Monuments at Gettysburg - Context and Beyond (Lecture)
Ranger Troy Harman takes the blinders off, explaining the layered meanings behind the monuments of Gettysburg National Military Park in his winter lecture. Monuments discussed include the Pennsylvania Memorial, the 26th North Carolina monument on Cemetery Ridge, and the Eternal Light Peace Memorial.
News Now Stream 06/20/19 (FNN)
Sharing a mix of breaking news, Arizona stories, engaging discussions, and popular culture.
Hamilton in Real Life - My Shot and Aaron Burr, Sir
Hamilton the tony award winning musical has been brought to the camera! Written by Lin-Manuel Miranda the songs: Aaron Burr, Sir and My Shot are performed in real life.
Share if you want more Musicals brought into reality!
Who thinks there should be Hamilton the Movie? Comment below!
Hamilton goes to meet Aaron Burr at the bar and ask for advice. Later Hamilton gathers the people to begin the American Revolution!
We can't wait for the PBS special episode to air HAMILTON'S AMERICA on October 21st.
Anson Bagley - Alexander Hamilton
Conlon Bonner - Aaron Burr
Yahosh Bonner - Hercules Mulligan
Cole Davis - John Laurens
Christopher L. Curlett Jr. - Lafayette
What should we do next? Schuyler Sisters? The Room Where it Happens? Let us know!
#hamilton
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ROBERT E. LEE - WikiVidi Documentary
Robert Edward Lee was an American and Confederate soldier, best known as a top army commander of the Confederate States of America. He commanded the Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War from 1862 until his surrender in 1865. A son of Revolutionary War officer Henry Light Horse Harry Lee III, Lee was a top graduate of the United States Military Academy and an exceptional officer and military engineer in the United States Army for 32 years. During this time, he served throughout the United States, distinguished himself during the Mexican–American War, and served as Superintendent of the United States Military Academy. When Virginia declared its secession from the Union in April 1861, Lee chose to follow his home state, despite his desire for the country to remain intact and an offer of a senior Union command. During the first year of the Civil War, Lee served as a senior military adviser to Confederate President Jefferson Davis. Once he took command of the main field ...
____________________________________
Shortcuts to chapters:
00:04:26: Early life and career
00:09:17: Military engineer career
00:14:07: Marriage and family
00:15:46: Mexican–American War
00:18:19: Early 1850s: West Point and Texas
00:19:50: Late 1850s: Arlington plantation and the Custis slaves
00:21:56: The Norris case
00:27:51: Lee's views on race and slavery
00:33:33: Harpers Ferry and Texas, 1859–61
00:33:53: Harpers Ferry
00:34:54: Texas
00:36:24: Civil War
00:39:08: Early role
00:42:08: Commander, Army of Northern Virginia (June 1862-June 1863)
00:47:42: Battle of Gettysburg
00:50:53: Ulysses S. Grant and the Union offensive
00:52:26: General-in-chief
00:54:21: Summaries of Lee's Civil War battles
00:54:34: Postbellum life
00:58:42: President Johnson's amnesty pardons
00:59:47: Postwar politics
01:05:18: Illness and death
01:06:40: Legacy
01:11:27: Monuments, memorials and commemorations
____________________________________
Copyright WikiVidi.
Licensed under Creative Commons.
Wikipedia link:
SunoikisisDC Spring 2017: Session 15
SunoikisisDC Spring 2017: Session 15
Digital Papyrology: Documentary Papyri (Nadine Quenouille, Gabriel Bodard and Lucia Vannini)
Class Outline:
Slavery in the United States | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Slavery in the United States
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Slavery in the United States was the legal institution of human chattel enslavement, primarily of Africans and African Americans, that existed in the United States of America in the 18th and 19th centuries. Slavery had been practiced in British America from early colonial days, and was legal in all Thirteen Colonies at the time of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. It lasted in about half the states until 1865, when it was prohibited nationally by the Thirteenth Amendment. As an economic system, slavery was largely replaced by sharecropping.
By the time of the American Revolution (1775–1783), the status of slave had been institutionalized as a racial caste associated with African ancestry. When the United States Constitution was ratified (1789), a relatively small number of free people of color were among the voting citizens (male property owners). During and immediately following the Revolutionary War, abolitionist laws were passed in most Northern states and a movement developed to abolish slavery. Northern states depended on free labor and all had abolished slavery by 1805. The rapid expansion of the cotton industry in the Deep South after the invention of the cotton gin greatly increased demand for slave labor to pick cotton when it all ripened at once, and the Southern states continued as slave societies. Those states attempted to extend slavery into the new Western territories to keep their share of political power in the nation. Southern leaders also wanted to annex Cuba as a slave territory. The United States became polarized over the issue of slavery, split into slave and free states, in effect divided by the Mason–Dixon line which delineated (free) Pennsylvania from (slave) Maryland and Delaware.
Congress during the Jefferson administration prohibited the importation of slaves, effective 1808, although smuggling (illegal importing) via Spanish Florida was not unusual. Domestic slave trading, however, continued at a rapid pace, driven by labor demands from the development of cotton plantations in the Deep South. More than one million slaves were sold from the Upper South, which had a surplus of labor, and taken to the Deep South in a forced migration, splitting up many families. New communities of African-American culture were developed in the Deep South, and the total slave population in the South eventually reached 4 million before liberation.As the West was developed for settlement, the Southern state governments wanted to keep a balance between the number of slave and free states to maintain a political balance of power in Congress. The new territories acquired from Britain, France, and Mexico were the subject of major political compromises. By 1850, the newly rich cotton-growing South was threatening to secede from the Union, and tensions continued to rise. Many white Southern Christians, including church ministers, attempted to justify their support for slavery as modified by Christian paternalism. The largest denominations, the Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches, split over the slavery issue into regional organizations of the North and South. When Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election on a platform of halting the expansion of slavery, seven states broke away to form the Confederacy. The first six states to secede held the greatest number of slaves in the South. Shortly after, the Civil War began when Confederate forces attacked the US Army's Fort Sumter. Four additional slave states then seceded. Due to Union measures such as the Confiscation Acts and Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, the war effectively ended slavery, even before ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in December 1865 formally ended the legal institution throughout the United States.
Timeline of the Catholic Church | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Timeline of the Catholic Church
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
As traditionally the oldest form of Christianity, along with the ancient or first millennial Orthodox Church, the non-Chalcedonian or Oriental Churches and the Church of the East, the history of the Roman Catholic Church is integral to the history of Christianity as a whole. It is also, according to church historian, Mark A. Noll, the world's oldest continuously functioning international institution. This article covers a period of just under two thousand years.
Over time, schisms have disrupted the unity of Christianity. The major divisions occurred in c.144 with Marcionism, 318 with Arianism, 1054 to 1449 (see East–West Schism) during which time the Orthodox Churches of the East parted ways with the Western Church over doctrinal issues (see the filioque) and papal primacy, and in 1517 with the Protestant Reformation. This Church has been the driving force behind some of the major events of world history including the Christianization of Western and Central Europe and Latin America, the spreading of literacy and the foundation of the universities, hospitals, the Western tradition of monasticism, the development of art and music, literature, architecture, contributions to the scientific method, just war theory and trial by jury. It has played a powerful role in global affairs, including the Reconquista, the Crusades, the Inquisition, the Investiture Controversy, the establishment of the Holy Roman Empire, and the Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe in the late 20th century.
Louisiana | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Louisiana
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Louisiana is a state in the Deep South region of the southeastern United States. It is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States. Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and the state of Texas to the west. A large part of its eastern boundary is demarcated by the Mississippi River. Louisiana is the only U.S. state with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are equivalent to counties. The state's capital is Baton Rouge, and its largest city is New Orleans.
Much of the state's lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh and swamp. These contain a rich southern biota; typical examples include birds such as ibis and egrets. There are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a natural process in the landscape, and has produced extensive areas of longleaf pine forest and wet savannas. These support an exceptionally large number of plant species, including many species of terrestrial orchids and carnivorous plants. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other southern state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized, and four that have not received recognition.Some Louisiana urban environments have a multicultural, multilingual heritage, being so strongly influenced by a mixture of 18th-century French, Haitian, Spanish, Native American, and African cultures that they are considered to be exceptional in the US. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, present-day Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a brief period a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century. Many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. In the post-Civil War environment, Anglo-Americans increased the pressure for Anglicization, and in 1921, English was for a time made the sole language of instruction in Louisiana schools before a policy of multilingualism was revived in 1974. There has never been an official language in Louisiana, and the state constitution enumerates the right of the people to preserve, foster, and promote their respective historic, linguistic, and cultural origins.
Louisiana | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Louisiana
00:02:23 1 Etymology
00:03:16 2 Geology
00:04:59 3 Geography
00:09:22 3.1 Climate
00:12:56 3.2 Hurricanes since 1950
00:17:34 4 Publicly-owned land
00:19:16 4.1 National Park Service
00:20:06 4.2 US Forest Service
00:20:29 4.3 State parks and recreational areas
00:20:48 4.4 Wildlife management areas
00:21:14 4.5 Natural and Scenic Rivers
00:21:37 5 Transportation
00:22:38 5.1 Interstate highways
00:22:47 5.2 United States highways
00:28:03 6 History
00:33:37 6.1 Pre-colonial history
00:40:16 6.2 Exploration and colonization by Europeans
00:41:34 6.3 Expansion of slavery
00:48:14 6.4 Haitian migration and influence
00:48:58 6.5 Purchase by the United States (1803)
00:50:16 6.6 Statehood (1812)
00:54:37 6.7 Secession and the Civil War (1860–1865)
00:58:09 6.8 Post-Civil War to mid-20th century (1865–1945)
00:59:16 6.9 Post-World War II (1945–)
01:00:11 6.10 2000 to present
01:01:18 7 Demographics
01:04:26 7.1 Race and ethnicity
01:04:34 7.2 Religion
01:07:35 7.3 Major cities
01:08:35 8 Economy
01:10:46 8.1 Federal subsidies and spending
01:11:56 8.2 Energy
01:12:48 9 Law and government
01:14:28 9.1 Administrative divisions
01:15:25 9.2 Civil law
01:18:55 9.3 Marriage
01:22:01 9.4 Elections
01:22:42 9.5 Law enforcement
01:23:33 9.6 Judiciary
01:23:42 10 National Guard
01:24:41 11 Media
01:26:15 12 Education
01:26:37 13 Sports
01:27:45 14 Culture
01:29:36 14.1 African culture
01:30:52 14.2 Louisiana Creole culture
01:31:51 14.3 Acadian culture
01:36:09 14.4 Isleño culture
01:36:17 14.5 Languages
01:36:25 14.6 Literature
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Louisiana is a state in the Deep South region of the southeastern United States. It is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States. Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and the state of Texas to the west. A large part of its eastern boundary is demarcated by the Mississippi River. Louisiana is the only U.S. state with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are equivalent to counties. The state's capital is Baton Rouge, and its largest city is New Orleans.
Much of the state's lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh and swamp. These contain a rich southern biota; typical examples include birds such as ibis and egrets. There are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a natural process in the landscape, and has produced extensive areas of longleaf pine forest and wet savannas. These support an exceptionally large number of plant species, including many species of terrestrial orchids and carnivorous plants. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other southern state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized, and four that have not received recognition.Some Louisiana urban environments have a multicultural, multilingual heritage, being so strongly influenced by a mixture of 18th-century French, Haitian, Spanish, Native American, and African cultures that they are considered to be exceptional in the US. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, present-day Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a brief period a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century. Many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. In the post-Civil War environment, Anglo-Americans increased the pressure for Anglicization, and in 1921, English was for a time made the sole language of instruction in Louisiana schools before a policy of multilingualism was revived in 1974. There has never been an official language in Louisiana, and the state constitution enumerates the right of the people to preserve, foster, and promote their respective historic, lingu ...
African American Life in Washington, DC, Before Emancipation
Dr. Maurice Jackson (G'95, G'01), a member of the Working Group on Slavery, Memory, and Reconciliation, takes parts in a panel discussion on April 13th, 2016 at the U.S. National Archives.
Other panelists included Mark Auslander, Central Washington University and NMAAHC curators Nancy Bercaw and Mary Elliott. John W. Franklin of the National Museum of African American History and Culture served as the moderator. The panel was presented in partnership with the National Museum of African American History and Culture, the D.C. Commission of African American Affairs, and the DC Commission on Emancipation.
#wgsmr
Eliza & Reuben Hatter Are Free (1830) by Joyceann Gray & Jim Surkamp
hi friends - here's a new video about people in Jefferson County in the 1830s - when four very pious Blackburn sisters - two of whom married Washington family men in Charles Town, worked to free Reuben and Eliza Hatter and and give them a new life.
Credits:
With generous, community-minded support from American Public University System. (The sentiments in this production do not in any way reflect modern-day policies of APUS). More at
Actor:
Jim Surkamp
Expert Joyceann Gray, herself.
Musicians:
Shana Aisenberg - copyright-holder banjo, guitar (shanasongs.com)
By permission of Rodney Jantzi - “When Swallows Homeward Fly”
Cam Millar - The River Theme (cammilar.com)
Sound FX:
ocean waves, seagulls, moving wagon
from “free sfx.uk.com”
Main References:
Ailes, Jane; Marie Tyler-McGraw. (2011). “Jefferson County to Liberia: Emigrants, Emancipators, and Facilitators.” Magazine of the Jefferson County Historical Society Vol. LXXVII. pp. 43-76. Print.
Feigley, Dora. (1981). “Tombstone Inscriptions, Jefferson County, West Virginia.” Charles Town, WV: Bee Line Chapter, NSDAR. Print.
Hayden, Horace E. (1885). “Virginia Genealogies: A Genealogy of the Glassell Family of Scotland and Virginia.” Wilkes-Barre, PA: E. B. Yordy, Printer. pp. 633-634.
Meade, Bishop William. (1910). “Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia. Vol. II.” Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippinscott Company. Print. pp. 236-237.
Tyler-McGraw, Marie. (2007). “An African Republic: Black & White Virginians in the Making of Liberia.” Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. Print.
Eliza Hatters’ two letters (extracts) - “The African Repository and Colonial Journal,” Volume 8. No. 9. (November, 1832). pp. 280-282.
The Virginia Free Press, Charlestown, Va. May 30, 1833.
Jefferson County Clerk:
Bushrod C. Washington emancipates Lydia Carroll. Jefferson County Deed Book 16, p. 251 (7 September 1830).
Christian Blackburn emancipates Hatters, Greens, and Thomas Johnston, Jefferson County Deed Book 16, p. 250. (30 April 1830).
Main Images:
Paintings by Edward Lamson Henry:
Drafting The Letter
Coming Home
The Sitting Room
The Invalid
The Gulf Stream by Winslow Homer
By David Hunter Strother:
Harpers New Monthly Magazine, January, 1867 (p. 177); September, 1874 (p. 461, p. 458)
Illustration for Chapter 3 - [Mrs. Meriwether Administering Bitters]
Swallow Barn; or, A Sojourn in the Old Dominion, by John Pendleton Kennedy. Revised Edition, With Twenty Illustrations by Strother. New York: George P. Putnam, 1851.
Detail from Jefferson County Map (1852) by S. Howell Brown.
Embroidery woman 1812 by Georg Friedrich Kersting
Ship at Sunset by Edward Moran
George Washington as Farmer at Mount Vernon by Junius Brutus Stearns
Black man reading newspaper by candlelight by Henry Louis Stephens
George Washington by Gilbert Stuart
Schooner at sea by N. C. Wyeth Go to civilwarscholars.com for 700K of footnoted content and 12K images to accompany these videos made possible with the support of American Public University System more at Go to civilwarscholars.com for 700K of footnoted content and 12K images to accompany these videos made possible with the support of American Public University System more at
Louisiana | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Louisiana
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Louisiana is a state in the Deep South region of the southeastern United States. It is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States. Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and the state of Texas to the west. A large part of its eastern boundary is demarcated by the Mississippi River. Louisiana is the only U.S. state with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are equivalent to counties. The state's capital is Baton Rouge, and its largest city is New Orleans.
Much of the state's lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh and swamp. These contain a rich southern biota; typical examples include birds such as ibis and egrets. There are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a natural process in the landscape, and has produced extensive areas of longleaf pine forest and wet savannas. These support an exceptionally large number of plant species, including many species of terrestrial orchids and carnivorous plants. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other southern state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized, and four that have not received recognition.Some Louisiana urban environments have a multicultural, multilingual heritage, being so strongly influenced by a mixture of 18th-century French, Haitian, Spanish, Native American, and African cultures that they are considered to be exceptional in the US. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, present-day Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a brief period a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century. Many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. In the post-Civil War environment, Anglo-Americans increased the pressure for Anglicization, and in 1921, English was for a time made the sole language of instruction in Louisiana schools before a policy of multilingualism was revived in 1974. There has never been an official language in Louisiana, and the state constitution enumerates the right of the people to preserve, foster, and promote their respective historic, linguistic, and cultural origins.
New York City | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
New York City
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The City of New York, often called New York City (NYC) or simply New York (NY), is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2017 population of 8,622,698 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles (784 km2), New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States. Located at the southern tip of the state of New York, the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world's most populous megacities, with an estimated 20,320,876 people in its 2017 Metropolitan Statistical Area and 23,876,155 residents in its Combined Statistical Area. A global power city, New York City has been described uniquely as the cultural, financial, and media capital of the world, and exerts a significant impact upon commerce, entertainment, research, technology, education, politics, tourism, art, fashion, and sports. The city's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy.Situated on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, each of which is a separate county of the State of New York. The five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. New York City is home to more than 3.2 million residents born outside the United States, the largest foreign-born population of any city in the world. In 2017, the New York metropolitan area produced a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of US$1.73 trillion. If greater New York City were a sovereign state, it would have the 12th highest GDP in the world.New York City traces its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York. New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the country's largest city since 1790. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a world symbol of the United States and its ideals of liberty and peace. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance, and environmental sustainability, and as a symbol of freedom and cultural diversity.Many districts and landmarks in New York City are well known, with the city having three of the world's ten most visited tourist attractions in 2013 and receiving a record 62.8 million tourists in 2017. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world. Times Square, iconic as the world's heart and its Crossroads, is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District, one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections, and a major center of the world's entertainment industry. The names of many of the city's landmarks, skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattan's real estate market is among the most expensive in the world. New York is home to the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is the largest single-operator rapid transit system worldwide, with 472 rail stations. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, which ha ...
Louisiana | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Louisiana
00:02:24 1 Etymology
00:03:17 2 Geology
00:05:01 3 Geography
00:09:24 3.1 Climate
00:12:59 3.2 Hurricanes since 1950
00:17:38 4 Publicly-owned land
00:19:20 4.1 National Park Service
00:20:11 4.2 US Forest Service
00:20:33 4.3 State parks and recreational areas
00:20:52 4.4 Wildlife management areas
00:21:18 4.5 Natural and Scenic Rivers
00:21:41 5 Transportation
00:22:43 5.1 Interstate highways
00:22:51 5.2 United States highways
00:28:09 6 History
00:33:44 6.1 Pre-colonial history
00:40:25 6.2 Exploration and colonization by Europeans
00:41:43 6.3 Expansion of slavery
00:48:24 6.4 Haitian migration and influence
00:49:08 6.5 Purchase by the United States (1803)
00:50:27 6.6 Statehood (1812)
00:54:49 6.7 Secession and the Civil War (1860–1865)
00:58:23 6.8 Post-Civil War to mid-20th century (1865–1945)
00:59:30 6.9 Post-World War II (1945–)
01:00:24 6.10 2000 to present
01:01:33 7 Demographics
01:04:41 7.1 Race and ethnicity
01:04:50 7.2 Religion
01:07:52 7.3 Major cities
01:08:52 8 Economy
01:11:02 8.1 Federal subsidies and spending
01:12:13 8.2 Energy
01:13:04 9 Law and government
01:14:46 9.1 Administrative divisions
01:15:43 9.2 Civil law
01:19:13 9.3 Marriage
01:22:20 9.4 Elections
01:23:02 9.5 Law enforcement
01:23:53 9.6 Judiciary
01:24:02 10 National Guard
01:25:01 11 Media
01:26:35 12 Education
01:26:57 13 Sports
01:28:05 14 Culture
01:29:57 14.1 African culture
01:31:13 14.2 Louisiana Creole culture
01:32:13 14.3 Acadian culture
01:36:31 14.4 Isleño culture
01:36:40 14.5 Languages
01:36:48 14.6 Literature
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Louisiana is a state in the Deep South region of the southeastern United States. It is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States. Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and the state of Texas to the west. A large part of its eastern boundary is demarcated by the Mississippi River. Louisiana is the only U.S. state with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are equivalent to counties. The state's capital is Baton Rouge, and its largest city is New Orleans.
Much of the state's lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh and swamp. These contain a rich southern biota; typical examples include birds such as ibis and egrets. There are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a natural process in the landscape, and has produced extensive areas of longleaf pine forest and wet savannas. These support an exceptionally large number of plant species, including many species of terrestrial orchids and carnivorous plants. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other southern state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized, and four that have not received recognition.Some Louisiana urban environments have a multicultural, multilingual heritage, being so strongly influenced by a mixture of 18th-century French, Haitian, Spanish, Native American, and African cultures that they are considered to be exceptional in the US. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, present-day Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a brief period a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century. Many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. In the post-Civil War environment, Anglo-Americans increased the pressure for Anglicization, and in 1921, English was for a time made the sole language of instruction in Louisiana schools before a policy of multilingualism was revived in 1974. There has never been an official language in Louisiana, and the state constitution enumerates the right of the people to preserve, foster, and promote their respective historic, lingu ...
CLEOPATRA Audiobook by Jacob Abbott | Audiobook with subtitles
A biography of the famous Cleopatra of Egypt, written in a manner, equally interesting to children and to adults.
Cleopatra Audiobook
Jacob ABBOTT
Genre(s): Children's Fiction, *Non-fiction, Biography & Autobiography
Chapters:
00:00:27 | 01 - Preface, The Valley of the Nile
00:35:02 | 02 - The Ptolemies
01:08:41 | 03 - Alexandria
01:45:35 | 04 - Cleopatra's Father
02:15:59 | 05 - Accession to the Throne
02:44:25 | 06 - Cleopatra and Caesar
03:10:11 | 07 - The Alexandrine War
03:42:30 | 08 - Cleopatra a Queen
04:06:16 | 09 - The Battle of Philippi
04:34:21 | 10 - Cleopatra and Antony
05:11:40 | 11 - The Battle of Actium
05:48:44 | 12 - The End of Cleopatra
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Audio Book Audiobooks All Rights Reserved. This is a Librivox recording. All Librivox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer visit librivox.org.
Robert E. Lee | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Robert E. Lee
00:03:15 1 Early life and career
00:07:22 2 Military engineer career
00:11:13 3 Marriage and family
00:13:58 4 Mexican–American War
00:15:45 5 Early 1850s: West Point and Texas
00:17:05 6 Late 1850s: Arlington plantation and the Custis slaves
00:19:06 6.1 The Norris case
00:24:19 6.2 Lee's views on race and slavery
00:33:06 7 Harpers Ferry and Texas, 1859–1861
00:33:32 7.1 Harpers Ferry
00:34:32 7.2 Texas
00:36:11 8 Civil War
00:36:20 8.1 Resignation from United States Army
00:42:48 8.2 Early role
00:45:18 8.3 Commander, Army of Northern Virginia (June 1862 – June 1863)
00:50:05 8.4 Battle of Gettysburg
00:52:42 8.5 Ulysses S. Grant and the Union offensive
00:54:02 8.6 General in Chief
00:55:34 9 Summaries of Lee's Civil War battles
00:55:53 10 Postbellum life
00:59:16 10.1 President Johnson’s amnesty pardons
01:00:35 10.2 Postwar politics
01:04:45 11 Illness and death
01:06:00 12 Legacy
01:10:44 12.1 Monuments, memorials and commemorations
01:19:13 13 Dates of rank
01:19:34 14 In popular culture
01:22:06 15 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Robert Edward Lee (January 19, 1807 – October 12, 1870) was an American and Confederate soldier, best known as a commander of the Confederate States Army. He commanded the Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War from 1862 until his surrender in 1865. A son of Revolutionary War officer Henry Light Horse Harry Lee III, Lee was a top graduate of the United States Military Academy and an exceptional officer and military engineer in the United States Army for 32 years. During this time, he served throughout the United States, distinguished himself during the Mexican–American War, and served as Superintendent of the United States Military Academy.
When Virginia declared its secession from the Union in April 1861, Lee chose to follow his home state, despite his desire for the country to remain intact and an offer of a senior Union command. During the first year of the Civil War, Lee served as a senior military adviser to Confederate President Jefferson Davis. Once he took command of the main field army in 1862 he soon emerged as a shrewd tactician and battlefield commander, winning most of his battles, all against far superior Union armies. Lee's strategic foresight was more questionable, and both of his major offensives into Union territory ended in defeat. Lee's aggressive tactics, which resulted in high casualties at a time when the Confederacy had a shortage of manpower, have come under criticism in recent years. Lee surrendered his entire army to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. By this time, Lee had assumed supreme command of the remaining Southern armies; other Confederate forces swiftly capitulated after his surrender. Lee rejected the proposal of a sustained insurgency against the Union and called for reconciliation between the two sides.
In 1865, after the war, Lee was paroled and signed an oath of allegiance, asking to have his citizenship of the United States restored. Lee's application was misplaced; as a result, he did not receive a pardon and his citizenship was not restored. In 1865, Lee became president of Washington College (later Washington and Lee University) in Lexington, Virginia; in that position, he supported reconciliation between North and South. Lee accepted the extinction of slavery provided for by the Thirteenth Amendment, but publicly opposed racial equality and granting African Americans the right to vote and other political rights. Lee died in 1870. In 1975, the U.S. Congress posthumously restored Lee's citizenship effective June 13, 1865.Lee opposed the construction of public memorials to Confederate rebellion on the grounds that they would prevent the healing of wounds inflicted during the war. Nevertheless, after his death, Lee became an icon used by promoters of Lost Cause mythology, who sought to romanticize the Confederate cause and strengthen white suprema ...
Freedom suit | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Freedom suit
00:03:58 1 History
00:04:07 1.1 Colonial petitions for freedom
00:06:42 1.2 Suits for freedom during and after the Revolution
00:10:01 2 US Constitution
00:13:35 3 Arguments for freedom
00:14:10 3.1 Familial descent from a free woman
00:16:00 3.2 Manumission
00:18:09 3.3 Sale or illegal importation
00:20:19 3.4 Travel or residency in a free state or territory
00:22:53 4 Filing suit
00:25:15 5 Applicable laws
00:25:24 5.1 1662 Virginia Act of Assembly
00:27:20 5.2 1785 Virginia Act of Assembly
00:27:52 5.3 1795 Virginia Act of Assembly
00:29:00 5.4 1796 Maryland Act of Assembly
00:30:02 5.5 1824 Missouri Law
00:30:20 6 District of Columbia courts
00:32:45 7 Saint Louis, Missouri courts
00:35:04 7.1 Notable individuals
00:36:34 8 Notable United States cases
00:49:55 9 Freedom suits in Great Britain
00:50:45 10 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Freedom suits were lawsuits in the Thirteen Colonies and the United States filed by enslaved people against slaveholders to assert claims to freedom, often based on descent from a free maternal ancestor, or time held as a resident in a free state or territory.
The right to petition for freedom descended from English common law and allowed people to challenge their enslavement or indenture. Petitioners challenged slavery both directly and indirectly, even if slaveholders generally viewed such petitions as a means to uphold rather than undermine slavery. Beginning with the colonies in North America, legislatures enacted slave laws that created a legal basis for just subjection; these were adopted or updated by the state and territorial legislatures that superseded them after the United States gained independence. These codes also enabled enslaved persons to sue for freedom based on wrongful enslavement.
While some cases were tried during the colonial period, the majority of petitions for freedom were heard during the antebellum period in the border or the Southern United States. After the American Revolution, most northern states abolished slavery and were considered free. The United States Congress prohibited slavery in some newly established territories, and some new states were admitted to the union as free states. The rise in travel and migration of masters with slaves between free and slave states resulted in conditions that gave rise to slaves suing for freedom. Many free states had residency limits for masters who brought slaves into their territory; after that time, the slave would be considered free. Some slaves sued for wrongful enslavement after being held in a free state.
Other grounds for suit were that the person was freeborn and illegally held in slavery, or that the person was illegally held because of being descended from a freeborn woman in the maternal line. The principle of partus sequitur ventrem, first incorporated into English colonial slavery law by a 1662 statute in Virginia, established that children's status was that of the mother. It was adopted into law by other English colonies, and the states of the United States.
In Saint Louis, Missouri records of nearly 300 petition cases have been found that were filed between 1807 and 1860, and in Washington, D.C. nearly 500 petition cases were filed in the same period. A large portion of cases, as much as one-third, either never went to trial or were settled out of court. In the early nineteenth century in St. Louis and in Washington, D.C., nearly half of the attorneys at the bar may have acted as counsel for slave petitions. In Missouri, the courts assigned an attorney to the petitioner if it accepted a freedom suit for hearing; some of the top attorneys in St. Louis defended slaves. After the 1830s, the number of petition cases gradually declined. But from 1800 to 1830, most of the bar in these cities tried a petition case.Before the end of the eighteenth century, some southern states began to make petitioning for freedom more difficult. Maryland, for example, in 1796 req ...