Lapland Nature Reserve | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:35 1 Topography
00:02:04 2 Climate and ecoregion
00:03:10 3 Ecoeducation and access
00:04:00 4 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Speaking Rate: 0.8786852690401552
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Lapland Nature Reserve (Russian: Лапландский заповедник) (also Laplandskiy) is a Russian 'zapovednik' (strict nature reserve) in Murmansk Oblast, Russia, above the Arctic Circle. Officially established in 1957, the reserve protects an area of 2,784 km2 (1,075 sq mi) to the northwest of Lake Imandra, including 86 km² of inland water. The terrain is mountainous tundra and northern taiga. Since 1985 the zapovednik has been designated by UNESCO as a biosphere reserve.
The Lapland Nature Reserve was established in 1930. However, in 1951 along with many other zapovedniks of the Soviet Union it was abolished. It was reestablished in 1957, but in 1961-1965 was merged to Kandalaksha Nature Reserve. In 1983 the 1,613 km² area of the Lapland Nature Reserve was significantly expanded to include 1,296 km² of territories to the northwest, farther from the polluting influence of the Monchegorsk nickel smelter, and the zapovednik gave away 124 km² near the city. The reserve is situated in Murmansk Oblast about 50 km south of the city of Murmansk.
Lapland Biosphere Reserve | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:20 1 Topography
00:01:47 2 Climate and ecoregion
00:02:46 3 Ecoeducation and access
00:03:30 4 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9860845357376342
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Lapland Nature Reserve (Russian: Лапландский заповедник) (also Laplandskiy) is a Russian 'zapovednik' (strict nature reserve) in Murmansk Oblast, Russia, above the Arctic Circle. Officially established in 1957, the reserve protects an area of 2,784 km2 (1,075 sq mi) to the northwest of Lake Imandra, including 86 km² of inland water. The terrain is mountainous tundra and northern taiga. Since 1985 the zapovednik has been designated by UNESCO as a biosphere reserve.
The Lapland Nature Reserve was established in 1930. However, in 1951 along with many other zapovedniks of the Soviet Union it was abolished. It was reestablished in 1957, but in 1961-1965 was merged to Kandalaksha Nature Reserve. In 1983 the 1,613 km² area of the Lapland Nature Reserve was significantly expanded to include 1,296 km² of territories to the northwest, farther from the polluting influence of the Monchegorsk nickel smelter, and the zapovednik gave away 124 km² near the city. The reserve is situated in Murmansk Oblast about 50 km south of the city of Murmansk.
Globe Trekker Series 6 - Moscow, St Petersburg and Murmansk Trailer
Interested in more information? Follow this link to find out everything you need to know!
Ian Wright journeys to Russia, the largest country in the world which covers more than 10 million square miles and spans 11 time zones. For 70 years travellers were unable to visit the then USSR, but since the collapse of communism Russia has become an increasingly popular destination.
Ian begins his trip in Moscow, the most affluent city in European Russia. He visits the Kremlin, the seat of the Russian government, and takes a tour of the palaces, churches and bell towers. He witnesses the changing of the guards, sees Red Square and the tombs of Russian dignitaries, as well as the embalmed body of Lenin. Later that day he takes a tour of the rest of city on horseback.
Next morning, Ian ventures out to the Izmaylovsky Market, which is held in the east of Moscow every Sunday. It’s a great place to find eccentric Russian souvenirs and communist memorabilia. Another relic of the communist era is Moscow’s impressive metro system: clean, safe and reliable, it was built in the 1930’s to showcase Soviet engineering, and is one of the great achievements of the Stalinist period.
Ian heads out of Moscow to Star City, home of the Russian space programme. This was where Yuri Gagarin trained to be the first man in space in 1961. It was once a top secret location, but these days it’s open to tourists who want to try out simulated moon walking, tour a replica of the Meer space station and even experience zero gravity in a special training jet used to prepare cosmonauts for space travel.
Ian takes the train from Moscow to St Petersburg, stopping off at the Monastery of St Boris and Gleb in Torzhok. Since the fall of communism, the Russian Orthodox Church is experiencing a revival and places of worship such as the wooden church built in 1742 are now being restored.
He finally reaches St Petersburg, which is the second biggest city in Russia with a population of 5 million. When Lenin died in 1924 the city was renamed Leningrad but 65 years later the people of the city voted it back to its original name. St Petersburg is Russia’s most tourist friendly city - even though there is only one youth hostel here. The Russian Baroque palaces are the envy of the world and Ian hires a guide to take him to the fabulous former home of the Tsars, Winter Palace, which now houses a great museum known as the Hermitage. It was across the square from here that the Russian Revolution began, when, on the night of the 25th October 1917, the revolutionaries stormed the palace, arresting the government and installing the Soviet regime in its place, with Lenin as their leader.
Ian pays a visit to the Peter and Paul Fortress, one of the first things built by Peter the Great after he founded the city in 1703. It’s a tourist attraction with a difference: a perfect sun trap and however cold it is, when the sun comes out in winter dedicated sun-worshipers strip off and line up against the wall. Before leaving town Ian has a night out, making his way round a few of the recently opened theme bars in town.
For the final leg of his journey Ian flies north to Murmansk, the biggest city in the Arctic Circle. He has arranged a trip to the Lapland Nature Reserve, 150 square miles of arctic wilderness which is home to the Russian Father Christmas. Ian ends his trip to Russia in the town of Murmansk, celebrating the Festival of the North, which marks the end of winter. Revellers from all over, including Sami reindeer herders from Lapland, to take part in skating contests, the cross-country skiing marathon, hockey tournament, and even under water swimming below the surface of the lake.
WHAT TO SEE IN MURMANSK? | RUSSIA
В этом видео были использованы видео (я не являюсь их правообладателем, использую ссылаясь на автора)/ I do
not own this footage, please like the original Aleksandr Bergan's time-lapse vids:
Vids with Teriberka views:
Vids with Nordkapp (North Cape)views:
Also some random vids i've used:
________
About Polar night:
About Midnight sun aka Polar day:
About Alyosha Monument:
it's here:
Zdushaya (Ждущая) Monument it is a bronze monument of the girl which is an embodiment of the sea city and
the character of correctness. This monument it is well visible from the ships which are returning from
flights to native port.
it's here:
About Cat Semen Monument: According to urban legend, in the 90s, the owners of the cat came back from
vacation together with pet, but lost him during trip somewhere around Moscow.
The cat went 2000 km to go home to Murmansk. It took him 6.5 years.
it's here:
Oceanarium with seals here:
About Kola Bay Bridge aka Kolsky Bridge:
it's here:
Abram Cape (Abram-Mys) is here:
There is also a Monument to the Soldiers of the 1st Air Defense Bulk there.
About Waterfall on the river Lavna:
it's here:
About Lighthouse and neighborhood:
sailors-who-died-in-peacetime-and-the-observation-deck/
it is here:
Maklakova (Post bus station) street my fav photo pause place is here:
Ledovoe lake career is here:
Here is some photos from it:
About Marine Station:
It is here:
About Lenin icebreaker:
Southen ski slope:
Nothern ski slope (NordStar): (they also have a bar and a hotel inside the
skiing complex)
ostrich's farm is here:
(in farm itself there is also a few dears, pheasants, goats and they are selling eco egg and other products
from animals they have)
About Saami Village & Huskie park:
There is actually a bunch of companies that provides this services, here is a few with English translation:
i'm not sure about exact location thou:
should be 68°00'57.52C 34°41'48.46B coordinates i suppose.
Kivach Reserve and waterfall:
About Teriberka:
It's here:
My video about camping in Norway:
(Vadsø, Vardø places)
Houses in Finland i've been in (rent):
aid=357027;label=yan104jc-hotel-ru-fi-lomavekarit-unspec-ru-com-L%3Aru-O%3AwindowsS7-B%3Achrome-N%3AXX-S
%3Abo-U%3Ac-H%3As;sid=cb71501f74182fe09063ac165ad58321;sb_price_type=total&type=total&
KePbDj9MDho4NBHAQJ3BKA-4412751988;sid=cb71501f74182fe09063ac165ad58321;dest_id=-
1384477;dest_type=city;dist=0;hapos=1;hpos=1;room1=A
%2CA;sb_price_type=total;srepoch=1517850842;srfid=b96908d5c5de50787e6ce9132c9ee6e84c666156X1;srpvid=17cd792db
5200403;type=total;ucfs=1&#hotelTmpl
those sites might be helpful:
This video is not sponsored by any means :D
You can also follow here:
Have a nice day and enjoy Your Travels!
xoxo, Marina Choliam.
Snowmobile Tour of Russia
Snowmobile tour of the famous Ural Mountains including overnight saddlebag expedition with Russia Travel Star.
Typical snowmobile tours in the Ural Mountains consist of 5-10 riders. Basegi Nature Reserve, which means “beautiful” in the local Urals dialect, is a complex combination of mountain ranges and scattered broken rock along a narrow river valley.
You will also see the beauty of the Urals forest, rivers and waterfalls during a daylong, 75-mile journey.
Our snowmobile tour guides have decades of snowmobile experience and have personally mapped-out and ridden thousands of miles in the Ural Mountains, to places few others even know about.
From relaxed one-day tours, to monster seven-day expeditions, we enjoy working with both novices and experienced riders, catering to the customer’s riding style and needs.
Visit russiatravelstar.com for tour dates and details.
Kola Peninsula
The Kola Peninsula is a peninsula in the far northwest of Russia. Constituting the bulk of the territory of Murmansk Oblast, it lies almost completely to the north of the Arctic Circle and is bordered by the Barents Sea in the north and the White Sea in the east and southeast. The city of Murmansk is the most populous human settlement on the peninsula, with a population of over 300,000 as of the 2010 Census.
Despite the peninsula's northerly location, its proximity to the Gulf Stream leads to unusually high temperatures in winter, but also results in high winds due to the temperature variations between land and the Barents Sea. Summers are rather chilly, with the average July temperature of only 11 °C. The peninsula is covered by taiga in the south and tundra in the north, where permafrost limits the growth of the trees resulting in landscape dominated by shrubs and grasses. The peninsula supports a small variety of mammals, and its rivers are an important habitat for the Atlantic salmon. The Kandalaksha Nature Reserve, established to protect the population of common eider, is located in the Kandalaksha Gulf.
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Creative Commons image source in video
VIP TROUT PROGRAM fly fishing for huge brown trout in Russian tundra
Finally, we can show up a film from last years trip to the Russian tundra, where we followed our friend Helmut and document excellent fly fishing for wild trout.
Nominee RISE FLY FISHING FILM FESTIVAL 2019!
Helmut Zaderer has been traveling the world as a flyfisher. However, he is still lacking the real Trophy Brown trout. With his friends Christoph and Vaidas he goes to the Kharlovka and Litza rivers in Russia in search of it.
Reindeer | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:47 1 Naming
00:05:46 2 Taxonomy and evolution
00:08:46 3 Subspecies
00:13:11 4 Physical characteristics
00:13:20 4.1 Antlers
00:19:24 4.2 Pelt
00:20:35 4.3 Heat exchange
00:22:25 4.4 Hooves
00:23:49 4.5 Size
00:25:07 4.6 Clicking sound
00:26:04 4.7 Eyes
00:26:50 5 Biology and behaviour
00:27:00 5.1 Seasonal body composition
00:28:57 5.2 Reproduction and life-cycle
00:30:34 5.3 Social structure, migration and range
00:32:39 6 Ecology
00:32:48 6.1 Distribution and habitat
00:35:45 6.2 Diet
00:36:55 6.3 Predators
00:39:04 6.4 Other threats
00:40:11 7 By country
00:40:20 7.1 Russia
00:41:19 7.2 North America
00:43:04 7.2.1 United States
00:43:29 7.2.1.1 Alaska
00:43:59 7.2.1.1.1 Porcupine caribou herd
00:46:38 7.2.1.1.2 Western Arctic caribou herd (WACH)
00:47:45 7.2.1.1.3 Teshekpuk Lake and Central Arctic caribou herds
00:50:08 7.2.1.1.4 Reindeer imported to Alaska
00:50:29 7.2.2 Canada
00:50:37 7.2.2.1 Nunavut
00:51:05 7.2.2.1.1 Ahiak, Beverly and Qamanirjuaq caribou herds
00:53:40 7.2.2.1.2 Peary caribou on Baffin Island
00:54:30 7.2.2.2 The Northwest Territories
00:55:10 7.2.2.3 iR. t. caribou/i
00:56:26 7.2.2.3.1 George River caribou herd (GRCH)
00:57:43 7.2.2.3.2 Leaf River caribou herd (LRCH)
00:58:26 7.2.2.4 Queen Charlotte Islands caribou
00:59:02 7.2.3 Greenland
00:59:48 7.3 Norway
01:01:10 7.3.1 Svalbard reindeer
01:02:22 7.4 Finland
01:03:16 7.5 Iceland
01:03:51 7.6 United Kingdom
01:04:49 7.7 French overseas territory experiment
01:05:07 8 Conservation
01:05:16 8.1 Current status
01:06:54 8.2 Boreal woodland caribou (COSEWIC designation as threatened)
01:08:50 8.3 Peary caribou (COSEWIC designation as endangered)
01:09:50 9 Relationship with humans
01:11:52 9.1 Reindeer and indigenous peoples
01:15:53 9.2 Reindeer husbandry
01:20:22 9.3 In history
01:22:29 9.4 Santa Claus's reindeer
01:23:25 9.5 In mythology and art
01:25:15 10 Heraldry and symbols
01:26:32 11 See also
01:26:47 11.1 Parasites
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9909889507904768
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), also known as the caribou in North America, is a species of deer with circumpolar distribution, native to Arctic, sub-Arctic, tundra, boreal, and mountainous regions of northern Europe, Siberia, and North America. This includes both sedentary and migratory populations. Rangifer herd size varies greatly in different geographic regions. The Taimyr herd of migrating Siberian tundra reindeer (R. t. sibiricus) in Russia is the largest wild reindeer herd in the world, varying between 400,000 and 1,000,000. What was once the second largest herd is the migratory boreal woodland caribou (R. t. caribou) George River herd in Canada, with former variations between 28,000 and 385,000. As of January 2018, there are fewer than 9,000 animals estimated to be left in the George River herd, as reported by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. The New York Times reported in April 2018 of the disappearance of the only herd of southern mountain caribou in the lower 48 states, with an expert calling it functionally extinct after the herd's size dwindled to a mere three animals.Rangifer varies in size and colour from the smallest, the Svalbard reindeer, to the largest, the boreal woodland caribou. The North American range of caribou extends from Alaska through Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut into the boreal forest and south through the Canadian Rockies and the Columbia and Selkirk Mountains. The Barren-ground caribou, Porcupine caribou, and Peary caribou live in the tundra, while the shy boreal woodland caribou prefer the boreal forest. The Porcupine caribou and the barren-ground caribou form large herds and undertake lengthy seasonal migrations from birthing grounds to summer and winter feeding grounds in the tundra and taiga. The migrations of Porc ...
Sami people
The Sami people, also spelled Sámi or Saami, are the indigenous Finno-Ugric people inhabiting the Arctic area of Sápmi, which today encompasses parts of far northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, the Kola Peninsula of Russia, and the border area between south and middle Sweden and Norway. The Sámi are the only indigenous people of Scandinavia recognized and protected under the international conventions of indigenous peoples, and are hence the northernmost indigenous people of Europe. Sami ancestral lands span an area of approximately 388,350 km2 , which is approximately the size of Norway, in the Nordic countries. Their traditional languages are the Sami languages and are classified as a branch of the Uralic language family.
This video targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Public domain image source in video
Finnmark | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:18 1 Name
00:01:50 2 Coat of arms
00:02:17 3 Geography
00:06:25 4 Climate
00:10:14 4.1 Midnight sun
00:10:57 4.2 Northern lights
00:11:26 5 Economy
00:13:45 6 Administration
00:15:02 6.1 Municipalities
00:15:16 7 History
00:16:29 7.1 Sami
00:18:11 7.2 Norwegian
00:20:00 7.3 Kven
00:20:25 7.4 Brief summary
00:21:47 7.5 World War II
00:23:24 7.6 Cold War
00:24:27 8 Demographics
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9053620811522574
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-F
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Finnmark (Norwegian: [ˈfɪnnmɑrk] (listen), Northern Sami: Finnmárku, Finnish (at Kven dialects): Ruija) is a county in the eastern part of Norway. By land, it borders Troms county to the west, Finland (Lapland region) to the south, and Russia (Murmansk Oblast) to the east, and by water, the Norwegian Sea (Atlantic Ocean) to the northwest, and the Barents Sea (Arctic Ocean) to the north and northeast.
The county was formerly known as Finmarkens amt or Vardøhus amt. Since 2002, it has had two official names: Finnmark (Norwegian) and Finnmárku (Northern Sami). It is part of the Sápmi region, which spans four countries, as well as the Barents Region, and is the largest and least populated county of Norway.
Situated at the northernmost part of continental Europe, where the Norwegian coastline swings eastward, Finnmark is an area where East meets West, in culture as well as in nature and geography. Vardø, the easternmost municipality in Norway, is located farther east than the cities of St. Petersburg and Istanbul.
Sápmi | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:00 1 Etymology
00:03:50 2 Geography
00:03:59 2.1 Landscape
00:05:10 2.2 Climate
00:05:56 2.3 Natural resources
00:06:59 3 Cultural subdivisions
00:07:10 3.1 East Sápmi
00:07:45 3.2 Central Sápmi
00:08:49 3.3 South Sápmi
00:09:29 3.4 Lapland
00:10:20 3.5 Sides
00:11:00 4 Languages
00:11:10 4.1 Sámi languages
00:13:07 4.2 East Slavic languages
00:13:59 4.3 North Germanic (Scandinavian) languages
00:15:13 4.4 Finnic languages
00:16:01 5 Demography
00:16:44 5.1 Sami
00:17:27 5.2 Russians
00:18:13 5.3 Norwegians
00:18:51 5.4 Swedes
00:19:23 5.5 Finns
00:19:45 5.6 Tornedalians and Kvens
00:20:08 6 Politics
00:20:18 6.1 Sami political structures
00:20:46 6.1.1 Sami Parliaments
00:23:21 6.1.2 Sami Parliamentary Council
00:24:09 6.1.3 Saami Council
00:24:54 6.2 Russian side
00:26:37 6.3 Norwegian side
00:29:26 6.4 Swedish side
00:31:49 6.5 Finnish side
00:32:48 6.6 Coats of Arms of Sami Communities
00:33:02 7 Sports
00:33:42 8 Notable places
00:34:08 8.1 North Sámi area
00:38:31 8.2 South Sápmi
00:39:10 8.3 East Sápmi
00:39:34 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7782769553358079
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Sápmi (Northern Sami: [ˈsapmi]) is the cultural region traditionally inhabited by the Sámi people. Sápmi is located in Northern Europe and includes the northern parts of Fennoscandia. The region stretches over four countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. On the north it is bounded by the Barents Sea, on the west by the Norwegian Sea and on the east by the White Sea.Despite being the namesake of the region, the Sami people are estimated to only make up around 5% of its total population. No political organization advocates secession, although several groups desire more territorial autonomy and/or more self-determination for the region's indigenous population.
The area is often referred to in English as Lapland ().
Continuation War | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Continuation War
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Continuation War was a conflict fought by Finland and Nazi Germany, as co-belligerents, against the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1941 to 1944, during World War II. In Russian historiography, the war is called the Soviet–Finnish Front of the Great Patriotic War. Germany regarded its operations in the region as part of its overall war efforts on the Eastern Front and provided Finland with critical material support and military assistance.
The Continuation War began 15 months after the end of the Winter War, also fought between Finland and the USSR. There have been a number of reasons proposed for the Finnish decision to invade, with regaining territory lost during the Winter War being regarded as the most common. Other justifications for the conflict included President Ryti's vision of a Greater Finland and Commander-in-Chief Mannerheim's desire to liberate Karelia. Plans for the attack were developed jointly between the Wehrmacht and a small faction of Finnish political and military leaders with the rest of the government remaining ignorant. Despite the co-operation in this conflict, Finland never formally signed the Tripartite Pact that had established the Axis powers and justified its alliance with Germany as self-defense.
In June 1941, with the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the Finnish Defence Forces launched their offensive following Soviet airstrikes. By September 1941, Finland occupied East Karelia and reversed its post–Winter War concessions to the Soviet Union along the Karelian Isthmus and in Ladoga Karelia. The Finnish Army halted its offensive past the old border, around 30–32 km (19–20 mi) from the centre of Leningrad and participated in besieging the city by cutting its northern supply routes and digging in until 1944. In Lapland, joint German–Finnish forces failed to capture Murmansk or cut the Kirov (Murmansk) Railway, a transit route for lend-lease equipment to the USSR. The conflict stabilised with only minor skirmishes until the tide of the war turned against the Germans and the Soviet Union's strategic Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive in June 1944. The attack drove the Finns from most of the territories they had gained during the war, but the Finnish Army managed to halt the offensive in August 1944.
Hostilities between Finland and the USSR ended with a ceasefire, which was called on 5 September, and formalised by the signing of the Moscow Armistice on 19 September. One of the conditions of this agreement was the expulsion, or disarming, of any German troops in Finnish territory, which led to the Lapland War between the former co-belligerents. World War II was concluded formally for Finland and the minor Axis powers with the signing of the Paris Peace Treaties in 1947. The treaties resulted in the restoration of borders per the 1940 Moscow Peace Treaty, the ceding of the municipality of Petsamo (Russian: Pechengsky raion) and the leasing of Porkkala Peninsula to the USSR. Furthermore, Finland was required to pay $300 million in war reparations to the USSR.
63,200 Finns and 23,200 Germans died or went missing during the war in addition to 158,000 and 60,400 wounded, respectively. Estimates of dead or missing Soviets range from 250,000 to 305,000 while 575,000 have been estimated to have been wounded or fallen sick.
Finnmark | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Finnmark
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Finnmark [ˈfɪnmɑrk] (listen) or Finnmárkucode: sme promoted to code: se (Northern Sami) (Finnish: Finnmarkin lääni, Russian: Фи́ннмарк, Fínnmark) is a county (fylke) in the extreme northeastern part of Norway. By land, it borders Troms county to the west, Finland (Lapland region) to the south, and Russia (Murmansk Oblast) to the east, and by water, the Norwegian Sea (Atlantic Ocean) to the northwest, and the Barents Sea (Arctic Ocean) to the north and northeast.
The county was formerly known as Finmarkens amt or Vardøhus amt. Since 2002, it has had two official names: Finnmark (Norwegian) and Finnmárku (Northern Sami). It is part of the Sápmi region, which spans four countries, as well as the Barents Region, and is the largest and least populated county of Norway.
Situated at the northernmost part of continental Europe, where the Norwegian coastline swings eastward, Finnmark is an area where East meets West, in culture as well as in nature and geography. Vardø, the easternmost municipality in Norway, is located farther east than the cities of St. Petersburg and Istanbul.
Sápmi | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Sápmi
00:01:07 1 Etymology
00:03:17 2 Geography
00:03:26 2.1 Landscape
00:04:22 2.2 Climate
00:04:58 2.3 Natural resources
00:05:47 3 Cultural subdivisions
00:05:57 3.1 East Sápmi
00:06:25 3.2 Central Sápmi
00:07:15 3.3 South Sápmi
00:07:47 3.4 Lapland
00:08:34 3.5 Sides
00:09:05 4 Languages
00:09:14 4.1 Sámi languages
00:10:41 4.2 East Slavic languages
00:11:22 4.3 North Germanic (Scandinavian) languages
00:12:20 4.4 Finnic languages
00:12:57 5 Demography
00:13:31 5.1 Sami
00:14:06 5.2 Russians
00:14:45 5.3 Norwegians
00:15:15 5.4 Swedes
00:15:41 5.5 Finns
00:15:58 5.6 Tornedalians and Kvens
00:16:17 6 Politics
00:16:26 6.1 Sami political structures
00:16:49 6.1.1 Sami Parliaments
00:18:47 6.1.2 Sami Parliamentary Council
00:19:24 6.1.3 Saami Council
00:20:00 6.2 Russian side
00:21:18 6.3 Norwegian side
00:23:27 6.4 Swedish side
00:25:15 6.5 Finnish side
00:26:02 7 Sports
00:26:34 8 Notable places
00:26:55 8.1 North Sámi area
00:30:12 8.2 South Sápmi
00:30:43 8.3 East Sápmi
00:31:04 9 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Sápmi (Northern Sami: [ˈsapmi]) is the cultural region traditionally inhabited by the Sami people (previously known as Lapps in English, which is a derogatory term). Sápmi is located in Northern Europe and includes the northern parts of Fennoscandia. The region stretches over four countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. On the north it is bounded by the Barents Sea, on the west by the Norwegian Sea and on the east by the White Sea.Despite being the namesake of the region, the Sami people are estimated to only make up around 5% of its total population. No political organization advocates secession, although several groups desire more territorial autonomy and/or more self-determination for the region's indigenous population.
The area is often referred to in English as Lapland (), but this is erroneous since Lapland is more precisely the interior parts of Swedish Sápmi, and Finnish Sápmi. The Norwegian and Russian parts of Sápmi are not part of Lapland. Many Sámis oppose the use of the name Lapland, as it is considered derogatory and is not the name that Sámis have used.
Sápmi | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Sápmi
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Sápmi (Northern Sami: [ˈsapmi]) is the cultural region traditionally inhabited by the Sami people (previously known as Lapps in English, which is a derogatory term). Sápmi is located in Northern Europe and includes the northern parts of Fennoscandia. The region stretches over four countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. On the north it is bounded by the Barents Sea, on the west by the Norwegian Sea and on the east by the White Sea.Despite being the namesake of the region, the Sami people are estimated to only make up around 5% of its total population. No political organization advocates secession, although several groups desire more territorial autonomy and/or more self-determination for the region's indigenous population.
The area is often referred to in English as Lapland (), but this is erroneous since Lapland is more precisely the interior parts of Swedish Sápmi, and Finnish Sápmi. The Norwegian and Russian parts of Sápmi are not part of Lapland. Many Sámis oppose the use of the name Lapland, as it is considered derogatory and is not the name that Sámis have used.
Finnmark | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Finnmark
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Finnmark [ˈfɪnmɑrk] (listen) or Finnmárku (Northern Sami) (Finnish: Finnmarkin lääni, Russian: Фи́ннмарк, Fínnmark) is a county (fylke) in the extreme northeastern part of Norway. By land, it borders Troms county to the west, Finland (Lapland region) to the south, and Russia (Murmansk Oblast) to the east, and by water, the Norwegian Sea (Atlantic Ocean) to the northwest, and the Barents Sea (Arctic Ocean) to the north and northeast.
The county was formerly known as Finmarkens amt or Vardøhus amt. Since 2002, it has had two official names: Finnmark (Norwegian) and Finnmárku (Northern Sami). It is part of the Sápmi region, which spans four countries, as well as the Barents Region, and is the largest and least populated county of Norway.
Situated at the northernmost part of continental Europe, where the Norwegian coastline swings eastward, Finnmark is an area where East meets West, in culture as well as in nature and geography. Vardø, the easternmost municipality in Norway, is located farther east than the cities of St. Petersburg and Istanbul.
Finnmark | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Finnmark
00:01:08 1 Name
00:01:36 2 Coat of arms
00:02:01 3 Geography
00:05:38 4 Climate
00:08:59 4.1 Midnight sun
00:09:37 4.2 Northern lights
00:10:03 5 Economy
00:12:06 6 Administration
00:13:13 6.1 Municipalities
00:13:27 7 History
00:14:29 7.1 Sami
00:15:58 7.2 Norwegian
00:17:34 7.3 Kven
00:17:57 7.4 Brief summary
00:19:09 7.5 World War II
00:20:35 7.6 Cold War
00:21:31 8 Demographics
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Finnmark [ˈfɪnmɑrk] (listen) or Finnmárku (Northern Sami) (Finnish: Finnmarkin lääni, Russian: Фи́ннмарк, Fínnmark) is a county (fylke) in the extreme northeastern part of Norway. By land, it borders Troms county to the west, Finland (Lapland region) to the south, and Russia (Murmansk Oblast) to the east, and by water, the Norwegian Sea (Atlantic Ocean) to the northwest, and the Barents Sea (Arctic Ocean) to the north and northeast.
The county was formerly known as Finmarkens amt or Vardøhus amt. Since 2002, it has had two official names: Finnmark (Norwegian) and Finnmárku (Northern Sami). It is part of the Sápmi region, which spans four countries, as well as the Barents Region, and is the largest and least populated county of Norway.
Situated at the northernmost part of continental Europe, where the Norwegian coastline swings eastward, Finnmark is an area where East meets West, in culture as well as in nature and geography. Vardø, the easternmost municipality in Norway, is located farther east than the cities of St. Petersburg and Istanbul.
Sápmi | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Sápmi
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Sápmi (Northern Sami: [ˈsapmi]) is the cultural region traditionally inhabited by the Sami people (previously known as Lapps in English, which is a derogatory term). Sápmi is located in Northern Europe and includes the northern parts of Fennoscandia. The region stretches over four countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. On the north it is bounded by the Barents Sea, on the west by the Norwegian Sea and on the east by the White Sea.Despite being the namesake of the region, the Sami people are estimated to only make up around 5% of its total population. No political organization advocates secession, although several groups desire more territorial autonomy and/or more self-determination for the region's indigenous population.
The area is often referred to in English as Lapland (), but this is erroneous since Lapland is more precisely the interior parts of Swedish Sápmi, and Finnish Sápmi. The Norwegian and Russian parts of Sápmi are not part of Lapland. Many Sámis oppose the use of the name Lapland, as it is considered derogatory and is not the name that Sámis have used.
Siege of Leningrad | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Siege of Leningrad
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Siege of Leningrad (Блокада Ленинграда) was a prolonged military blockade undertaken from the south by the Army Group North of Nazi Germany against the Russian city of Leningrad (St. Petersburg) on the Eastern Front in World War II. The Finnish army invaded from the north, co-operating with the Germans until they had recaptured territory lost in the recent Winter War, but refused to make further approaches to the city.
The siege started on 8 September 1941, when the last road to the city was severed. Although the Soviet forces managed to open a narrow land corridor to the city on 18 January 1943, the siege was not lifted until 27 January 1944, 872 days after it began. It was one of the longest and most destructive sieges in history, and possibly the costliest in casualties suffered. Some historians classify it as genocide.
Military history of Finland during World War II | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Military history of Finland during World War II
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Finland participated in the Second World War, twice battling the Soviet Union, and then against Nazi Germany. As relations with the Soviet Union changed during the war, Finland was placed in the unusual situation of being for, then against, then for, the overall interests of the Allied powers.
The first two major conflicts were the defensive Winter War against an invasion by the Soviet Union in 1939–1940, followed by the Continuation War, alongside the Axis Powers against the Soviets, in 1941–1944. The third conflict, the Lapland War against Germany in 1944–1945, followed the signing of an armistice agreement with the Allied Powers, which stipulated expulsion of Nazi German forces from Finnish territory.
By the end of hostilities, Finland managed to defend its independence, but had to cede nearly 10% of its territory, including its second largest city, Viipuri, and pay out a large amount of war reparations to the Soviet Union. As a result of this territorial loss, all East Karelians abandoned their homes, relocating to areas that remained within the borders of Finland.