Computer systems in the Soviet Union | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:34 1 History
00:01:44 1.1 Early history
00:03:56 1.2 Post-Stalin era
00:08:31 1.3 1970s
00:12:20 1.4 Early 1980s
00:16:15 1.5 Perestroika
00:20:49 1.6 1990s and legacy
00:23:17 2 Western sanctions
00:24:22 3 Appraisal
00:29:20 4 Timeline
00:31:34 5 See also
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Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of computing in the Soviet Union began during the late 1940s, when the country began to develop MESM at the Kiev Institute of Electrotechnology in Feofaniya. Initial ideological opposition to cybernetics in general was overcome during the Khrushchev era, and computer production was officially encouraged.By the early 1970s, uncoordinated work by competing government ministries left the Soviet computer industry lacking common standards in peripherals and digital capacity which led to a significant technological lag behind Western producers. The Soviet government decided to abandon the development of original computer designs and encouraged the pirating of Western systems.Soviet industry lacked the technology to mass-produce computers with acceptable quality standards, and locally-manufactured copies of Western hardware were unreliable. As personal computers spread to industries and offices in the West, the Soviet Union's technological lag increased.Nearly all Soviet computer manufacturers ceased operations after the breakup of the Soviet Union. The few companies which survived into the 1990s used foreign components and never achieved large production volumes.
Joseph Stalin | Wikipedia audio article
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Joseph Stalin
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Joseph Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; 18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet revolutionary and politician of Georgian ethnicity. He ruled the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953, holding the titles of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1952 and the nation's Premier from 1941 to 1953. Initially presiding over an oligarchic one-party system that governed by plurality, he became the de facto dictator of the Soviet Union by the 1930s. Ideologically committed to the Leninist interpretation of Marxism, Stalin helped to formalise these ideas as Marxism–Leninism, while his own policies became known as Stalinism.
Born to a poor family in Gori, Russian Empire (now Georgia), Stalin began his revolutionary career by joining the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party as a youth. He edited the party's newspaper, Pravda, and raised funds for Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction via robberies, kidnappings, and protection rackets. Repeatedly arrested, he underwent several internal exiles. After the Bolsheviks seized power in Russia during the 1917 October Revolution, Stalin joined the party's governing Politburo, where he was instrumental in overseeing the Soviet Union's establishment in 1922. As Lenin fell ill and then died in 1924, Stalin assumed leadership over the country. During Stalin's rule, Socialism in One Country became a central tenet of the party's dogma, and Lenin's New Economic Policy was replaced with a centralized command economy. Under the Five-Year Plan system, the country underwent collectivisation and rapid industrialization but experienced significant disruptions in food production that contributed to the famine of 1932–33. To eradicate those regarded as enemies of the working class, Stalin instituted the Great Purge, in which over a million were imprisoned and at least 700,000 executed between 1934 and 1939.
Stalin's government promoted Marxism–Leninism abroad through the Communist International and supported anti-fascist movements throughout Europe during the 1930s, particularly in the Spanish Civil War. In 1939, it signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany, resulting in their joint invasion of Poland. Germany ended the pact by invading the Soviet Union in 1941. Despite initial setbacks, the Soviet Red Army repelled the German incursion and captured Berlin in 1945, ending World War II in Europe. The Soviets annexed the Baltic states and helped establish Soviet-aligned governments throughout Central and Eastern Europe, China and North Korea. The Soviet Union and the United States emerged from the war as the two world superpowers. Tensions arose between the Soviet-backed Eastern Bloc and U.S.-backed Western Bloc which became known as the Cold War. Stalin led his country through its post-war reconstruction, during which it developed a nuclear weapon in 1949. In these years, the country experienced another major famine and an anti-semitic campaign peaking in the Doctors' plot. Stalin died in 1953 and was eventually succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who denounced his predecessor and initiated a de-Stalinisation process throughout Soviet society.
Widely considered one of the 20th century's most significant figures, Stalin was the subject of a pervasive personality cult within the international Marxist–Leninist movement, for whom Stalin was a champion of socialism and the working class. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Stalin has retained popularity in Russia and Georgia as a victorious wartime leader who established the Soviet Union as a major world power. Conversely, his totalitarian government has been widely condemned for overseeing mass repressions, ethnic cleansing, hundreds of thousands of executions, and famines which caused the deaths of millions.
Modern architecture | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:39 1 Origins
00:03:55 2 Early modernism in Europe (1900–1914)
00:10:14 3 Early American modernism (1890s–1914)
00:11:48 3.1 Early skyscrapers
00:13:29 4 Rise of Modernism in Europe and Russia (1918–1931)
00:14:35 4.1 International Style (1918–1950s)
00:17:00 4.2 Bauhaus and the German Werkbund (1919–1932)
00:20:25 4.3 Expressionist architecture (1918–1931)
00:25:22 4.4 Constructivist architecture (1919–1931)
00:29:23 4.5 Modernism becomes a movement: CIAM (1928)
00:32:46 5 Art Deco
00:34:58 5.1 American Art Deco; the skyscraper style (1919–1939)
00:36:47 5.2 Streamline style and Public Works Administration (1933–1939)
00:38:40 6 American modernism - Frank Lloyd Wright, Rudolph Schindler, Richard Neutra (1919–1939)
00:41:11 7 Paris International Exposition of 1937 and the architecture of dictators
00:44:21 8 New York World's Fair (1939)
00:45:20 9 World War II: wartime innovation and postwar reconstruction (1939–1945)
00:48:16 10 Le Corbusier and the iCité Radieuse/i (1947–1952)
00:50:02 11 Postwar modernism in the United States (1945–1985)
00:50:59 11.1 Frank Lloyd Wright and the Guggenheim Museum
00:53:13 11.2 Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer
00:54:35 11.3 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
00:56:25 11.4 Richard Neutra and Charles & Ray Eames
00:58:19 11.5 Skidmore, Owings and Merrill and Wallace K. Harrison
01:00:49 11.6 Philip Johnson
01:02:12 11.7 Eero Saarinen
01:04:57 11.8 Louis Kahn
01:06:55 11.9 I. M. Pei
01:10:17 12 Postwar modernism in Europe (1945–1975)
01:13:56 13 Latin America
01:17:41 14 Asia and the Pacific
01:20:51 15 Preservation
01:22:03 16 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Speaking Rate: 0.8613279336786368
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Modern architecture, or modernist architecture was based upon new and innovative technologies of construction, particularly the use of glass, steel and reinforced concrete; the idea that form should follow function (→functionalism); an embrace of minimalism; and a rejection of ornament.
It emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II until the 1980s, when it was gradually replaced as the
principal style for institutional and corporate buildings by postmodern architecture.
Edmonton | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:30 1 History
00:08:27 1.1 History of municipal governance
00:10:41 2 Geography
00:13:04 2.1 Climate
00:20:00 2.2 Metropolitan area
00:23:54 2.3 Neighbourhoods
00:27:50 3 Demographics
00:33:16 3.1 Ethnicity
00:35:32 3.2 Religion
00:37:46 4 Economy
00:41:24 4.1 Retail
00:43:17 5 Arts and culture
00:44:03 5.1 Performing arts
00:46:51 5.2 Festivals
00:50:10 5.3 Music
00:52:04 5.4 Nightlife
00:54:58 6 Attractions
00:55:08 6.1 Parkland and environment
00:59:26 6.2 Museums and galleries
01:05:18 7 Sports and recreation
01:09:16 8 Government
01:09:25 8.1 City council
01:10:48 8.2 Provincial politics
01:11:44 8.3 Policing
01:12:50 8.4 Military
01:15:32 9 Infrastructure
01:15:42 9.1 Transportation
01:15:52 9.1.1 Aviation
01:16:53 9.1.2 Rail
01:18:01 9.1.3 Public transit
01:20:53 9.1.4 Roads
01:21:53 9.1.5 Trail system
01:22:15 9.2 Electricity and water
01:23:05 9.3 Waste disposal
01:24:15 9.4 Health care
01:26:18 10 Education
01:26:28 10.1 Primary and secondary
01:28:07 10.2 Post-secondary
01:30:14 11 Media
01:32:01 12 Sister cities
01:33:50 13 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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Speaking Rate: 0.7672868121391566
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Edmonton ( (listen); Cree: ᐊᒥᐢᑲᐧᒋᐊᐧᐢᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ; Blackfoot: Omahkoyis) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Alberta. Edmonton is on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region, which is surrounded by Alberta's central region. The city anchors the north end of what Statistics Canada defines as the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor.The city had a population of 932,546 in 2016, making it Alberta's second-largest city and Canada's fifth-largest municipality. Also in 2016, Edmonton had a metropolitan population of 1,321,426, making it the sixth-largest census metropolitan area (CMA) in Canada. Edmonton is North America's northernmost metropolitan area with a population over one million. A resident of Edmonton is known as an Edmontonian.Edmonton's historic growth has been facilitated through the absorption of five adjacent urban municipalities (Strathcona, North Edmonton, West Edmonton, Beverly and Jasper Place) in addition to a series of annexations through 1982, and the annexation of 8,260 ha (82.6 km2) of land from Leduc County and the city of Beaumont on January 1, 2019. Known as the Gateway to the North, the city is a staging point for large-scale oil sands projects occurring in northern Alberta and large-scale diamond mining operations in the Northwest Territories.Edmonton is a cultural, governmental and educational centre. It hosts a year-round slate of festivals, reflected in the nickname Canada's Festival City. It is home to North America's largest mall, West Edmonton Mall (the world's largest mall from 1981 until 2004), and Fort Edmonton Park, Canada's largest living history museum.