Mammoth Museum

Phone:
+34 932 68 85 20

Address:
1 Montcada St., 08003, Spain

The woolly mammoth is an extinct species of mammoth that lived during the Pleistocene until its extinction in the early Holocene epoch. It was one of the last in a line of mammoth species, beginning with Mammuthus subplanifrons in the early Pliocene. The woolly mammoth diverged from the steppe mammoth about 400,000 years ago in East Asia. Its closest extant relative is the Asian elephant. The appearance and behaviour of this species are among the best studied of any prehistoric animal because of the discovery of frozen carcasses in Siberia and Alaska, as well as skeletons, teeth, stomach contents, dung, and depiction from life in prehistoric cave paintings. Mammoth remains had long been known in Asia before they became known to Europeans in the 17th century. The origin of these remains was long a matter of debate, and often explained as being remains of legendary creatures. The mammoth was identified as an extinct species of elephant by Georges Cuvier in 1796. The woolly mammoth was roughly the same size as modern African elephants. Males reached shoulder heights between 2.7 and 3.4 m and weighed up to 6 metric tons . Females reached 2.6–2.9 m in shoulder heights and weighed up to 4 metric tons . A newborn calf weighed about 90 kilograms . The woolly mammoth was well adapted to the cold environment during the last ice age. It was covered in fur, with an outer covering of long guard hairs and a shorter undercoat. The colour of the coat varied from dark to light. The ears and tail were short to minimise frostbite and heat loss. It had long, curved tusks and four molars, which were replaced six times during the lifetime of an individual. Its behaviour was similar to that of modern elephants, and it used its tusks and trunk for manipulating objects, fighting, and foraging. The diet of the woolly mammoth was mainly grass and sedges. Individuals could probably reach the age of 60. Its habitat was the mammoth steppe, which stretched across northern Eurasia and North America. The woolly mammoth coexisted with early humans, who used its bones and tusks for making art, tools, and dwellings, and the species was also hunted for food. It disappeared from its mainland range at the end of the Pleistocene 10,000 years ago, most likely through climate change and consequent shrinkage of its habitat, hunting by humans, or a combination of the two. Isolated populations survived on St. Paul Island until 5,600 years ago and on Wrangel Island until 4,000 years ago. After its extinction, humans continued using its ivory as a raw material, a tradition that continues today. It has been proposed the species could be recreated through various means, but none of these are yet feasible.
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Barcelona - City of Counts

The city is build north of the mouth of the river Llobregat, surrounded by hills of granite and slate. The historical centre lies at the foot of the slate mountain Montjuïc (191 m) on which a fortress was build. South of the mountain (or hill) lies the Montjuic park. Until the 19th century this historical centre was surrounded by walls, now there are Rondas and Ramblas, circular and rectangular avenues. Around this area there are residential and industrial areas. Some parts of the city walls have been preserved. A well known shopping street is Paseo de Gracia, bordered by plantains.

Rambla
This is the most famous and most typical street of Barcelona. The avenue, once a river, stretches for two kilometers from the Plaza de Catalunya to the harbor. La Rambla consists of five different Ramblas and two squares.

San Jaume
The square of San Jaume is the heart of the city, also the political centre. The palaces of the city council (El Ayuntamiento or Casa de la Ciudad) and the province council (Palacio de la Generalidad) are located here. In Roman times the Plaza Romana or Forum was situated here, build in the 2nd century BC.

Plaza Nova
In this square in the centre of the old town, Barrio Gotico, stands the Cathedral Santa Eulalia from the 14th and 15th century. The neo-gothic facade dates from the 19th century. The cathedral is devoted to Eulalia, patroness of the city, who is buried here in a crypt. The octagonal western towers were build in the 14th century. Inside there are magnificent choir stalls, a retabel and a rich church treasure. At the back is a 14th century ambulatory, existing of four galleries with cross vaults. There are very old trees in the garden.

San Pablo del Campo
A church originally build in the 10th century, with a 13th century cloister and one of the most beautiful churches of Barcelona. There is a triple colonnade and a garden.

Santa Maria del Mar
This church is from the 14th century. It is a good example of Catalan gothic. There are massive pillars and the octagonal towers end in terraces.

Sagrada Familia.
The most striking and still unfinished building of Barcelona is the basilica of the Holy Family, designed by Antoní Gaudí. The construction of it started in 1884. The facades symbolize Birth (west), Life and Death (east) and the glorification of Christ (south). The eight towers stand for the apostles. There are three entrances in the front: faith, hope and love. In the crypt is the tomb of the famous architect Gaudi, who died in 1926. He also created remarkable buildings like Casa Batllo with ceramic roofing and Casa Mila.

Casa Batllo
The impressive pillars resemble the feet of a mammoth and the roof gives the impression of a prehistoric reptile. The balconies look like bird's nests hanging from a rock face. There are no fixed lines or right angles this building and the walls seem to be undulating.

Casa Mila
This building got the nickname La Pedrera, the stone pit. It looks like a steep rock with cave-houses in it. The undulating front reminds one of dunes and beaches, or maybe a honeycomb.
In Parc Güell, also designed by Gaudi, is a museum dedicated to this great architect.

Flevoland: Jüngste Provinz der Niederlande | WDR Reisen

Flevoland ist die jüngste Provinz der Niederlande. Die Polderlandschaft ist heute die größte künstlich angelegte Landfläche der Welt, Lebensraum für rund 400.000 Menschen und außerdem ein Naturparadies. Andrea Grießmann reist durch eine Gegend mit kurvenlosen Straßen und schnurgraden Feldern, entdeckt Inseln, die auf dem Trockenen liegen, und Orte mit jahrhundertealter Nordseetradition.
Flevoland steht für Altes und Neues: Die Stadt Almere entstand vor 40 Jahren komplett auf dem Reißbrett und ist ein Beispiel für modernes Wohnen. Die ehemalige Insel Schokland, heute Weltkulturerbe, lädt ein zu einer Zeitreise von der Eiszeit bis zur Gegenwart.
An vielen Stellen findet Andrea Grießmann moderne Landschaftskunstwerke mitten in der Natur. Platz zum Schwimmen, Segeln oder Angeln gibt es auf Flevoland natürlich auch satt.

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Early Middle Ages | Wikipedia audio article

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Early Middle Ages

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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates

SUMMARY
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The Early Middle Ages or Early Medieval Period, typically regarded as lasting from the 5th or 6th century to the 10th century CE, marked the start of the Middle Ages of European history. The term Late Antiquity is used to emphasize elements of continuity with the Roman Empire, while Early Middle Ages is used to emphasize developments characteristic of the later medieval period. As such it overlaps with Late Antiquity, following the decline of the Western Roman Empire, and precedes the High Middle Ages (c. 10th to 13th centuries).
The period saw a continuation of trends evident since late classical antiquity, including population decline, especially in urban centres, a decline of trade, a small rise in global warming and increased migration. The Early Middle Ages was labelled the Dark Ages in the 19th century, a characterization based on the relative scarcity of literary and cultural output from this time. However, the Eastern Roman Empire, or Byzantine Empire, continued to survive, though in the 7th century the Islamic caliphates conquered swathes of formerly Roman territory.
Many of these trends were reversed later in the period. In 800 the title of emperor was revived in Western Europe by Charlemagne, whose Carolingian Empire greatly affected later European social structure and history. Europe experienced a return to systematic agriculture in the form of the feudal system which introduced such innovations as three-field planting and the heavy plough. Barbarian migration stabilized in much of Europe, although the north was greatly affected by the Viking expansion.

Bat

Bats are mammals of the order Chiroptera (/kaɪˈrɒptərə/; from the Greek χείρ - cheir, hand and πτερόν - pteron, wing) whose forelimbs form webbed wings, making them the only mammals naturally capable of true and sustained flight. By contrast, other mammals said to fly, such as flying squirrels, gliding possums, and colugos, can only glide for short distances. Bats do not flap their entire forelimbs, as birds do, but instead flap their spread-out digits, which are very long and covered with a thin membrane or patagium.
Bats are the second largest order of mammals (after the rodents), representing about 20% of all classified mammal species worldwide, with about 1,240 bat species divided into two suborders: the less specialized and largely fruit-eating megabats, or flying foxes, and the highly specialized and echolocating microbats. About 70% of bat species are insectivores. Most of the rest are frugivores, or fruit eaters. A few species, such as the fish-eating bat, feed from animals other than insects, with the vampire bats being hematophagous, or feeding on blood.

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