George Washington | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
George Washington
00:02:30 1 Early years (1732–1752)
00:08:04 2 Early military career (1752–1758)
00:10:14 2.1 French and Indian War
00:17:24 3 Marriage, civilian life and political beginnings (1759–1774)
00:22:38 3.1 American Revolution
00:24:44 4 Revolutionary War (1775–1783)
00:27:40 4.1 Quebec, Boston, and Long Island
00:33:08 4.2 Crossing the Delaware
00:35:52 4.3 Trenton campaign
00:38:53 4.4 Brandywine, Germantown, and Saratoga
00:41:55 4.5 Valley Forge, Monmouth, and Southern campaigns
00:45:59 4.6 Sullivan expedition and Hudson River
00:47:24 4.7 West Point espionage
00:49:33 4.8 Yorktown victory, peace treaty
00:52:43 4.9 Resignation
00:56:00 5 Early republic (1784–1789)
00:56:12 5.1 Military retirement
00:57:04 5.2 Constitutional Convention
00:59:16 5.3 First presidential election
01:00:38 6 Presidency (1789–1797)
01:04:00 6.1 Cabinet and executive departments
01:05:32 6.2 Domestic issues
01:06:56 6.2.1 National Bank
01:08:46 6.2.2 Jefferson–Hamilton feud
01:10:43 6.2.3 Whiskey Rebellion
01:12:49 6.3 Foreign affairs
01:15:03 6.4 Indian affairs
01:18:50 6.5 Second term
01:22:43 6.6 Farewell Address
01:26:02 7 Retirement (1797–1799)
01:28:35 7.1 Final days
01:32:38 8 Burial
01:34:18 9 Personal traits
01:36:19 10 Religion and the Enlightenment
01:40:16 11 Slavery
01:43:35 12 Historical reputation and legacy
01:46:33 12.1 Papers
01:47:18 12.2 Monuments and memorials
01:47:46 12.3 Postage and Currency
01:48:16 13 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799) was one of the Founding Fathers and the first President of the United States (1789–1797). He commanded Patriot forces in the new nation's vital American Revolutionary War and led them to victory over the British. Washington also presided at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which established the new federal government. For his manifold leadership he has been called the Father of His Country.Washington was born to a successful family of planters and slaveholders in colonial Virginia. He had educational opportunities and at age seventeen launched a successful career as a land surveyor. He then became a leader of the Virginia militia in the French and Indian War. During the Revolutionary War he was a delegate to the Continental Congress which unanimously appointed him commander-in-chief of the Army, leading an allied campaign to victory at the Siege of Yorktown which ended the conflict. Once victory was in hand, in 1783 he resigned as commander-in-chief, declining further authority and power out of his devotion to republicanism.
As the country's premier statesman, Washington was unanimously elected President by the Electoral College in the first two national elections. He promoted and oversaw implementation of a strong, well-financed national government, but remained impartial in the fierce rivalry between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. When the French Revolution plunged Europe into war, Washington proclaimed a policy of neutrality while sanctioning the controversial Jay Treaty. He set numerous precedents that have endured, such as the cabinet advisory system, the inaugural address, and his acceptance of the Congressional title The President of the United States. His Farewell Address strongly warned against political partisanship, sectionalism, and involvement in foreign wars.
Washington owned slaves throughout his life from age 11, but became increasingly troubled by slavery and freed his slaves in his will. He was a member of the Anglican Church and the Freemasons, and he urged tolerance for all religions in his roles as general and President. Upon his death, he was famously eulogized as first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen. Washington has been widely memorialized by monuments, art, places, stamps, and currency, and he has been consistently ranked by scholars among the four greatest American presidents.
Presidency of George Washington | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Presidency of George Washington
00:03:32 1 Election of 1788–89
00:08:04 2 Start of first presidential and vice presidential terms
00:10:16 3 Election of 1792
00:13:19 4 Administration
00:13:28 4.1 Cabinet
00:17:14 4.2 Vice presidency
00:19:34 4.3 First presidential veto
00:20:20 4.4 Salary
00:20:47 5 Judicial appointments
00:24:06 6 Domestic affairs
00:24:15 6.1 Selection of permanent U.S. capital
00:28:02 6.2 Tariff of 1789
00:29:53 6.3 Hamiltonian economic program
00:35:26 6.4 The Whiskey Rebellion
00:39:40 6.5 Rise of political parties
00:44:24 6.6 Constitutional amendments
00:46:20 6.7 Slavery
00:47:20 6.8 The Northwest Indian War
00:53:55 7 Foreign affairs
00:54:04 7.1 The French Revolution
00:54:13 7.1.1 Public debate
00:58:28 7.1.2 American neutrality
01:01:31 7.2 Relations with Great Britain
01:01:40 7.2.1 Seizures and economic retaliation
01:03:37 7.2.2 Jay Treaty
01:10:07 7.3 Barbary pirates
01:14:11 7.4 Relations with Spain
01:18:27 8 Presidential residences and tours
01:18:38 8.1 Residences
01:19:46 8.2 Tours
01:22:32 9 States joining the Union
01:23:29 10 Farewell Address and election of 1796
01:23:41 10.1 Farewell Address
01:29:43 10.2 Election of 1796
01:32:22 11 Historical evaluation
01:34:44 12 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The presidency of George Washington began on April 30, 1789, when Washington was inaugurated as the first President of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1797. Washington took office after the 1788–89 presidential election, the nation's first quadrennial presidential election, in which he was elected unanimously. Washington was re-elected unanimously in the 1792 presidential election, and chose to retire after two terms. He was succeeded by his vice president, John Adams of the Federalist Party.
Washington had established his preeminence among the new nation's Founding Fathers through his service as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and as President of the 1787 Constitutional Convention. Once the Constitution was approved, it was widely expected that Washington would become the first President of the United States, despite his own desire to retire from public life. In his first inaugural address, Washington expressed both his reluctance to accept the presidency and his inexperience with the duties of civil administration, but he proved an able leader.
Washington presided over the establishment of the new federal government – appointing all of the high-ranking officials in the executive and judicial branches, shaping numerous political practices, and establishing the site of the permanent capital of the United States. He supported Alexander Hamilton's economic policies whereby the federal government assumed the debts of the state governments and established the First Bank of the United States, the United States Mint, and the United States Customs Service. Congress passed the Tariff of 1789, the Tariff of 1790, and an excise tax on whiskey to fund the government and, in the case of the tariffs, address the trade imbalance with Britain. Washington personally led federal soldiers in suppressing the Whiskey Rebellion, which arose in opposition to the administration's taxation policies. He directed the Northwest Indian War, which saw the United States establish control over Native American tribes in the Northwest Territory. In foreign affairs, he assured domestic tranquility and maintained peace with the European powers despite the raging French Revolutionary Wars by issuing the 1793 Proclamation of Neutrality. He also secured two important bilateral treaties, the 1794 Jay Treaty with Great Britain and the 1795 Treaty of San Lorenzo with Spain, both of which fostered trade and helped secure control of the American frontier. To protect American shipping from Barbary pirates and other threats, he re-established the United States Navy with the Naval Act of 1794.
Greatly concerned about the growing partisansh ...