protocol between Nazi Germany and herself that had led to the invasion and occupation of the three Baltic countries, including Latvia. While Russia acknowledged in a treaty with Lithuania the adverse impact by the USSR on Lithuania's sovereignty prior to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, no such acknowledgement by Russia exists with regard to Estonia or Latvia, and the central authorities of the USSR did not acknowledge occupation prior to its dissolution.
In July 1989 the country stepped on the road of the restoration of its independence, and after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Latvia's sovereignty was fully restored in 1991. On August 22, 1996, the Latvian parliament adopted a declaration which stated that the Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 was a military occupation and an illegal incorporation.
Russian Civil War | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Russian Civil War
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Russian Civil War (Russian: Гражда́нская война́ в Росси́и, tr. Grazhdanskaya voyna v Rossiy; 7 November 1917 – 25 October 1922) was a multi-party war in the former Russian Empire immediately after the two Russian Revolutions of 1917, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. The two largest combatant groups were the Red Army, fighting for the Bolshevik form of socialism led by Vladimir Lenin, and the loosely allied forces known as the White Army, which included diverse interests favoring political monarchism, economic capitalism and alternative forms of socialism, each with democratic and antidemocratic variants. In addition, rival militant socialists and nonideological Green armies fought against both the Bolsheviks and the Whites. Eight foreign nations intervened against the Red Army, notably the former Allied military forces from the World War and the pro-German armies. The Red Army eventually defeated the White Armed Forces of South Russia in Ukraine and the army led by Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak to the east in Siberia in 1919. The remains of the White forces commanded by Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel were beaten in Crimea and evacuated in late 1920. Lesser battles of the war continued on the periphery for two more years, and minor skirmishes with the remnants of the White forces in the Far East continued well into 1923. The war ended in 1923 in the sense that Bolshevik communist control of the newly formed Soviet Union was now assured, although armed national resistance in Central Asia was not completely crushed until 1934. There were an estimated 7,000,000–12,000,000 casualties during the war, mostly civilians. The Russian Civil War has been described by some as the greatest national catastrophe that Europe had yet seen.Many pro-independence movements emerged after the break-up of the Russian Empire and fought in the war. Several parts of the former Russian Empire—Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland—were established as sovereign states, with their own civil wars and wars of independence. The rest of the former Russian Empire was consolidated into the Soviet Union shortly afterwards.