Tatarstan: Great Bolgar
The ancient monument of Muslim culture in Tatarstan is located 180 km from Kazan on the Volga river steep bank. In the 10th century the Volga Bulgars adopted Islam here, and the city of Bolgar became the capital of the Volga Bulgaria.
Since 2014 the ancient city of Great Bolgar has been included into UNESCO World Heritage List. The architecture monuments of the 13-14th centuries are carefully preserved here. In the museums one can learn the history of the ancestors of modern Kazan Tatars and see the world largest printed Quran, entered into the Guinness Book of Records. The main attractive landmark of the museum-preserve is the majestic White Mosque.
Museum Display Cases at Bolgar Memorial Sign Quran Museum Russia by Relicase
For the Bolgar Memorial Sign Quran Museum, Relicase tailored display case, produced an all-round, eight-sided diamond glass case without steel frame structure. The corner location is equipped with an efficient and beautiful dehumidification system, which is conducive to the long-term display and preservation of the Koran. The comfortable and soft light configuration highlights both the exhibits themselves and the perfect viewing experience for the viewer.
The Quran museum located in Bolgar, Spassky District, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. The museum is housed in the Memorial Sign for the Adoption of Islam by the Volga Bulgarians in 922. Inside the building, you’ll find the world's largest printed Quran. The cover of the book weighing 500 kg is decorated with silver, gold leaf, malachite, turquoise, amethyst, topaz, and other precious stones.
The exposition of Quran Museum represents the Holy Book of Muslims in different angles closely connected with the history and culture of Tatarstan, where Islam and Quran itself became the basis of spirituality, an integral part of the daily life of Muslims, reflected in the history and culture, national traditions of Tatar people. The central exhibit is the Quran installed in the solemn upper hall of the Memorial Sign. The Quran is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records recognized as a cultural value of Russia for its uniqueness and high level of artistic performance.
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ISIL In Iraq Lecture: Fundamentalist Takeover or Urban Ethnic Revolt?”
Middle East expert Juan Ricardo Cole speaks on “ISIL in Iraq: Fundamentalist Takeover or Urban Ethnic Revolt?”
Juan Ricardo Cole
Cole, the Richard P. Mitchell Collegiate Professor of History at the University of Michigan, is a public intellectual and prominent blogger for Informed Comment at juancole.com.
“We are excited and honored to have Professor Cole speak about ISIL at CSULB,” said Houri Berberian, a professor in CSULB’s department of history and director of Middle Eastern studies. “He is one of the leading experts on the contemporary and historical Middle East and will provide perspective and context to help us understand the current situation unfolding in the region.”
Cole, who became interested in Islam and Arabic while a teenager living in Eritrea when his father was stationed there in the military, has been a regular guest on “PBS NewsHour.” He has also appeared on “ABC Nightly News,” “Nightline,” “The Today Show,” “Charlie Rose,” “Anderson Cooper 360,” “Countdown with Keith Olbermann,” “Rachel Maddow,” “The Colbert Report” and “Democracy Now!,” along with many others. In addition, he has given many radio and press interviews.
He has written widely about Egypt, Iran, Iraq and South Asia, and has commented extensively on al-Qaeda and the Taliban, the Iraq War, the politics of Pakistan and Afghanistan, and Iranian domestic struggles and foreign affairs.
Cole has a regular column at Truthdig.com and continues to study and write about contemporary Islamic movements, whether mainstream or radical, whether Sunni and Salafi or Shia. Cole’s command of Arabic, Persian, and Urdu and familiarity with Turkish as well as having lived in the region for almost 10 years and continuing to travel there allow him extraordinary access and insight to both the Middle East and South Asia.
Cole was awarded Fulbright-Hays fellowships to India in 1982 and to Egypt in 1985. In 1991, he held a National Endowment for the Humanities grant for the study of Shia Islam in Iran and from 1999-2004 was the editor of The International Journal of Middle East Studies. He has served in professional offices for the American Institute of Iranian Studies and on the editorial board of the journal Iranian Studies. He was elected president of the Middle East Studies Association of North America in November 2004, and in 2006 he received the James Aronson Award for Social Justice Journalism administered by Hunter College.
For three decades, Cole has sought to put the relationship of the West and the Muslim world in historical context. His most recent work is “The New Arabs: How the Millennial Generation is Changing the Middle East.” He is also author of “Engaging the Muslim World” and “Napoleon’s Egypt: Invading the Middle East.”
The event is organized by the Middle Eastern Studies Program with assistance from the Department of History and History Students’ Association, and is sponsored by the Office of the Provost and College of Liberal Arts.
Tatars | Wikipedia audio article
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Tatars
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Tatars (; Tatar: татарлар; Russian: татары) are a Turkic-speaking peoples living mainly in Russia and other Post-Soviet countries. The name Tatar first appears in written form on the Kul Tigin monument as ???????????? (Ta-tar). Historically, the term Tatars was applied to anyone originating from the vast Northern and Central Asian landmass then known as the Tartary, which was dominated by various mostly Turco-Mongol semi-nomadic empires and kingdoms. More recently, however, the term refers more narrowly to people who speak one of the Turkic languages.
The Mongol Empire, established under Genghis Khan in 1206, allied with the Tatars. Under the leadership of Genghis Khan's grandson Batu Khan (c. 1207–1255), the Mongols moved westwards, driving with them many of the Mongol tribes toward the plains of Kievan Rus'. The Tatar clan still exists among the Mongols, Hazaras and Uzbeks.The largest group by far that the Russians have called Tatars are the Volga Tatars, native to the Volga region (Tatarstan and Bashkortostan), who for this reason are often also simply known as Tatars. They compose 53% of population in Tatarstan. Their language is known as the Tatar language. As of 2002 they had an estimated population around 5 million in Russia as a whole. There is a common belief that Russians and Tatars are closely intermingled, illustrated by the famous saying scratch any Russian just a little and you will discover a Tatar underneath and the fact that a number of noble families in Tsardom of Russia and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had Tatar origins; however, genetics show that majority of Russians form a cluster with Northern and Eastern Europeans (especially Belarusians, Ukrainians and Poles), and are relatively far from Tatar peoples. In modern-day Tatarstan, however, Russian-Tatar marriages are very common.Current day Tatars comprise a range of physical appearances, from Mongoloid to Caucasoid.
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Budapest | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Budapest
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Budapest is the capital and the most populous city of Hungary, and the tenth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits. The city had an estimated population of 1,752,704 in 2016 distributed over a land area of about 525 square kilometres (203 square miles). Budapest is both a city and county, and forms the centre of the Budapest metropolitan area, which has an area of 7,626 square kilometres (2,944 square miles) and a population of 3,303,786, comprising 33 percent of the population of Hungary.The history of the city began when an early Celtic settlement transformed into a Roman town of Aquincum, the capital of Lower Pannonia. The Hungarians arrived in the territory in the late 9th century. By the 11th century, Buda and Óbuda (Old Buda) became the names of their settlements on the west bank of the river Danube, with a formerly Slavic and then German settlement Pest on the opposite side. The area was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241. The Battle of Mohács in 1526 was followed by nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule. After the reconquest of Buda in 1686, the region entered a new age of prosperity. Pest-Buda became a global city with the unification of Buda, Óbuda, and Pest on November 17, 1873, with the name 'Budapest' given to the new capital. Budapest also became the co-capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a great power that dissolved in 1918, following World War I. The city was the focal point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Battle of Budapest in 1945, and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.Budapest is a Beta+ global city with strengths in commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment. It is Hungary's financial centre and the highest ranked Central and Eastern European city on Innovation Cities Top 100 index, as well ranked as the second fastest-developing urban economy in Europe. Budapest is host to many major international organization's regional offices, including the United Nations and ICDT, furthermore it is the headquarters of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology, the European Police College and the first foreign office of the China Investment Promotion Agency. Over 40 colleges and universities are located in Budapest, including the Eötvös Loránd University, Semmelweis University and the notable Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Opened in 1896, the city's subway system, the Budapest Metro, serves 1.27 million, while the Budapest Tram Network serves 1.08 million passengers daily.Budapest is cited as one of the most beautiful cities in Europe, ranked as the world's second best city by Condé Nast Traveler, and Europe's 7th most idyllic place to live by Forbes. Among Budapest's important museums and cultural institutions is the Museum of Fine Arts. Further famous cultural institutions are the Hungarian National Museum, House of Terror, Franz Liszt Academy of Music, Hungarian State Opera House and National Széchényi Library. The central area of the city along the Danube River is classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and has many notable monuments, including the Hungarian Parliament, Buda Castle, Fisherman's Bastion, Gresham Palace, Széchenyi Chain Bridge, Matthias Church and the Liberty Statue. Other famous landmarks include Andrássy Avenue, St. Stephen's Basilica, Heroes' Square, the Great Market Hall, the Nyugati Railway Station built by the Eiffel Company of Paris in 1877 and the second-oldest metro line in the world, the Millennium Underground Railway. The city also has around 80 geothermal springs, the largest thermal water cave system, second largest synagogue, and third largest Parliament building in the world. Budapest attracts 4.4 million international tourists per year, making it a popular destination in Europe.
Татарстан Великий Болгар | 360 video
Древнейший памятник мусульманской культуры Татарстана находится в 180 км от города Казани на вершине обрывистого берега Волги. В X веке Волжские булгары приняли здесь ислам, а город Болгар стал называться столицей Волжской Булгарии.
С 2014 года древний город Великий Болгар внесен в список Всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО. Здесь сохранились памятники архитектуры XIII-XIV веков. В музеях можно узнать историю предков современных казанских татар и увидеть самый большой печатный Коран в мире, занесенный в Книгу рекордов Гиннесса. Главной достопримечательностью и визитной карточкой музея-заповедника служит величественная Белая мечеть.
The ancient monument of Muslim culture in Tatarstan is located 180 km from Kazan on the Volga river steep bank. In the 10th century the Volga Bulgars adopted Islam here, and the city of Bolgar became the capital of the Volga Bulgaria.
Since 2014 the ancient city of Great Bolgar has been included into UNESCO World Heritage List. The architecture monuments of the 13-14th centuries are carefully preserved here. In the museums one can learn the history of the ancestors of modern Kazan Tatars and see the world largest printed Quran, entered into the Guinness Book of Records. The main attractive landmark of the museum-preserve is the majestic White Mosque.
Varna | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Varna
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Varna (Bulgarian: Варна, Varna [ˈvarna]) is the third-largest city in Bulgaria and the largest city and seaside resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. Situated strategically in the Gulf of Varna, the city has been a major economic, social and cultural centre for almost three millennia. Varna, historically known as Odessos, grew from a Thracian seaside settlement to a major seaport on the Black Sea.
Varna is an important centre for business, transportation, education, tourism, entertainment and healthcare. The city is referred to as the maritime capital of Bulgaria and headquarters the Bulgarian Navy and merchant marine. In 2008, Varna was designated seat of the Black Sea Euroregion by the Council of Europe. In 2014, Varna was awarded the title of European Youth Capital 2017.The oldest gold treasure in the world, belonging to the Varna culture, was discovered in the Varna Necropolis and dates to 4200–4600 BC.
First Bulgarian Empire | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
First Bulgarian Empire
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The First Bulgarian Empire (Old Bulgarian: ц︢рьство бл︢гарское, ts'rstvo bl'garskoe) was a medieval Bulgarian state that existed in southeastern Europe between the 7th and 11th centuries AD. It was founded in 681 when Bulgar tribes led by Asparuh moved to the north-eastern Balkans. There they secured Byzantine recognition of their right to settle south of the Danube by defeating – possibly with the help of local South Slavic tribes – the Byzantine army led by Constantine IV. At the height of its power, Bulgaria spread from the Danube Bend to the Black Sea and from the Dnieper River to the Adriatic Sea.
As the state solidified its position in the Balkans, it entered into a centuries-long interaction, sometimes friendly and sometimes hostile, with the Byzantine Empire. Bulgaria emerged as Byzantium's chief antagonist to its north, resulting in several wars. The two powers also enjoyed periods of peace and alliance, most notably during the Second Arab siege of Constantinople, where the Bulgarian army broke the siege and destroyed the Arab army, thus preventing an Arab invasion of Southeastern Europe. Byzantium had a strong cultural influence on Bulgaria, which also led to the eventual adoption of Christianity in 864. After the disintegration of the Avar Khaganate, the country expanded its territory northwest to the Pannonian Plain. Later the Bulgarians confronted the advance of the Pechenegs and Cumans, and achieved a decisive victory over the Magyars, forcing them to establish themselves permanently in Pannonia.
During the late 9th and early 10th centuries, Simeon I achieved a string of victories over the Byzantines. Thereafter, he was recognized with the title of Emperor, and proceeded to expand the state to its greatest extent. After the annihilation of the Byzantine army in the battle of Anchialus in 917, the Bulgarians laid siege to Constantinople in 923 and 924. The Byzantines, however, eventually recovered, and in 1014, under Basil II, inflicted a crushing defeat on the Bulgarians at the Battle of Kleidion. By 1018, the last Bulgarian strongholds had surrendered to the Byzantine Empire, and the First Bulgarian Empire had ceased to exist. It was succeeded by the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1185.
After the adoption of Christianity, Bulgaria became the cultural center of Slavic Europe. Its leading cultural position was further consolidated with the invention of the Glagolitic and Early Cyrillic alphabets shortly after in the capital Preslav, and literature produced in Old Bulgarian soon began spreading north. Old Bulgarian became the lingua franca of much of Eastern Europe and it came to be known as Old Church Slavonic. In 927, the fully independent Bulgarian Patriarchate was officially recognized.
The Bulgars and other non-Slavic tribes in the empire gradually adopted an essentially foreign Slavic language. Since the late 9th century, the names Bulgarians and Bulgarian gained prevalence and became permanent designations for the local population, both in literature and in common parlance. The development of Old Church Slavonic literacy had the effect of preventing the assimilation of the South Slavs into neighbouring cultures, while stimulating the formation of a distinct Bulgarian identity.
Timeline of New Zealand history | Wikipedia audio article
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Timeline of New Zealand history
00:00:12 1 Prehistory (to 1000 CE)
00:01:16 2 Pre-colonial time (1000 to 1839)
00:01:28 2.1 1000 to 1600
00:02:32 2.2 17th century
00:03:31 2.3 18th century
00:05:40 2.4 Early 19th century; 1801–1839
00:10:27 3 Colony and self-government (1840 to 1946)
00:10:39 3.1 1840s
00:13:19 3.2 1850s
00:15:05 3.3 1860s
00:18:20 3.4 1870s
00:20:33 3.5 1880s
00:22:59 3.6 1890s
00:25:23 3.7 1900s
00:27:51 3.8 1910s
00:30:46 3.9 1920s
00:32:32 3.10 1930s
00:35:29 3.11 1940 to 1946
00:39:21 4 Full independence (1947 to 1983)
00:39:33 4.1 1947 to 1949
00:40:57 4.2 1950s
00:43:36 4.3 1960s
00:46:16 4.4 1970s
00:50:07 4.5 1980s
00:51:08 5 Restructuring (1984 to date)
00:51:19 5.1 1984 to 1989
00:55:18 5.2 1990s
01:00:56 5.3 2000s
01:04:35 5.4 2010s
01:07:14 6 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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This is a timeline of the history of New Zealand that includes only events deemed to be of principal importance – for less important events click the year heading or refer to List of years in New Zealand.
Varna | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:54 1 Etymology
00:02:22 1.1 Other places named Varna
00:03:02 2 History
00:03:10 2.1 Prehistory
00:03:45 2.2 Thracians
00:08:10 2.3 Antiquity
00:12:09 2.4 Bulgarian conquest
00:13:09 2.5 Middle Ages
00:15:52 2.6 Battle of Varna
00:16:48 2.7 Late Ottoman rule
00:18:32 2.8 Third Bulgarian State
00:20:19 3 Geography
00:22:22 3.1 Climate
00:23:28 4 Governance
00:23:53 4.1 Local government
00:25:11 4.2 Boroughs and urban planning
00:25:48 4.3 Policing and crime
00:26:33 4.4 Consulates
00:26:54 4.5 Twin towns and sister cities
00:27:05 5 Demography
00:29:40 5.1 Ethnic, linguistic and religious composition
00:33:01 6 Economy
00:36:39 7 Transport
00:37:41 8 Landmarks
00:41:12 8.1 Churches
00:43:22 8.2 Architecture
00:46:02 9 Education
00:46:16 9.1 Higher education
00:47:49 9.2 Institutes and colleges
00:48:33 9.3 Secondary education
00:49:18 9.4 Libraries
00:49:29 10 Culture
00:50:10 10.1 Museums
00:51:11 10.2 Galleries
00:51:31 10.3 Performing arts professional companies
00:52:06 10.4 Art networks
00:52:17 10.5 Other performing arts groups
00:52:32 10.6 Notable bands and artists
00:53:35 10.7 Concert halls
00:53:59 10.8 International arts festivals
00:55:09 10.9 National events
00:55:47 10.10 Local events
00:56:27 10.11 Varna in fiction
00:57:31 11 Media
00:59:04 12 Healthcare
00:59:48 13 Sports
00:59:56 13.1 Football
01:00:46 13.2 Swimming
01:02:04 13.3 Other sports
01:03:46 14 Notable people
01:04:00 15 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Speaking Rate: 0.9994740521644461
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Varna (Bulgarian: Варна, Varna [ˈvarna]) is the third largest city in Bulgaria and the largest city and seaside resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. Situated strategically in the Gulf of Varna, the city has been a major economic, social and cultural centre for almost three millennia. Varna, historically known as Odessos (Ancient Greek: Ὀδησσός), grew from a Thracian seaside settlement to a major seaport on the Black Sea.
Varna is an important centre for business, transportation, education, tourism, entertainment and healthcare. The city is referred to as the maritime capital of Bulgaria and headquarters the Bulgarian Navy and merchant marine. In 2008, Varna was designated seat of the Black Sea Euroregion by the Council of Europe. In 2014, Varna was awarded the title of European Youth Capital 2017.The oldest gold treasure in the world, belonging to the Varna culture, was discovered in the Varna Necropolis and dates to 4200–4600 BC.
Genghis Khan | Wikipedia audio article
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Genghis Khan
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Genghis Khan (born Temüjin, c. 1162 – August 18, 1227) was the founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. After founding the Empire and being proclaimed Genghis Khan, he launched the Mongol invasions that conquered most of Eurasia. Campaigns initiated in his lifetime include those against the Qara Khitai, Caucasus, and Khwarazmian, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by large-scale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in the Khwarazmian and Western Xia controlled lands. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China.
Before Genghis Khan died he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor. Later his grandsons split his empire into khanates. Genghis Khan died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia. By his request, his body was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia. His descendants extended the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states in all of modern-day China, Korea, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and substantial portions of Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia. Many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations. As a result, Genghis Khan and his empire have a fearsome reputation in local histories.Beyond his military accomplishments, Genghis Khan also advanced the Mongol Empire in other ways. He decreed the adoption of the Uyghur script as the Mongol Empire's writing system. He also practiced meritocracy and encouraged religious tolerance in the Mongol Empire, and unified the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. Present-day Mongolians regard him as the founding father of Mongolia.Genghis Khan was known for the brutality of his campaigns, and is considered by many to have been a genocidal ruler. However, he is also credited with bringing the Silk Road under one cohesive political environment. This brought relatively easy communication and trade between Northeast Asia, Muslim Southwest Asia, and Christian Europe, expanding the cultural horizons of all three areas.
Documents that Changed the Way We Live
Documents are milestones and markers of human activity, and our stories can be told through these objects. In Documents that Changed the Way We Live, professor Joseph Janes examines dozens of stories that describe these documents; their creation, motivation, influence, and their connections to contemporary information objects, technologies, and trends. A book signing will follow the program.