Project - Russkaya Europa / RUSSIA, Kaliningrad
13.03.2018. AvangardInvestProject LLC presented its new project Russkaya Europa at the largest International Real Estate Exhibition MIPIM-2018 in Cannes, France.
The company has been successfully implementing projects on the construction market of the Kaliningrad region for 30 years.
The most significant realized project of the company is the Residential Complex Tsvetnoy Boulevard (cb39.ru)
ICT technology
INTERREG IIIA/TACIS Lithuania, Poland and Kaliningrad Region of Russian Federation Neighbourhood Programme
ICT projects part-financed by the European Union
Алексей Иванов - о сытой Москве и небесном Челябинске (Eng subs)
Аудиокниги для каждого:
Писатель Алексей Иванов – автор «Географ глобус пропил», «Общага-на-крови», «Сердце Пармы», «Тобол» и много чего еще
Бомбер как на Дуде -
International Students about Petrozavodsk State University
Petrozavodsk State University is one of the largest educational institutions in the European North of Russia. There are academicians, ministers and world-famous specialists in culture and science among its graduates.
Over 13,350 students of the university take both full-time and vocational education classes.
The university has one of the largest libraries in Karelia.
Since 1980, PetrSU has been admitting international students. Over 500 foreign students had participated in various education programs at the university.
Besides education, the university conducts research in various fields of science, including 28 joint international programs. The international relations of the university are developing rapidly. PetrSU joint scientific research projects with universities of Finland, Sweden, Great Britain, Poland, the United States and Canada. PetrSU takes an active part in international programs of the Baltic region and Barents Euro-Arctic region, Nordic Council of Ministers, Tempus, Erasmus Mundus, Fulbright, etc. Each year the university holds about 10 international conferences.
PetrSU is the largest educational institution and the leading university of system of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation in the European North of Russia. The university comprises 12 faculties:
Ecology and Biology,
History,
Forest Engineering,
Mathematics,
Medicine,
Political and Social Sciences,
Agriculture,
Industrial and Civil Engineering,
Physical Engineering,
Philology,
Economics,
Law,
More than 3600 teachers and staff members work at PetrSU at present. Over 19500 undergraduate and graduate students study here.
In addition, more than 4000 students take training, re-training and professional skills development every year.
PetrSU has a high status of large research center in the field of programming, information technologies, plasma research, microelectronics, mathematics, physics, medicine, etc.
Academic degrees and diplomas awarded: Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Arts, Master of Science, Master of Arts, Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of Science.
Duration of study: B.Sc. - 8 semesters; M.Sc. - 4 semesters; Ph.D. - 6 semesters.
Academic year structure: Fall semester (September-January); Spring semester (February-June);
Language of instruction: Russian.
Language courses offered: Russian, English, Finnish, German, and French.
Questions? Comments? Please e-mail us at inted@petrsu.ru or imp@petrsu.ru
Population transfer in the Soviet Union
Population transfer in the Soviet Union may be classified into the following broad categories: deportations of anti-Soviet categories of population, often classified as enemies of workers, deportations of entire nationalities, labor force transfer, and organized migrations in opposite directions to fill the ethnically cleansed territories.
In most cases their destinations were underpopulated remote areas (see Forced settlements in the Soviet Union). This includes deportations to the Soviet Union of non-Soviet citizens from countries outside the USSR. It has been estimated that, in their entirety, internal forced migrations affected some 6 million people. Of these, some 1 to 1.5 million perished as a result.
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СЕБРАНТ: КОГО ВОЗЬМУТ В БУДУЩЕЕ? Образование, искусственный интеллект и дальнобойщики
Подпишись!
В этом эпизоде: Как искусственный интеллект повлияет на будущее образования и профессий, стоит ли Фейсбуку и Курсере бояться Fortnite, как художники находят общий язык с инженерами и где будет Яндекс через 5 лет. Смотрите в интервью с Андреем Себрантом - директором по стратегическому маркетингу Яндекса и, пожалуй, главным футурологом рунета.
[Тайм-теги]
ИИ и общество
00:43 Социальная сингулярность: как AI изменит общество?
07:39 Безусловный доход в России
Образование
09:38 Будущее образования
15:49 Образовательная платформа будущего: какая она?
17:39 Fortnite или Facebook?
Право выбора
23:20 Детское образование и право выбора
27:44 Наслаждаться жизнью или пахать: кто выигрывает в долгосрочном плане?
Технари и художники
33:20 Как технарям и творческим людям находить общий язык?
Будущее Яндекса
36:21 Где будет Яндекс через 5 лет?
39:56 Когда на дорогах появятся беспилотные такси и фуры? Что ждет дальнобойщиков?
Блиц
48:53 Блиц
- Computer Science или Data Science
- США или Китай
- Инженер или художник
- Эпикуреец или трудоголик
- Моногамия или полиамория
- Unity или Unreal
- Facebook или Fortnite
- Нейронки или деревья
- Умный или красивый
- Наука или бизнес
- Counter Strike или Quake
- Семья или работа
- Блокчейн: за или против?
- Ваше жизненное кредо
- Чего Вы боитесь больше всего?
- 1 вещь, которую Вы бы изменили в прошлом человечества
- 3 отличительных черты предпринимателя
- Кто Ваш пример для подражания
- С кем бы из людей, живых или ушедших, Вы бы хотели поговорить за обедом?
- 3 совета зрителям
[Ссылки]
- Подкаст Андрея Себранта
- Телеграм-канал Андрея Себранта
- Riding in a Driverless Taxi at CES 2019!
- Fortnite Is the Future, but Probably Not for the Reasons You Think
- AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order
- Knight Transportation's Salt Lake Terminal
[Другие интервью]
Игловиков: ВДВ, Kaggle, жизнь и зарплаты в Калифорнии, наука и менторство
Из бизнеса в космос | Константин Борисов, Отряд космонавтов Роскосмоса
Как стать боссом в Data Science | Валерий Бабушкин, X5 / Yandex.Advisor
Data Science: Kaggle GRANDMASTER in 6 months? | Pavel Pleskov, Data Nerds
Инвестбанкир в Лондоне: раб или господин? | Алекс Наумов, Morgan Stanley
Goldman Sachs: как попасть, куда уйти | Сергей Пестов, ex-Goldman Sachs
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Russian Empire
The Russian Empire (Pre-reform Russian orthography: Россійская Имперія, Modern Russian: Российская империя, translit: Rossiyskaya Imperiya) was a state that existed from 1721 until overthrown by the short-lived liberal February Revolution in 1917. One of the largest empires in world history, stretching over three continents, the Russian Empire was surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires. It played a major role in 1812–14 in defeating Napoleon's ambitions to control Europe, and expanded to the west and south. It was often in conflict with the Ottoman Empire (which in turn was usually protected by the British).
At the beginning of the 19th century, it extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea on the south, from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Pacific Ocean, and (until 1867) into Alaska in North America on the east. With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census, it had the third largest population in the world at the time, after Qing China and the British Empire. Like all empires, it included a large disparity in terms of economics, ethnicity, and religion. There were numerous dissident elements, who launched numerous rebellions and assassination attempts; they were closely watched by the secret police, with thousands exiled to Siberia. Economically it was heavily rural with low productivity on large estates worked by serfs, until they were freed in 1861. The economy slowly industrialized with the help of foreign investments in railways and factories. The land was ruled by a nobility called Boyars from the 10th through the 17th centuries, and then was ruled by an emperor called the Tsar. Tsar Ivan III (1462 – 1505) laid the groundwork for the empire that later emerged. He tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. Tsar Peter the Great (1682 - 1725) fought numerous wars and built a huge empire that became a major European power. He moved the capital from Moscow to the new model city of St. Petersburg, and led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political system with a modern, scientific, Europe-oriented, and rationalist system. Catherine the Great (1761 - 1796) presided over a golden age. She expanded the nation rapidly by conquest, colonization and diplomacy. She continued Peter the Great's policy of modernisation along West European lines. Tsar Alexander II (1855 - 1881) promoted numerous reforms, most dramatically the emancipation of all 23 million serfs in 1861. His policy in Eastern Europe was to protect the Orthodox Christians under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. That involvement by 1914 led to Russia's entry into the First World War on the side of Serbia and the Allies, and against the German, Austrian and Ottoman empires. Russia was an absolute monarchy until the Revolution of 1905 and then became a constitutional monarchy. The empire collapsed during the February Revolution of 1917, the result of massive failures in its participation in the First World War.
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Baltic region
The terms Baltic region, Baltic Rim countries, and Baltic Rim refer to slightly different combinations of countries in the general area surrounding the Baltic Sea.
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Дискуссия в Новосибирске (19 октября 2016 года) / Discussion in Novosibirsk (19 October 2016)
Дискуссия «Национальные образы прошлого: от конфронтации к диалогу», приуроченная к открытию выставки «Разные войны: национальные школьные учебники о Второй мировой войне» в Новосибирской государственной областной научной библиотеке /
Discussion National Images of the Past - From Confrontation to Dialogue - as a follow-up of the opening of the Exhibition Different Wars: National School Textbooks on World War II at the Novosibirsk State Regional Scientific Library (ONLY IN RUSSIAN)
World War II: The Battle of Kursk - Full Documentary
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The tidal wave of the German advance had lost momentum when it broke against the outskirts of Moscow; the cold Russian winter had saved the city.
Now the two most powerful armies on earth were to meet face to face in this ‘Clash of the Titans’. This is the true story of the greatest tank battle the world has ever seen, which resulted in the ultimate defeat of Hitler’s Panzers.
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Russians love indian culture - with Eng.& Rus. Subtitles
A video about how much Russians try to learn about India to Improve their life in health and spirituality.
Population transfer in the Soviet Union | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Population transfer in the Soviet Union
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Population transfer in the Soviet Union refers to forced transfer of various groups from the 1930s up to the 1950s ordered by Joseph Stalin and may be classified into the following broad categories: deportations of anti-Soviet categories of population (often classified as enemies of workers), deportations of entire nationalities, labor force transfer, and organized migrations in opposite directions to fill the ethnically cleansed territories.
In most cases, their destinations were underpopulated remote areas (see Forced settlements in the Soviet Union). This includes deportations to the Soviet Union of non-Soviet citizens from countries outside the USSR. It has been estimated that, in their entirety, internal forced migrations affected at least 6 million people. Of this total, 1.8 million kulaks were deported in 1930–31, 1.0 million peasants and ethnic minorities in 1932–39, whereas about 3.5 million ethnic minorities were further resettled during 1940–52.Some 1 to 1.5 million perished as a result of the deportations — of those deaths, the deportation of Crimean Tatars and the deportation of Chechens were recognized as genocides by Ukraine and the European Parliament respectively.
Russia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Russia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Russia (Russian: Росси́я, tr. Rossiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə]), officially the Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə]), is a country in Eurasia. At 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with about 144.5 million people as of 2018, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital, Moscow, is the largest metropolitan area in Europe proper and one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait.
The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east.Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic.
Russia's economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has b ...
Russian Empire - Wiki
The Russian Empire also known as Russia was an empire that existed from until it was overthrown by the short lived February Revolution in One of the largest empires in world history stretching over...
Creative Commons 2.0 Wikipedia.com
Beta Test
Russian Empire - Wiki
The Russian Empire also known as Russia was a state that existed from until it was overthrown by the short lived February Revolution in One of the largest empires in world history stretching over t...
Creative Commons 2.0 Wikipedia.com
Beta Test
Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev was a politician who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War. He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, for backing the progress of the early Soviet space program, and for several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy. Khrushchev's party colleagues removed him from power in 1964, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Premier.
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V. Putin's Presidential Address to Federal Assembly 2019
The President of Russia delivered the Address to the Federal Assembly. The ceremony took place in Gostiny Dvor.
Video is taken on the ressource
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Russia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Russia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Russia (Russian: Росси́я, tr. Rossiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə]), officially the Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə]), is a country in Eurasia. At 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with about 144.5 million people as of 2018, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital, Moscow, is the largest metropolitan area in Europe proper and one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait.
The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east.Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic.
Russia's economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons ...
Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
There was systematic political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, based on the interpretation of political opposition or dissent as a psychiatric problem. It was called psychopathological mechanisms of dissent.During the leadership of General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev, psychiatry was used to disable and remove from society political opponents (dissidents) who openly expressed beliefs that contradicted the official dogma. The term philosophical intoxication, for instance, was widely applied to the mental disorders diagnosed when people disagreed with the country's Communist leaders and, by referring to the writings of the Founding Fathers of Marxism–Leninism—Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Vladimir Lenin—made them the target of criticism.Article 58-10 of the Stalin-era Criminal Code, Anti-Soviet agitation, was to a considerable degree preserved in the new 1958 RSFSR Criminal Code as Article 70 Anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda. In 1967, a weaker law, Article 190-1 Dissemination of fabrications known to be false, which defame the Soviet political and social system, was added to the RSFSR Criminal Code. These laws were frequently applied in conjunction with the system of diagnosis for mental illness, developed by Academician Andrei Snezhnevsky. Together they established a framework within which non-standard beliefs could easily be defined as a criminal offence and the basis, subsequently, for a psychiatric diagnosis.
Lithuania | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Lithuania
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Lithuania ( (listen); Lithuanian: Lietuva [lʲɪɛtʊˈvɐ]), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of northern-eastern Europe. Since its independence, Lithuania has been referred to as one of the Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, to the east of Sweden and Denmark. It is bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) to the southwest. Lithuania has an estimated population of 2.8 million people as of 2017, and its capital and largest city is Vilnius. Other major cities are Kaunas and Klaipėda. Lithuanians are a Baltic people. The official language, Lithuanian, along with Latvian, is one of only two living languages in the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family.
For centuries, the southeastern shores of the Baltic Sea were inhabited by various Baltic tribes. In the 1230s, the Lithuanian lands were united by Mindaugas, the King of Lithuania, and the first unified Lithuanian state, the Kingdom of Lithuania, was created on 6 July 1253. During the 14th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the largest country in Europe; present-day Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, and parts of Poland and Russia were the territories of the Grand Duchy. With the Lublin Union of 1569, Lithuania and Poland formed a voluntary two-state union, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth lasted more than two centuries, until neighbouring countries systematically dismantled it from 1772 to 1795, with the Russian Empire annexing most of Lithuania's territory.
As World War I neared its end, Lithuania's Act of Independence was signed on 16 February 1918, declaring the founding of the modern Republic of Lithuania. In the midst of the Second World War, Lithuania was first occupied by the Soviet Union and then by Nazi Germany. As World War II neared its end and the Germans retreated, the Soviet Union reoccupied Lithuania. On 11 March 1990, a year before the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union, Lithuania became the first Baltic state to declare itself independent, resulting in the restoration of an independent State of Lithuania.
Lithuania is a member of the European Union, the Council of Europe, eurozone, Schengen Agreement, NATO and OECD. It is also a member of the Nordic Investment Bank, and part of Nordic-Baltic cooperation of Northern European countries. The United Nations Human Development Index lists Lithuania as a very high human development country.