Warsaw Pawiak - notorious WW2 prison where Germans tortured Polish patriots with Benjamin Lee
Following the 1939 German invasion of Poland, the Pawiak Prison became a German Gestapo prison, then part of the Nazi concentration – death-camp system. Approximately 100,000 men and 200,000 women passed through the prison, mostly Home Army members, political prisoners, and civilians taken hostage in street round-ups. An estimated 37,000 inmates were executed and 60,000 sent to German death and concentration camps. Exact numbers are unknown, as the prison archives were never found.
During the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, the Pawiak Prison became a German assault base. Pawiak jailers, commanded by Franz Bürkl, volunteered to hunt the Jews.
On 19 July 1944 a Ukrainian Wachmeister (guard) Petrenko and some prisoners attempted a mass jailbreak, supported by an attack from outside, but failed. Petrenko and several others committed suicide. The resistance attack detachment was ambushed and practically annihilated. Next day, in reprisal, the Germans executed over 380 prisoners. As Julien Hirshaut convincingly argues in Jewish Martyrs of Pawiak, it is inconceivable that the prison-escape attempt was a Gestapo-initiated provocation. The Polish underground had approved the plan but backed out without being able to alert those in the prison that the plan was cancelled.
The final transport of prisoners took place 30 July 1944, two days before the 1 August outbreak of the Warsaw Uprising. Two thousand men and the remaining 400 women were sent to Gross-Rosen and Ravensbrück. Subsequently the Polish insurgents captured the area but lost it to German forces. On 21 August 1944 the Germans shot an unknown number of remaining prisoners and burned and blew up the buildings.
After World War II, the buildings were not rebuilt. Half of the gateway and three detention cells survive. Since 1990 a surviving basement has housed a museum which, with the Mausoleum of Struggle and Martyrdom, forms the Museum of Independence.
2019 08 07 POLAND DAILY DAY 234 HISTORY S2 E 234
Varsovie (Pologne) : Itinéraire de visite touristique par vue aérienne de la ville en 3D
aircitytour.com, l'itinéraire de vos visites touristiques et culturelles en vidéo en 3D (visite virtuelle). D'autres visites sont disponibles sur aircitytour.com
Visite virtuelle de la ville de Varsovie (Pologne), par vue aérienne en 3D, à partir du logiciel Google Earth.
Détail de la visite par lieux :
- Palais de Wilanów
- Muzeum plakatu w Wilanowie
- Królikarnia
- Palais Lazienki & Muzeum Łazienki Królewskie w Warszawie
- Parc Łazienki
- Palais du Belvédère
- Chopin Statue
- Mausolée de la Lutte et du Martyre
- Musée de l'Insurrection de Varsovie
- Warsaw Fotoplastikon
- Palais de la culture et de la science & Muzeum Domków dla Lalek
- Museum of Modern Art
- Museum of the Earth, Polish Academy of Sciences
- Musée national de Varsovie & Musée de l'Armée polonaise
- Museum of Neon
- Skaryszewski Park
- Copernicus Science Centre
- Nicolaus Copernicus Monument
- Église de la Sainte-Croix de Varsovie
- National Museum of Ethnography
- Zachęta
- Tombe du Soldat inconnu
- Jardin de Saxe
- Palais Koniecpolski
- Musée de l'Indépendance
- Grand Théâtre de Varsovie
- Museum of Caricature
- Église de Sainte-Anne
- Vieille ville de Varsovie
- Place du château
- Sigismund's Column
- Copper-Roof Palace
- Château royal de Varsovie
- Cathédrale Saint-Jean de Varsovie
- Old Town Market Place
- Musée de Varsovie
- Mały Powstaniec
- Warsaw Barbican
- Multimedia Fountain Park
- Parc zoologique de Varsovie
- Musée de l'Histoire des Juifs polonais
- Museum of Pawiak Prison
- Cimetière juif de Varsovie
Warsaw | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:09 1 Etymology and names
00:06:25 2 History
00:06:34 2.1 Early history
00:07:37 2.2 16th to 18th centuries
00:09:58 2.3 19th and 20th centuries
00:11:51 2.4 Capital of Second Polish Republic: 1918–39
00:13:41 2.5 Second World War
00:16:49 2.6 1945–1989: Warsaw during the People's Republic
00:18:37 2.7 Recent times: 1989–present
00:19:25 3 Geography
00:19:34 3.1 Location and topography
00:23:13 3.2 Climate
00:24:30 3.3 Cityscape
00:25:37 3.3.1 Architecture
00:31:00 3.4 Landmarks
00:34:41 3.4.1 Flora and fauna
00:40:31 4 Society and demographics
00:42:55 4.1 Immigrant population
00:43:44 4.2 Religion
00:45:21 5 Government and politics
00:46:16 5.1 Municipal government
00:50:49 5.2 Districts
00:51:59 6 Economy
00:52:37 6.1 Business and commerce
00:55:00 6.2 Warsaw Stock Exchange
00:56:02 6.3 Industry
00:58:40 7 Education
01:01:52 8 Transport and infrastructure
01:05:50 8.1 Infrastructure
01:07:22 9 Culture
01:07:31 9.1 Music and theatre
01:10:28 9.2 Events
01:12:16 9.3 Museums and art galleries
01:15:50 9.4 Media and film
01:18:07 9.5 Sports
01:20:58 9.6 Warsaw Mermaid
01:23:38 10 Famous people
01:25:27 11 Rankings
01:25:54 12 International relations
01:26:04 12.1 Twin towns and sister cities
01:26:20 12.2 Partnerships
01:26:28 13 Warsaw in art and literature
01:26:38 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.8137113088356605
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa [varˈʂava] (listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula River in east-central Poland and its population is officially estimated at 1.765 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 3.1 million residents, which makes Warsaw the 8th most-populous capital city in the European Union. The city limits cover 516.9 square kilometres (199.6 sq mi), while the metropolitan area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres (2,355.39 sq mi). Warsaw is an alpha global city, a major international tourist destination, and a significant cultural, political and economic hub. Its historical Old Town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Once described as the Paris of the East, Warsaw was believed to be one of the most beautiful cities in the world until World War II. Bombed at the start of the German invasion in 1939, the city withstood a siege for which it was later awarded Poland's highest military decoration for heroism, the Virtuti Militari. Deportations of the Jewish population to concentration camps led to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943 and the destruction of the Ghetto after a month of combat. A general Warsaw Uprising between August and October 1944 led to even greater devastation and systematic razing by the Germans in advance of the Vistula–Oder Offensive. Warsaw gained the new title of Phoenix City because of its extensive history and complete reconstruction after World War II, which had left over 85% of its buildings in ruins.Warsaw is one of Europe's most dynamic metropolitan cities. In 2012 the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world. In 2017 the city came 4th in the Business-friendly category and 8th in Human capital and life style. It was also ranked as one of the most liveable cities in Central and Eastern Europe.
The city is a significant centre of research and development, Business process outsourcing, Information technology outsourcing, as well as of the Polish media industry. The Warsaw Stock Exchange is the largest and most important in Central and Eastern Europe. Frontex, the European Union agency for external border security as well as ODIHR, one of the principal institutions of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe have their headquarters in Warsaw. Together with Frankfurt, London and Paris, Warsaw is also one of the ...
Classical Music in Krakow Wawel Cathedral 3 HD HD
The baptism of Poland and its rise as an important seat of Christianity is so closely linked to the nation's unity and cultural identity, that nothing could be more emblematic than the towers of Wawel Cathedral on Wawel Castle hill. For 400 years the cathedral of Polish kings, its vaults have seen the kingdom rise, fall, and rise again over the past millennium.
The earliest cathedral structure was raised not long after 1000AD, but was significantly rebuilt twice; remains of some of the earlier foundations can still be seen. Visible today is the richly remodeled 17th century interior, with its characteristic black and pink marble from local quarries.
The cathedral does not stand out for its design, however, but for its historical significance. Wawel cathedral first became a symbol of Polish unification when Wladyslaw Lokietek (the Short) brought the fragmented kingdom together and was crowned the first king of reunified Poland in the cathedral on 20 January 1320. From then on, Wawel cathedral was the site of royal weddings, baptisms, burials and coronations until the fall of the monarchy in the late 18th century. The royal tombs, located throughout the cathedral in specially built chapels, are in themselves works of art.
Wawel cathedral is not only the resting place of Polish monarchs, but also the pantheon of Polish heroes and a symbolic shrine to Poland's struggles for freedom. The first martyr to take his place within the cathedral walls was Saint Stanislaw, a bishop murdered by King Boleslaw the Bold in 1079 and canonized in 1253, who became the patron saint of the Polish monarchy; at his tomb Poles have gathered for centuries to pray for their fatherland, and Polish kings have placed trophy banners won in battle, among them the flag of the Teutonic Knights captured at Grunwald in 1410 and the Turkish flag taken at Vienna in 1683.
After Poland's loss of independence in 1795, Wawel Cathedral became a site of patriotic pilgrimage and a burial place for the national heroes Tadeusz Kosciuszko and Prince Józef Poniatowski, and later Marshal Józef Pilsudski and President Wladyslaw Sikorski. When poet Adam Mickiewicz's remains were transported from Paris in 1890, a Crypt of National Poets was created, underlining the important spiritual role of Poland's literary heroes in the fight for independence. Most recently, and amid great controversy, the late President Lech Kaczynski and his wife were laid to rest in the cathedral after their tragic death in the Smolensk plane crash of April 2010, symbolically representing all those who have given their lives for Poland's unity and freedom.
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Iran: Personal Impressions - Rick Steves Travel Talks
Subscribe at for new travel talks! Rick describes his experience traveling through Iran and filming his one-hour TV special Rick Steves' Iran. From a prayer service in a mosque and non-conformist teen fashions at the mall, to anti-American murals and the hospitality of a family dinner, Rick helps us understand this perplexing nation and the 70 million people who call Iran home.
In addition to being the host of public television and radio travel programs and the author of over 30 travel books, Rick Steves is an active and charismatic lecturer. In Rick Steves' Travel Talks you'll travel with Rick across the United States as he speaks on topics ranging from European Travel Skills to Travel as a Political Act:
Iran: Tehran and Side-Trips
Rick Steves' Europe Travel Guide | As he's done with previous programs on Israel, Egypt, and eastern Turkey, Rick takes us beyond Europe to a place that's rich with history...and mystery. In this first of two half-hour shows on Iran, Rick dodges traffic in Tehran, enjoys the tranquility of a nearby village, and encounters both anti-American propaganda and a warm welcome from everyday Iranians.
© 2008 Rick Steves' Europe
Rick Steves' Luther and the Reformation
Five hundred years ago, Martin Luther kicked off the Protestant Reformation, which contributed to the birth of our modern age. In this one-hour special — filmed on location in Europe — Rick Steves tells the story of a humble monk who lived a dramatic life. Rick visits key sites relating to the Reformation (including Erfurt, Wittenberg, and Rome) and explores the complicated political world of 16th-century Europe — from indulgences to iconoclasts, and from the printing press to the Counter-Reformation. It’s a story of power, rebellion, and faith that you’ll never forget.
Rick Steves' Iran
Rick Steves' Travel Guide | Join Rick as he explores the most surprising and fascinating land he's ever visited: Iran. In a one-hour, ground-breaking travel special on public television, you'll discover the splendid monuments of Iran's rich and glorious past, learn more about the 20th-century story of this perplexing nation, and experience Iranian life today in its historic capital and in a countryside village. Most important, you'll meet the people of this nation whose government so exasperates our own.
Dublin and Mystical Side Trips
Rick Steves' Europe Travel Guide | Dublin's story is of feast and famine — from its 18th-century Golden Age to its 20th-century struggles for independence to its boomtime today. We explore the town's foreboding castle and patriotic jail, plus Trinity College with its Book of Kells. Later we party in Temple Bar, awash in Celtic music and Guinness. We side-trip to the prehistoric necropolis of Newgrange and the medieval monastery at Glendalough, deep in the scenic Wicklow Mountains. © 2002 Rick Steves' Europe
Warsaw | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Warsaw
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa [varˈʂava] ( listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula River in east-central Poland and its population is officially estimated at 1.765 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 3.1 million residents, which makes Warsaw the 8th most-populous capital city in the European Union. The city limits cover 516.9 square kilometres (199.6 sq mi), while the metropolitan area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres (2,355.39 sq mi). Warsaw is an alpha global city, a major international tourist destination, and a significant cultural, political and economic hub. Its historical Old Town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Once described as the Paris of the East, Warsaw was believed to be one of the most beautiful cities in the world until World War II. Bombed at the start of the German invasion in 1939, the city withstood a siege for which it was later awarded Poland's highest military decoration for heroism, the Virtuti Militari. Deportations of the Jewish population to concentration camps led to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943 and the destruction of the Ghetto after a month of combat. A general Warsaw Uprising between August and October 1944 led to even greater devastation and systematic razing by the Germans in advance of the Vistula–Oder Offensive. Warsaw gained the new title of Phoenix City because of its extensive history and complete reconstruction after World War II, which had left over 85% of its buildings in ruins.Warsaw is one of Europe's most dynamic metropolitan cities. In 2012 the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world. In 2017 the city came 4th in the Business-friendly category and 8th in Human capital and life style. It was also ranked as one of the most liveable cities in Central and Eastern Europe.
The city is a significant centre of research and development, Business process outsourcing, Information technology outsourcing, as well as of the Polish media industry. The Warsaw Stock Exchange is the largest and most important in Central and Eastern Europe. Frontex, the European Union agency for external border security as well as ODIHR, one of the principal institutions of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe have their headquarters in Warsaw. Together with Frankfurt, London and Paris, Warsaw is also one of the cities with the highest number of skyscrapers in the European Union.The city is the seat of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra, University of Warsaw, the Warsaw Polytechnic, the National Museum, the Great Theatre—National Opera, the largest of its kind in the world, and the Zachęta National Gallery of Art. The picturesque Old Town of Warsaw, which represents examples of nearly every European architectural style and historical period, was listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980. Other main architectural attractions include the Castle Square with the Royal Castle and the iconic King Sigismund's Column, the Wilanów Palace, the Łazienki Palace, St. John's Cathedral, Main Market Square, palaces, churches and mansions all displaying a richness of colour and detail. Warsaw is renowned for its bars, restaurants, art galleries and, most notably, several dozen museums and outspread greenery, with around a quarter of the city's area occupied by parks.
愛 ● 常傳 - 聖高比──聖母的騎士 St. Maximilian Kolbe: Knight of the Immaculate
波蘭裔的方濟會士高比神父一生經歷過很多苦難，但他對天主的愛從沒有動搖過。藉著獻身於聖母，他一生致力把最多的人帶到天主那裡去。《愛●常傳》帶大家到美國芝加哥的聖高比朝聖地深入認識他。
Maximilian Kolbe was a Polish Franciscan priest. He had gone through different trials throughout his life, yet his love for God had never been shaken. Through consecration to Jesus through Mary, he strove to bring as many people to God as possible. Fountain of Grace takes you to Marytown - the National Shrine of St. Maximilian Kolbe for an in-depth look at his life.
Rick Steves’ Travel as a Political Act
Rick Steves believes there’s more to travel than good food and fun in the sun. Travelers who “travel as a political act” can have the time of their lives and come home smarter, with a better understanding of today's world. In his inspirational lecture, Rick explains how, when we venture thoughtfully out of our comfort zone, we gain an empathy for the other 96 percent of humanity and come home with the greatest of all souvenirs: a broader perspective.
Get the new edition of Rick's Travel as a Political Act book: Rick Steves' Travel as a Political Act: also available as an audio book:
Persecution of Christians in the Muslim world | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:18 1 Antiquity
00:01:27 1.1 In the New Testament
00:05:36 1.2 In the Roman Empire
00:05:46 1.2.1 Under Nero, 64–68 AD
00:08:01 1.2.2 From the 2nd century to Constantine
00:13:23 1.2.3 The Great Persecution
00:16:21 1.3 In the Sassanian Empire
00:23:09 1.4 By Jewish tribes in Yemen
00:24:53 1.5 Others
00:25:12 2 During the Middle Ages and Early Modern period
00:25:24 2.1 By Persians and Jews during the Roman-Persian Wars
00:28:54 2.2 Under Islamic rule
00:32:06 2.2.1 Tamerlane
00:32:54 2.2.2 Ottoman Albania and Kosovo
00:35:42 2.3 French Revolution
00:39:24 2.4 China
00:40:53 2.5 India
00:48:24 2.6 Japan
00:50:01 3 Modern era (1815 to 1989)
00:50:13 3.1 In the Ottoman Empire
00:57:53 3.2 Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact Countries
01:07:31 3.3 19th- and 20th-century Mexico
01:10:14 3.4 Anti-Mormonism
01:12:23 3.5 Madagascar
01:14:20 3.6 Spain
01:18:37 3.7 Nazi Germany
01:21:46 3.8 Jehovah's Witnesses
01:22:24 3.9 Communist Albania
01:24:32 4 Current situation (1989 to present)
01:26:10 4.1 In the Muslim world
01:28:46 4.1.1 Afghanistan
01:29:33 4.1.2 Algeria
01:30:53 4.1.3 Egypt
01:32:07 4.1.4 Indonesia
01:35:56 4.1.5 Iran
01:37:07 4.1.6 Iraq
01:43:23 4.1.7 Malaysia
01:45:36 4.1.8 Nigeria
01:46:38 4.1.9 Pakistan
01:52:29 4.1.10 Saudi Arabia
01:53:07 4.1.11 Somalia
01:53:37 4.1.12 Sudan
01:54:02 4.1.13 Syria
01:55:45 4.1.14 Turkey
01:58:00 4.1.15 Yemen
02:01:36 4.2 Bhutan
02:03:55 4.3 China
02:06:16 4.4 India
02:09:36 4.5 North Korea
02:10:59 4.6 Indochina region
02:11:41 5 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8936599164831642
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The persecution of Christians can be historically traced from the first century of the Christian era to the present day. Early Christians were persecuted for their faith at the hands of both the Jews from whose religion Christianity arose and the Romans who controlled many of the lands across which early Christianity was spread. Early in the fourth century, a form of the religion was legalized by the Edict of Milan, and it eventually became the State church of the Roman Empire.
Christian missionaries as well as converts to Christianity have been the target of persecution ever since the emergence of Christianity, sometimes to the point of being martyred for their faith.
The schisms of the Middle Ages and especially the Protestant Reformation, sometimes provoked severe conflicts between Christian denominations to the point of persecuting each other.
In the 20th century, Christians were persecuted by various governments including the Islamic Ottoman Empire in the form of the Armenian Genocide, the Assyrian Genocide and the Greek Genocide, as well as by atheistic states such as the Soviet Union, Communist Albania and North Korea.
Winston Churchill | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Winston Churchill
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British politician, army officer, and writer, who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. As Prime Minister, Churchill led Britain to victory in the Second World War. Churchill represented five constituencies during his career as Member of Parliament (MP). Ideologically an economic liberal and British imperialist, he began and ended his parliamentary career as a member of the Conservative Party, which he led from 1940 to 1955, but for twenty years from 1904 he was a prominent member of the Liberal Party.
Of mixed English and American parentage, Churchill was born in Oxfordshire to an aristocratic family. Joining the British Army, he saw action in British India, the Anglo–Sudan War, and the Second Boer War, gaining fame as a war correspondent and writing books about his campaigns. Elected an MP in 1900, initially as a Conservative, he defected to the Liberals in 1904. In H. H. Asquith's Liberal government, Churchill served as President of the Board of Trade, Home Secretary, and First Lord of the Admiralty, championing prison reform and workers' social security. During the First World War, he oversaw the Gallipoli Campaign; after it proved a disaster, he resigned from government and served in the Royal Scots Fusiliers on the Western Front. In 1917 he returned to government under David Lloyd George as Minister of Munitions, and was subsequently Secretary of State for War, Secretary of State for Air, then Secretary of State for the Colonies. After two years out of Parliament, he served as Chancellor of the Exchequer in Stanley Baldwin's Conservative government, returning the pound sterling in 1925 to the gold standard at its pre-war parity, a move widely seen as creating deflationary pressure on the UK economy.
Out of office during the 1930s, Churchill took the lead in calling for British rearmament to counter the growing threat from Nazi Germany. At the outbreak of the Second World War, he was re-appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. Following Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's resignation in 1940, Churchill replaced him. Churchill oversaw British involvement in the Allied war effort, resulting in victory in 1945. His wartime leadership has been widely praised; however, several of his decisions have proved controversial. After the Conservatives' defeat in the 1945 general election, he became Leader of the Opposition. Amid the developing Cold War with the Soviet Union, he publicly warned of an iron curtain of Soviet influence in Europe and promoted European unity. He was elected prime minister in the 1951 election. His second term was preoccupied with foreign affairs, including the Malayan Emergency, Mau Mau Uprising, Korean War and a UK-backed Iranian coup. Domestically his government emphasised house-building and developed an atomic bomb. In declining health, Churchill resigned as prime minister in 1955, although he remained an MP until 1964. Upon his death in 1965, he was given a state funeral.
Widely considered one of the 20th century's most significant figures, Churchill remains popular in the UK and Western world, where he is seen as a victorious wartime leader who played an important role in defending liberal democracy from the spread of fascism. Also praised as a social reformer and writer, among his many awards was the Nobel Prize in Literature. In more recent years however, his imperialist views and comments on race, as well as his sanctioning of human rights abuses in the suppression of anti-imperialist movements seeking independence from the British Empire, have generated considerable controversy.
ERWIN ROMMEL - WikiVidi Documentary
Erwin Rommel was a German general and military theorist. Popularly known as the Desert Fox, he served as field marshal in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II. Rommel was a highly decorated officer in World War I and was awarded the Pour le Mérite for his actions on the Italian Front. In 1937 he published his classic book on military tactics, Infantry Attacks, drawing on his experiences from World War I. In World War II, he distinguished himself as the commander of the 7th Panzer Division during the 1940 invasion of France. His leadership of German and Italian forces in the North African Campaign established his reputation as one of the most able tank commanders of the war, and earned him the nickname der Wüstenfuchs, the Desert Fox. Among his British adversaries he earned a strong reputation for chivalry and the North African campaign has often been called a war without hate. He later commanded the German forces opposing the Allied cross-channel invasion of Normand...
____________________________________
Shortcuts to chapters:
00:03:28: Early life and career
00:05:06: World War I
00:08:33: Between the wars
00:13:06: Poland 1939
00:14:36: Panzer Division commander
00:16:13: Invasion of France and Belgium
00:18:05: Battle of Arras
00:20:11: Drive for the Channel
00:21:44: Execution of prisoners in France
00:24:58: Eyewitness account
00:25:25: North Africa 1941–1943
00:26:19: First Axis offensive
00:29:49: Siege of Tobruk
00:34:01: Operation Crusader
00:38:43: Battle of Gazala and capture of Tobruk
01:00:58: Italy 1943
01:03:01: Atlantic Wall 1944
01:12:16: Plot against Hitler
01:18:54: Death
01:24:20: Rommel's style as military commander
01:30:24: Relations with Italian forces
01:33:49: Views on the conduct of war
01:44:21: In Nazi and Allied propaganda
01:46:08: Successes in North Africa
01:49:25: Military reverses
01:52:40: Rommel's views on propaganda
01:55:35: Relationship with National Socialism
02:05:58: Rommel myth
02:10:40: Foundational works
02:13:11: Elements of the myth
02:14:14: Contradictions and ambiguities
02:17:54: Reputation as military commander
02:26:26: Family life
____________________________________
Copyright WikiVidi.
Licensed under Creative Commons.
Wikipedia link:
Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Persecutions against the Catholic Church took place throughout the pontificate of Pope Pius XII (1939-1958). Pius' reign coincided with the Second World War, the commencement of the Cold War and the accelerating European decolonisation. During this time, the Catholic Church faced persecution under Fascist and Communist governments.
The Nazi persecution of the church was at its most extreme in Occupied Poland. The defeat of Fascism at the end of World War Two ended one set of persecutions, but strengthened the position of Communism throughout the world, intensifying a further set of persecutions - notably in Eastern Europe, the USSR, and, later, the People's Republic of China. The Catholic Church was under attack in all Communist governed countries and lost most of its existence in Albania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Romania, Communist China and the Soviet Union (including Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania).
USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941) | Wikipedia audio article
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USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The USSR anti-religious campaign of 1928–1941 was a new phase of anti-religious persecution in the Soviet Union following the anti-religious campaign of 1921–1928. The campaign began in 1929, with the drafting of new legislation that severely prohibited religious activities and called for a heightened attack on religion in order to further disseminate atheism. This had been preceded in 1928 at the fifteenth party congress, where Joseph Stalin criticized the party for failure to produce more active and persuasive anti-religious propaganda. This new phase coincided with the beginning of the forced mass collectivization of agriculture and the nationalization of the few remaining private enterprises.
Many of those who had been arrested in the 1920s would continue to remain in prison throughout the 1930s and beyond.
The main target of the anti-religious campaign in the 1920s and 1930s was the Russian Orthodox Church, which had the largest number of faithful. Nearly all of its clergy, and many of its believers, were shot or sent to labour camps. Theological schools were closed, and church publications were prohibited. More than 85,000 Orthodox priests were shot in 1937 alone. Only a twelfth of the Russian Orthodox Church's priests were left functioning in their parishes by 1941.In the period between 1927 and 1940, the number of Orthodox Churches in the Russian Republic fell from 29,584 to less than 500.The campaign slowed down in the late 1930s and early 1940s, and came to an abrupt end after the commencement of Operation Barbarossa. The challenge produced by the German invasion would ultimately prevent the public withering away of religion in Soviet society.This campaign, like the campaigns of other periods that formed the basis of the USSR's efforts to eliminate religion and replace it with atheism supported with a materialist world view, was accompanied with official claims that there was no religious persecution in the USSR, and that believers who were being targeted were for other reasons. Believers were in fact being widely targeted and persecuted for their belief or promotion of religion, as part of the state's campaign to disseminate atheism, but officially the state claimed that no such persecution existed and that the people being targeted - when they admitted that people were being targeted - were only being attacked for resistance to the state or breaking the law. This guise served Soviet propaganda abroad, where it tried to promote a better image of itself especially in light of the great criticism against it from foreign religious influences.
Kaunas | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Kaunas
00:01:40 1 Etymology
00:02:26 2 Folk history
00:03:12 3 Coat of arms
00:04:40 4 History
00:04:49 4.1 Early history
00:05:25 4.2 Grand Duchy of Lithuania
00:07:26 4.3 Russian Empire
00:10:00 4.4 Interwar Lithuania
00:18:59 4.5 Soviet occupation and the June Uprising
00:24:48 4.6 Nazi occupation
00:26:33 4.7 Jewish community of Kaunas
00:29:38 4.8 Soviet administration
00:32:43 4.9 Restored independence
00:34:44 5 Geography
00:35:09 5.1 Administrative divisions
00:35:21 6 Climate
00:36:44 7 Religion
00:37:37 8 Culture
00:40:03 8.1 Museums
00:42:01 8.2 Theaters
00:43:04 9 Parks, Leisure, and Cemeteries
00:44:40 10 Economy
00:49:39 11 Demographics
00:51:46 12 Municipality council
00:52:17 12.1 Mayors
00:54:00 13 Transportation
00:54:09 13.1 Airports
00:55:07 13.2 Highways
00:55:53 13.3 Bridges
00:57:06 13.4 Railways
00:58:00 13.5 Hydrofoil
00:58:24 13.6 Public transportation
00:59:48 14 Sports
01:02:25 15 Education
01:04:26 16 Annual events
01:05:27 17 Notable residents
01:05:36 18 Twin towns – sister cities
01:05:49 19 Honours
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Kaunas (; Lithuanian: [ˈkɐʊˑnɐs] (listen); also see other names) is the second-largest city in Lithuania and the historical centre of Lithuanian economic, academic, and cultural life. Kaunas was the biggest city and the centre of a county in Trakai Municipality of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since 1413. In the Russian Empire, it was the capital of the Kaunas Governorate from 1843 to 1915.
During the interwar period, it served as the temporary capital of Lithuania, when Vilnius, the traditional capital, was considered part of Poland between 1920 and 1939. During that period Kaunas was nicknamed the Little Paris because of its rich cultural and academic life, fashion, construction of countless Art Deco and Lithuanian National Romanticism architectural-style buildings as well as popular furniture, the interior design of the time, and a widespread café culture. The city interwar architecture is regarded as among the finest examples of European Art Deco and has received the European Heritage Label. It contributed to Kaunas being named as the first city in Central and Eastern Europe to be designated as a UNESCO City of Design. Kaunas has been selected as the European Capital of Culture for 2022, together with Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.The city is the capital of Kaunas County, and the seat of the Kaunas city municipality and the Kaunas District Municipality. It is also the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kaunas. Kaunas is located at the confluence of the two largest Lithuanian rivers, the Nemunas and the Neris, and is near the Kaunas Reservoir, the largest body of water in the whole of Lithuania.
Dissolution of the Soviet Union | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The dissolution of the Soviet Union occurred on 26 December 1991, officially granting self-governing independence to the Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). It was a result of the declaration number 142-Н of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and created the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), although five of the signatories ratified it much later or did not do so at all. On the previous day, 25 December, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, the eighth and final leader of the USSR, resigned, declared his office extinct and handed over its powers—including control of the Soviet nuclear missile launching codes—to Russian President Boris Yeltsin. That evening at 7:32 p.m., the Soviet flag was lowered from the Kremlin for the last time and replaced with the pre-revolutionary Russian flag.Previously, from August to December all the individual republics, including Russia itself, had either seceded from the union or at the very least denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR. The week before formal dissolution, eleven republics signed the Alma-Ata Protocol formally establishing the CIS and declaring that the USSR had ceased to exist. Both the Revolutions of 1989 and the dissolution of the USSR also marked the end of the Cold War.
Several of the former Soviet republics have retained close links with the Russian Federation and formed multilateral organizations such as the Commonwealth of Independent States, Eurasian Economic Community, the Union State, the Eurasian Customs Union and the Eurasian Economic Union to enhance economic and security cooperation. On the other hand, the Baltic states have joined NATO and the European Union.
Dissolution of the Soviet Union | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The dissolution of the Soviet Union occurred on 26 December 1991, officially granting self-governing independence to the Republics of the Soviet Union (USSR). It was a result of the declaration number 142-Н of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and created the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), although five of the signatories ratified it much later or did not do so at all. On the previous day, 25 December, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, the eighth and final leader of the Soviet Union, resigned, declared his office extinct and handed over its powers—including control of the Soviet nuclear missile launching codes—to Russian President Boris Yeltsin. That evening at 7:32 p.m., the Soviet flag was lowered from the Kremlin for the last time and replaced with the pre-revolutionary Russian flag.Previously, from August to December all the individual republics, including Russia itself, had either seceded from the union or at the very least denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR. The week before formal dissolution, eleven republics signed the Alma-Ata Protocol formally establishing the CIS and declaring that the USSR had ceased to exist. Both the Revolutions of 1989 and the dissolution of the USSR also marked the end of the Cold War.
Several of the former Soviet republics have retained close links with the Russian Federation and formed multilateral organizations such as the Commonwealth of Independent States, Eurasian Economic Community, the Union State, the Eurasian Customs Union and the Eurasian Economic Union to enhance economic and security cooperation. On the other hand, the Baltic states have joined NATO and the European Union.