Best Attractions and Places to See in Kursk , Russia
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List of Best Things to do in Kursk
Victory Memorial
Znamenskiy Cathedral
Resurrection Elijah's Church
Sergiyev Kazanskiy Cathedral
The Roman Catholic Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
Krasnaya Square
Kursk Regional Local Lore Museum
Kursk State Pushkin Drama Theatre
Kursk State Regional Archeological Museum
Kursk State Art Gallery
Skeletons of WW1 soldiers discovered in excavated former trenches
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The remains of World War One soldiers killed almost a hundred years ago have finally been discovered by a group of archaeologists. In the region of Champagne-Ardenne, in north east France on Friday afternoon, local volunteers unearthed a network of trenches and tunnels filled in by farmers after the war. The complete skeleton of an unidentified German soldier, which is housed in the region's archaeological warehouse, was discovered. Report by Claire Lomas.
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History: UKRAINE
Crimea:
Cossacks helped Russia get Crimea from Turkey 39:43
Donbas (East) 56:55
Crimea turned over to Ukraine 2:16:28
Russia 12:46 / 31:16
UKRAINE - THE BIRTH OF A NATION (2008) / A Jerzy Hoffman Film
1:34 Kyiv (401 - 500)
2:16 Byzantium (330–1453)
2:45 Princess Olga (890 - 969) adopted Christianity
3:28 Chersonesus in Crimea
4:06 Volodymyr the Great (958 - 1015)
4:29 Prince Yaroslav the Wise (978 - 1054)
4:39 Saint Sophia's Cathedral (1100)
5:31 Anna the Queen of France (1030 – 1075)
6:41 Volodymyr II Monomakh (1053-1125)
7:20 Yuri Dolgorukiy (1099 - 1157)
7:26 Moscow
7:37 The Mongols
10:16 The Principality of Galicia–Volhynia or Kingdom of Rus
10:49 Lviv
12:37 Ivan III of Russia (1440-1505)
12:46 The myth about Russia
13:07 Crimea
13:53 Roxolana (1502 – 1558)
15:20 serfdom (Polish oppression)
15:40 printing press
17:14 Zaporizhian Sich
18:33 Ukraine replaces the name Rus
18:40 cossack
20:15 Brest Union
20:18 The uniates
21:08 Hetman Sagaidachny (1570 - 1622)
23:05 Orthodoxy
23:28 Yarema Vyshnevetsky (1612 – 1651)
23:31 Catholicism
24:54 Bohdan Khmelnytsky (1595 – 1657)
30:04 The Pereyaslav Council -------------------------------------------------1654
34:39 Ivan Mazepa (1639 - 1709)
37:06 The Battle of Poltava on 27 June 1709
40:11 Zaporizhian Sich (1552-1709)
40:27 Solovki
French Revolution--------------------------------------------------------------------- 1789
47:03 Dumy - historical ballads
48:18 Greek Catholic Church banned
48:49 Kyiv University (1833)
49:48 The Order of Basilian Fathers
50:55 Taras Shevchenko (1814 - 1861) (age 47)
54:57 Blue and yellow banner
55:45 The Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood
56:32 national liberation movement
56:55 Crimean War ----------------------------------------------------- 1853 to 1856
57:07 Alexander II (1818 - 1881) abolished serfdom
57:26 city of Donetsk (1868)
58:56 Green wedge
59:23 Volodymyr Antonovych (1834 - 1908)
59:28 Mykhailo Drahomanov (1841-1895 )
1:00:42 Lesya Ukrainka (1871 - 1913) (aged 42)
1:02:13 The Shevchenko Scientific Society (1873 )
1:11:03 Mykhailo Hrushevsky
1:03:27 Ivan Franko (1856 - 1916)
1:04:22 History of Ukraine-Ruthenia
1:04:49 Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky (1865 - 1944) 1:45:42
1:06:31 World War I------------------------------------------------------------------1914
1:07:32 Dmitro Dontsov (1883 - 1973)
1:07:57 (1914) Russian occupation
1:11:24 Symon Petliura
1:11:24 West Ukrainian People's Republic
1:19:27 Ukrainian Galician Army
1:23:30 Nestor Makhno
1:30:48 The Russian famine ----------------------------------------------------1921
1:41:21 Ukr National Democratic Alliance, (UNDO)
1:42:20 Ukr Sich Riflemen
1:42:43 (UVO) Ukr Military Organization
1:42:51 Yevhen Konovalets
1:43:10 Dmytro Dontsov
1:44:01 The Organization of Ukr Nationalists (OUN)
1:44:52 (1933) Stepan Bandera head of OUN
1:47:07 Avgustyn Voloshyn
1:47:33 Melnyk's and Bandera's
1:39:06 collectivization (1939)
1:38:55 *** ???????????????????????????? ????????????????: !!! ???????????????????? 1:39:33
World War II ----------------------------------------------------------------(1939 - 1945)
1:51:24 The Nachtigall Battalion (Nightingale)
1:51:43 Independent Ukr State
1:44:50 Stepan Bandera (1909 – 1959) -----------------------------------1933
Between Hitler & Stalin: Ukraine in World War II
Wehrmacht Saves Innocent Civilians In Ukraine 1941
1:53:42 Babi Yar
1:55:40 partisan warfare
1:44:01 Organization of Ukr Nationalists (OUN)
1:57:42 Roman Shukhevych
1:58:37 Volyn
1:58:57 UPA - Ukrainian Insurgent Army
2:00:04 ethnic cleansing (1943)
2:02:32 SS Galicia Division
2:02:33 Banderavists (Bandera) split of OUN (former UVO) 1:47:26
2:02:25 Melnykovites (Melnyk)
2:02:57 SS Galicia crushed by the Red Army
2:04:51 Nikita Khrushchev
2:05:21 Joseph Stalin
1:39:56 RUSYN replaced the term Ukrainian
2:06:14 Gulag
2:06:31 Yalta
2:10:30 Operation Vistula (Polish: Akcja Wisła)
2:12:00 The Greek Catholic Church abolishment
2:12:21 Josyf Slipyj (1893 - 1984)
1:49:25 annexation of the Western Ukraine
2:16:33 turning Crimea over to Ukraine
2:18:25 Thaw (early 1950s to the early 1960s)
2:30:09 (April 26 1986) - Chornobyl disaster
2:35:30 Rukh - Movement
2:37:29 (1991) Declaration of Sovereignty of Ukraine
1:13:48 The Ukr People's Republic of 1918 - 1920
2:50:29 The Orange Revolution (2004)
Historia Ukrainy (z napisami i tłumaczeniem)
o Krymie:
39:43 Kozacy pomogli Rosji wygrać Krym z Turcji
56:55 Donbass 2:16:28 Krym zostaje przeniesiony na Ukrainę
o Rosji 12:46 / 31:16
???????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ????????????????: 1:47:38
NARODZINY NARODU (2008) Jerzy Hoffman
1:34 Kijów (401-500)
2:16 Bizancjum (330-1453)
2:45 Księżniczka Olga (890 - 969) akceptuje chrześcijaństwo
3:28 Chersonese
4:06 Wołodymyr Wielki (958 - 1015)
4:29 Jarosław Mądry (978-1054)
4:39 Katedra Św. Zofii (1100)
5:31 Anna - królowa Francji (1030-1075)
18:41 Vladimir Monomakh (1053-1125)
7:20 Yu Dolgoruky (1099-1157)
7:26 Moskwa
7:37 Mongołowie
10:16 Księstwo Gal-Vol lub Królestwo Rosji
10:49 Lwów
Termin MALOROSCIA: początek XIV wieku
12:37 Iwan III Grozny (1440-1505)
12:46 Mit o Rosji
13:07 Krym
13:53 Roksolana (1502 - 1558)
15:20 Polskie pańszczyzna
17:14 Zaporizhzhya Sich
18:33 UKR zmienia nazwę RUS
18:40 Kozak
20:15 Brest Union
20:18 Unici - wschodni katolicy Kościoła
21:08 Hetman Sagaidachny (1570 - 1622)
23:05 Prawosławie
23:28 Jestem Vishnevetsky (1612 - 1651)
23:31 Katolicyzm
24:54 B Chmielnicki (1595 - 1657)
30:04 Perejasław Rada 1654
34:39 I Mazepa (1639 - 1709)
37:06 Bitwa pod Połtawą (1709)
40:11 Sycz w Zaporożu (1552-1709)
40:27 Solovki
- Rewolucja Franza (1789)
48:18 jest zabronione przez Kościół greckokatolicki
48:49 Uniwersytet Kijowski (1833)
50:55 T. Shevchenko (1814 - 1861) (47 lat)
54:57 niebiesko-żółta flaga
55:45 Bractwo Cyryla i Metodego
56:32 ruch wyzwolenia narodowego
56:55 Krymska wojna (1853-1856)
57:07 Aleksander II (1818 - 1881) znosi poddaństwo
57:26 Donieck (1868)
58:56 Zielony klin
59:23 W Antonowiczu (1834 - 1908)
59:28 M Drahomanov (1841-1895)
1:00:42 L Ukrainka (1871 - 1913) (42 lata)
1:02:13 NTSh (1873)
1:11:03 M Grushevsky
1:03:27 I Franco (1856 - 1916)
1:04:22 Historia Ukr-Rus
1:04:49 Metropolitan A Sheptytsky (1865 - 1944) świadomość narodowa na emigracji
1:06:31 Pierwsza wojna światowa z 1914 roku
1:07:32 Dontsov (1883 - 1973)
1:07:57 (1914) Rosyjska okupacja
1:11:24 Z Petliurą
1:11:24 Zah-ukr Nara Response ZUNR
1:19:27 Ukr Galicyjska Armia
1:30:48 Ros. głód (1921)
1:41:21 HOLODOMOR (1932-1933) 11 000 000 ofiar
1:45:55 (1937-1938) zostały wykonane aresztowania - Gułag
1:46:54 niszczenie ukr ident
1:49:11 Ukr Sojusz Narodów Demokratycznych (UNDO)
1:42:20 Strzelec Ukr Sich
1:50:49 (UFO) Ukr Army Org (Praga) Istnieją Konovalety
1:51:19 D Dontsov - ideolog z ukr. nacjonalizm
1:52:00 (młodzież) UWO jest członkiem -: Org Ukr Nat (OUN)
1:52:52 (w Polsce w 1933 r.) Wraz z Banderą zostaje szefem OUN
1:55:03 I Wołoszyn
1:55:27 Upadek Karpaty-Ukrainy dzieli OUN na dwie frakcje: Melnikovtsev i Banderivtsi 1:56:11
Druga wojna światowa (1939-1945)
1:59:17 ślady NKWD - Batalion Nachtigall (słowika-Bandera) 1:51:43 Niezależny Ukr. Państwo
1:44:50 Bandera (1909 - 1959)
1:53:42 Babin Yar
1:55:40 Wojna partyzancka
1:44:01 Organizacja nacjonalistów Ukr (OUN)
1:57:42 Roman Szuachewicz
1:58:37 Wołyń
1:58:57 UPA - Ukraińska Armia Powstańcza
2:00:04 czystki etniczne (1943)
2:02:32 SS Dywizja Galicyjska
1:39:56 RUSIN zmienia termin ukraiński
2:06:14 Gułag 2:06:31 Jałta
2:10:30 Operacja Wisła
2:12:00 Anulowanie Kościoła greckokatolickiego
1:49:25 aneksja Zach Ukr
2:16:33 Powrót Krymu na Ukrainę
2:18:25 Odwilż (1950-1960)
2:30:09 (26 kwietnia 1986) - Katastrofa w Czarnobylu
2:35:30 Ruch
2:37:29 (1991) Niezależność
2:50:29 Pomarańczowa rewolucja (2004)
Ilia Répine - Илья́ Ефи́мович Ре́пин
Ilia Répine - Short version
Ilya Yefimovich Repin (Russian: Илья́ Ефи́мович Ре́пин) (24 July 1844 – 29 September 1930) was a Russian realist painter. He was the most renowned Russian artist of the 19th century, when his position in the world of art was comparable to that of Leo Tolstoy in literature. He played a major role in bringing Russian art into the mainstream of European culture. His major works include Barge Haulers on the Volga (1873), Religious Procession in Kursk Province (1883) and Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks (1880–91).
Repin was born in Chuguyev, in Kharkov Governorate, Russian Empire (now Chuhuiv in Ukraine, Kharkiv Region) into a family of military settlers. His father traded horses and his grandmother ran an inn. He entered military school to study surveying. Soon after the surveying course was cancelled, his father helped Repin to become an apprentice with Ivan Bunakov, a local icon painter, where he restored old icons and painted portraits of local notables through commissions. In 1863 he went to St. Petersburg Art Academy to study painting but had to enter Ivan Kramskoi preparatory school first. He met fellow artist Ivan Kramskoi and the critic Vladimir Stasov during the 1860s, and his wife, Vera Shevtsova in 1872 (they remained married for ten years). In 1874–1876 he showed at the Salon in Paris and at the exhibitions of the Itinerants' Society in Saint Petersburg. He was awarded the title of academician in 1876.
In 1880 Repin travelled to Zaporizhia[citation needed] to gather material for the 1891 Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks. His Religious Procession in Kursk Province was exhibited in 1883, and Ivan the Terrible and His Son Ivan in 1885. In 1892 he published the Letters on Art collection of essays. He taught at the Higher Art School attached to the Academy of Arts from 1894. In 1898 he purchased an estate, Penaty (the Penates), in Kuokkala, Finland (now Repino, Saint Petersburg).
In 1901 he was awarded the Legion of Honour. In 1911 he traveled with his common-law wife Natalia Nordman to the World Exhibition in Italy, where his painting 17 October 1905 and his portraits were displayed in their own separate room. In 1916 Repin worked on his book of reminiscences, Far and Near, with the assistance of Korney Chukovsky. He welcomed the February Revolution of 1917, but was rather skeptical towards the October Revolution. Soviet authorities asked him a number of times to come back, he remained in Finland for the rest of his life. Celebrations were held in 1924 in Kuokkala to mark Repin's 80th birthday, followed by an exhibition of his works in Moscow. In 1925 a jubilee exhibition of his works was held in the Russian Museum in Leningrad. Repin died in 1930 and was buried at the Penates.
Modest Mussorgsky - A Tear
Modest Mussorgsky - The Old Castle - Pictures At An Exhibition
Modest Moussorgski - Bydlo - Pictures at an Exhibition
Review Novhorod-Siverskyi - Огляд Новгород-Сіверський
This video is a brief overview of - the city of #NovgorodSeversky, #Ukraine, fortress, monastery and museum, The Tale of Igor's Campaign.
#The #town was first chronicled in 1044. From 1098 it was the capital of the Siverian Principality, which served as a buffer zone against incursions of the Cumans (Polovtsy) and other steppe peoples. One of the numerous campaigns of local princes against the Cumans produced the great monument of early East Slavic literature, the #Tale of #Igor's #Campaign.
After the town's destruction by Mongols in 1239, it passed to the princes of Bryansk and then to the Grand Dukes of Lithuania. It was ruled by Dymitr Korybut (Kaributas), son of Algirdas. Muscovy obtained the area following the Battle of Vedrosha in 1503, but lost it to Poland after the Time of Troubles. The town finally passed to Russia as a result of the Russo-Polish War (1654-1667). During the Cossack epoch, the town received the status of sotenny (literally, 'relating to a hundred') and later polkovoi (regimental) town; these were military and administrative divisions in the Cossack army and country. Also Novhorod-Siverskyi became a cultural center of Left-Bank Ukraine. It was made the capital of a separate namestnichestvo in 1782–97. Thereafter its importance steadily declined.
During World War II, Novhorod-Siverskyi was occupied by the German Army from 26 August 1941 to 16 September 1943.
The Principality of Novgorod-Seversk was a medieval Rus' principality centered on the town now called Novhorod-Siverskyi. The principality was aligned to the Principality of Chernigov. It may have been created in 1139, the date of one modern authority.In 1185, a large Rus'ian campaign against the Polovtsy ended in defeat for Prince Igor, famously recorded in The Tale of Igor's Campaign. The principality was taken by the principality of Briansk after the Mongol invasions, and then by the Lithuanians when the power of the Golden Horde began to decline. In the fifteenth-century the principality was given to Prince Ivan of Mozhaisk when he fled from Grand Prince Vasily II.
Prince of Novgorod-Seversk was the kniaz, the ruler or sub-ruler, of the Principality of Novgorod-Seversk. It may have been created in 1139, the date of one modern authority, and is most famous for Igor Sviatoslavich, hero of the Old Russian Tale of Igor's Campaign.
The Tale of Igor's Campaign (Old East Slavic: Слово о плъкоу Игоревѣ, Slovo o plŭku Igorevě) is an anonymous epic poem written in the Old East Slavic language. The title is occasionally translated as The Song of Igor's Campaign, The Lay of Igor's Campaign, The Lay of the Host of Igor, and The Lay of the Warfare Waged by Igor.
The poem gives an account of a failed raid of Igor Svyatoslavich (d. 1202) against the Polovtsians of the Don River region. While some have disputed the authenticity of the poem, the current scholarly consensus is that the poem is authentic and dates to the medieval period (late 12th century).
The Tale of Igor's Campaign was adapted by Alexander Borodin as an opera and became one of the great classics of Russian theatre. Entitled Prince Igor, it was first performed in 1890.
According to the Primary Chronicle, before the 11th century the principality was ruled by local tribal elders and voivodes from Kiev who were appointed by the Grand Prince to collect tribute from the local population, manage judicial trials, and defend the land from external enemies. In the years 1024–1036 the principality of Chernigov was passed under the administration of son of the Vladimir the Great, Mstislav of Chernigov, who came there from Tmutorokan. Together with Yaroslav the Wise, Mstislav ruled the Kievan Rus' establishing Chernigov as one of the most important administration centers in Rus'. Upon the death of Mstislav, Chernigov was incorporated into the realm of Kiev.
After Yaroslav the Wise the principality of Chernigov was passed to one of his sons, Grand Prince Sviatoslav, who initiated the Chernigov branch of the Rurikids. During the civil war of the Yaroslavichi, Chernigov was contested between sons of Svyatoslav and Vsevolod. By the decision of the Liubech Congress in 1097, the sons of Sviatoslav, Oleg, Davyd, and their descendants, secured the principality. After that the principality obtained a certain degree of autonomy and was primarily secured after the Oleg's descendants.
The Principality was later split into three main apanage principalities: Chernigov, Novgorod-Seversk, and Murom-Ryazan, while Tmutarakan, due to its remoteness, often became contested and eventually was overtaken. Murom and later the Ryazan principality drifted away from the influence of Chernigov and after some time was contested by the Principality of Vladimir. Nonetheless the influence of Chernigov princes remained large and they retained the title of Kiev Grand Prince for some time. Chernigov was one of the largest economic and cultural centers of Kievan Rus.
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Kharkiv
Kharkiv (Ukrainian: Харків, pronounced [ˈxɑrkiw]), or Kharkov (Russian: Ха́рьков; IPA: [ˈxarʲkəf]), is the second-largest city of Ukraine. Located in the north-east of the country, it is the largest city of the Slobozhanshchyna historical region.
The city was founded in 1654 and was a major centre of Ukrainian culture in the Russian Empire. Kharkiv was the first city in Ukraine to acknowledge Soviet power in December 1917 and became the first capital of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic until January 1935, after which the capital was relocated to Kiev. Kharkiv is the administrative centre of Kharkiv Oblast and the surrounding Kharkiv district.
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Schutzstaffel | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:57 1 Origins
00:03:05 1.1 Forerunner of the SS
00:05:12 1.2 Early commanders
00:07:04 1.3 Himmler appointed
00:10:17 1.4 Ideology
00:15:08 2 Pre-war Germany
00:20:43 2.1 Hitler's personal bodyguards
00:24:49 2.2 Concentration camps founded
00:27:04 3 SS in World War II
00:28:27 3.1 Invasion of Poland
00:32:02 3.2 Battle of France
00:35:20 3.3 Campaign in the Balkans
00:37:19 4 War in the east
00:40:00 4.1 The Holocaust
00:42:43 4.2 Anti-partisan operations
00:45:03 4.3 Death camps
00:48:28 5 Business empire
00:54:11 6 Military reversals
00:55:10 6.1 Normandy landings
00:59:06 6.2 Battle for Germany
01:04:52 7 SS units and branches
01:05:02 7.1 Reich Main Security Office
01:06:55 7.2 iSS-Sonderkommandos/i
01:10:09 7.3 iEinsatzgruppen/i
01:12:38 7.4 SS Court Main Office
01:13:53 7.5 SS Cavalry
01:16:16 7.6 SS Medical Corps
01:18:41 7.7 Other SS units
01:18:49 7.7.1 iAhnenerbe/i
01:19:38 7.7.2 iSS-Frauenkorps/i
01:20:48 7.7.3 iSS-Mannschaften/i
01:21:15 8 Foreign legions and volunteers
01:24:36 9 Ranks and uniforms
01:26:20 10 SS membership estimates 1925–45
01:27:00 11 SS offices
01:28:13 12 Austrian SS
01:30:51 13 Post-war activity and aftermath
01:32:52 13.1 International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg
01:35:14 13.2 Escapes
01:39:15 14 See also
01:39:37 15 Informational notes
01:39:46 16 Citations
01:39:56 17 Bibliography
01:40:05 18 Further reading
01:40:14 19 External links
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Speaking Rate: 0.728179984151669
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Schutzstaffel (SS; also stylized as with Armanen runes; German pronunciation: [ˈʃʊtsˌʃtafl̩] (listen); literally Protection Squadron) was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II. It began with a small guard unit known as the Saal-Schutz (Hall Security) made up of NSDAP volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. In 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and given its final name. Under his direction (1929–45) it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the most powerful organizations in Nazi Germany. From 1929 until the regime's collapse in 1945, the SS was the foremost agency of security, surveillance, and terror within Germany and German-occupied Europe.
The two main constituent groups were the Allgemeine SS (General SS) and Waffen-SS (Armed SS). The Allgemeine SS was responsible for enforcing the racial policy of Nazi Germany and general policing, whereas the Waffen-SS consisted of combat units within Nazi Germany's military. A third component of the SS, the SS-Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV), ran the concentration camps and extermination camps. Additional subdivisions of the SS included the Gestapo and the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) organizations. They were tasked with the detection of actual or potential enemies of the Nazi state, the neutralization of any opposition, policing the German people for their commitment to Nazi ideology, and providing domestic and foreign intelligence.
The SS was the organization most responsible for the genocidal killing of an estimated 5.5 to 6 million Jews and millions of other victims in the Holocaust. Members of all of its branches committed war crimes and crimes against humanity during World War II (1939–45). The SS was also involved in commercial enterprises and exploited concentration camp inmates as slave labor. After Nazi Germany's defeat, the SS and the NSDAP were judged by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg to be criminal organizations. Ernst Kaltenbrunner, the highest-ranking surviving SS main department chief, was found guilty of crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg trials and hanged in 1946.
SS | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
SS
00:02:30 1 Origins
00:02:39 1.1 Forerunner of the SS
00:04:27 1.2 Early commanders
00:06:00 1.3 Himmler appointed
00:08:47 1.4 Ideology
00:12:55 2 Pre-war Germany
00:17:28 2.1 Hitler's personal bodyguards
00:20:56 2.2 Concentration camps founded
00:22:51 3 SS in World War II
00:24:04 3.1 Invasion of Poland
00:27:08 3.2 Battle of France
00:29:58 3.3 Campaign in the Balkans
00:31:39 4 War in the east
00:33:56 4.1 The Holocaust
00:36:12 4.2 Anti-partisan operations
00:38:14 4.3 Death camps
00:41:14 5 Business empire
00:46:08 6 Military reversals
00:46:59 6.1 Normandy landings
00:50:22 6.2 Battle for Germany
00:55:18 7 SS units and branches
00:55:28 7.1 Reich Main Security Office
00:57:07 7.2 iSS-Sonderkommandos/i
00:59:53 7.3 iEinsatzgruppen/i
01:02:02 7.4 SS Court Main Office
01:03:08 7.5 SS Cavalry
01:05:08 7.6 SS Medical Corps
01:07:14 7.7 Other SS units
01:07:23 7.7.1 iAhnenerbe/i
01:08:05 7.7.2 iSS-Frauenkops/i
01:09:06 7.7.3 iSS-Mannschaften/i
01:09:30 8 Foreign legions and volunteers
01:12:24 9 Ranks and uniforms
01:13:53 10 SS membership estimates 1925–45
01:14:29 11 SS offices
01:15:32 12 Austrian SS
01:17:49 13 Post-war activity and aftermath
01:19:34 13.1 International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg
01:21:36 13.2 Escapes
01:25:02 14 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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The Schutzstaffel (SS; also stylized as with Armanen runes; German pronunciation: [ˈʃʊtsˌʃtafl̩] (listen); literally Protection Squadron) was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II. It began with a small guard unit known as the Saal-Schutz (Hall Security) made up of NSDAP volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. In 1925 Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and given its final name. Under his direction (1929–45) it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the most powerful organizations in Nazi Germany. From 1929 until the regime's collapse in 1945, the SS was the foremost agency of security, surveillance, and terror within Germany and German-occupied Europe.
The two main constituent groups were the Allgemeine SS (General SS) and Waffen-SS (Armed SS). The Allgemeine SS was responsible for enforcing the racial policy of Nazi Germany and general policing, whereas the Waffen-SS consisted of combat units within Nazi Germany's military. A third component of the SS, the SS-Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV), ran the concentration camps and extermination camps. Additional subdivisions of the SS included the Gestapo and the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) organizations. They were tasked with the detection of actual or potential enemies of the Nazi state, the neutralization of any opposition, policing the German people for their commitment to Nazi ideology, and providing domestic and foreign intelligence.
The SS was the organization most responsible for the genocidal killing of an estimated 5.5 to 6 million Jews and millions of other victims in the Holocaust. Members of all of its branches committed war crimes and crimes against humanity during World War II (1939–45). The SS was also involved in commercial enterprises and exploited concentration camp inmates as slave labor. After Nazi Germany's defeat, the SS and the NSDAP were judged by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg to be criminal organizations. Ernst Kaltenbrunner, the highest-ranking surviving SS main department chief, was found guilty of crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg trials and hanged in 1946.
History of Europe | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of Europe
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of Europe covers the peoples inhabiting Europe from prehistory to the present. During the Neolithic era and the time of the Indo-European migrations Europe saw migrations from east and southeast and the following important cultural and material exchange. The period known as classical antiquity began with the emergence of the city-states of ancient Greece. Later, the Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin. The fall of the Roman Empire in AD 476 traditionally marks the start of the Middle Ages. Beginning in the 14th century a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology. Simultaneously, the Protestant Reformation set up Protestant churches primarily in Germany, Scandinavia and England. After 1800, the Industrial Revolution brought prosperity to Britain and Western Europe. The main powers set up colonies in most of the Americas and Africa, and parts of Asia. In the 20th century, World War I and World War II resulted in massive numbers of deaths. The Cold War dominated European geo-politics from 1947 to 1989. Unification into a European Union moved forward after 1950, with some setbacks. Today, most countries west of Russia belong to the NATO military alliance, along with the United States and Canada.