Persecution of Homosexuals in Germany: During and After the Holocaust - Geoffrey Giles
September 28, 2016
Geoffrey Giles, a scholar of groundbreaking research and writings on the Allied occupation of Germany, speaks about the persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany and in post-war, occupied Germany.
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Work starts on memorial to victims of Nazi programme of euthanasia
SHOTLIST
AP TELEVISION
SHOTLIST 1. Pan from Philharmonic building to memorial site dedicated to people murdered by the Nazis
2. Wide of Germany's state minister for culture, Bernd Neumann, addressing ceremony
3. SOUNDBITE: (German) Bernd Neumann, State secretary for Culture and Media:
Here, at Tiergartenstrasse number 4, was the planning centre where the National Socialist (Nazi) regime planned the killing, which was represented as euthanasia.
4. Wide of exhibition accompanying planned memorial, entitled Topography of Terror
5. Close up poster reading: (German) 60000 Reichsmarks is the cost of that diseased man for the People community, that is also your money
6. Picture of transport bus for disabled people
7. Picture of building formerly at Tiergartenstrasse number 4
8. SOUNDBITE: (German) Dr. Andreas Nachama, Director of Topography of Terror exhibition
Helpless children, old people who needed care - just to say that costs us a a lot of money, we will get rid off them. This was planned from here and then - with the thoroughness of the Third Reich - carried out.
9. Mid of Sigrid Falkenstein, whose aunt was killed when she was 24 years old, and who wrote a book called Annas Spuren
10. Pan of memorial display ending on picture of Anna Lehnkering (left in picture), Falkenstein's aunt who was killed when she was 24 years old
11. SOUNDBITE: (German) Sigrid Falkenstein, German
Perpetrator and victim, one cannot separate those from each other. To show all this here at this particular location, is important to me. This is not supposed to be just a monument where you can give Sunday service speeches or where you lay down wreaths. No, this must inform people and then it might become a place of learning.
12. Close of drummer at memorial ceremony
13. Wide of musicians
14. Picture showing design of memorial
STORYLINE:
Work got underway in Berlin on Monday, on a memorial dedicated to around 300-thousand people murdered by the Nazis because of mental and physical disabilities or chronic illness.
The memorial - a 100-foot (30 metre) long light-blue glass wall - will be located in the centre of Berlin near the current home of the Berlin Philharmonic, on the site of the Nazi office that coordinated the so-called euthanasia programme.
At a ceremony to mark the beginning of work on the memorial, German State secretary for Culture and Media Bernd Neumann,told those gathered: Here, at Tiergartenstrasse number 4, was the planning centre where the National Socialist (Nazi) regime planned the killing, which was represented as euthanasia.
He pointed out that educating people about the crimes of the Nazis and honouring their victims remains an obligation for the country.
An exhibition accompanying the memorial entitled Topography of Terror was also on display.
Amongst the items featured is a Nazi propaganda poster telling people the cost of caring for a disabled person.
Director of the exhibition Dr. Andreas Nachama said that helpless children and old people who needed care were amongst those whose disposal was carried out by the Third Reich (Nazi regime).
Also present at Monday's ceremony was Sigrid Falkenstein, whose aunt was killed when she was 24 years old, and who subsequently wrote a book about her called Annas Spuren.
To show all this here at this particular location, is important to me, she said. This is not supposed to be just a monument where you can give Sunday service speeches or where you lay down wreaths. No, this must inform people and then it might become a place of learning.
In recent years, several victims' groups, among them the Jews, Roma and Sinti, and homosexuals, have had memorials dedicated to them in Berlin.
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Memorial to the Homosexuals Persecuted under the National Socialist Regime.
Memorial to the Homosexuals Persecuted under the National Socialist Regime. Berlin, Germany
Memory Walk Berlin - The Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism
Berlin Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted under Nazism
A video describing the 2008 “Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism” in the Tiergarten of Berlin, Germany.
Memorial to the Homosexuals Persecuted under the National Socialist Regime (ISL)
Memorial to the Nazi Persecution of Gay Men and Lesbians: Who and What Are We Remembering
Memorial to the Nazi Persecution of Gay Men and Lesbians: Who and What Are We Remembering, by Prof. David Shneer. Thanks to Chase Jackson for filming.
Homosexual memorial in Berlin
Menorial dedicated to homosexuals persecuted by nazism during second world war. It's in Berlin, Germany.
Memorial to Homosexuals persecuted under Nazism in Berlin
Film loop (August 2013)
The Unfit: Disability under Nazism and Fascism
February 7, 2013
Speakers: Patricia Heberer and Susan Bachrach (both of Holocaust Memorial Museum), David Forgacs (New York University)
Holocaust Remembrance: “The Unfit”: Disability under Nazism and Fascism
Welcoming remarks:
Barbara Faedda
Italian Academy for Advanced Studies, Columbia University
Speakers:
Patricia Heberer
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Giving a Face to Faceless Victims: Profiles of Disabled Victims of the Nazi “Euthanasia” Program
Susan Bachrach
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Deadly Medicine: Creating the Master Race
David Forgacs
New York University
Photographing Places of Social Exclusion
Europe and the United Nations commemorate the victims of the Shoah each winter on the date of Auschwitz's liberation in 1945, and the Italian Academy marks Holocaust Remembrance Day with an annual academic event exploring issues of discrimination and crimes against humanity. In past years, the Academy has broadened its focus to explore other minority groups that were targeted by the Nazi and Fascist regimes, and that suffered and died along with the millions of Jews: the Roma and Sinti (or Gypsies) in one case, and homosexuals in another. Persons with disabilities were subject to persecution as part of radical public health policy aimed at excluding hereditarily “unfit” Germans from the national community. According to the Holocaust Memorial Museum, “these strategies began with forced sterilization and escalated toward mass murder. The most extreme measure, the Euthanasia Program, was in itself a rehearsal for Nazi Germany’s broader genocidal policies.”
Susan Bachrach is Curator of Special Exhibitions at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. In this capacity, she is involved in all phases of select special exhibitions at the Museum, including the historic research, identification of artifacts, design, and creation of accompanying publications. She is currently working on a new exhibition, Some Were Neighbors: Collaboration and Complicity in the Holocaust, that will open at the museum this April. Her last exhibition, Deadly Medicine: Creating the Master Race, is presently traveling to universities and other venues across the country. Since joining the Museum in 1992, Dr. Bachrach has worked on many exhibitions, including Liberation 1945 and NAZI OLYMPICS Berlin 1936. She has written or co-edited a number of exhibition catalogues, including Deadly Medicine, NAZI OLYMPICS Berlin 1936, and most recently, Nazi Propaganda.
Patricia Heberer has served as an historian with the Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington since 1994. There she serves as a Museum specialist on medical crimes and eugenics policies in Nazi Germany. Dr. Heberer earned her baccalaureate and master’s degrees from Southern Illinois University; she pursued doctoral studies at the Free University of Berlin and the University of Maryland, receiving her Ph.D. from the latter institution. In addition to contributions to several USHMM publications, she has recently authored a source edition, Children during the Holocaust, a volume in the Center’s series, Documenting Life and Destruction, appearing in 2011. A further publication, Atrocities on Trial: The Politics of Prosecuting War Crimes in Historical Perspective, co-edited with Juergen Matthäus, appeared in 2008 with the University of Nebraska Press.
David Forgacs holds the Guido and Mariuccia Zerilli-Marimò Chair of Contemporary Italian Studies at New York University. His publications include Mass Culture and Italian Society from Fascism to the Cold War (with Stephen Gundle, Indiana University Press, 2007) and Italian Culture in the Industrial Era (Manchester University Press, 1990). His latest book, Italy's Margins: Photography, Writing and Social Exclusion since 1861, will be published by Cambridge University Press in 2013.
The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe also known as the Holocaust Memorial, is a memorial in Berlin to the Jewish victims of the Holocaust, designed by American architect Peter Eisenman, was dedicated on May 10 2005 in central Berlin, Germany. The memorial is located 100 meters away from Berlin´s main architectonical symbol, the Brandenburger Gate, on a 19.073 m2 large field. It is composed of 2.711 stelae in high quality gray stone slabs. Each stelae is 0,95 m wide and 2,38 m long. The height varies from 4,7 m down to 0,2 m. There are no inscriptions on the stelae. An underground information center at the eastern side of the field houses an information center and an exhibition about the Holocaust which includes records from the Yad Vashem database about 3.5 millions of the Jews that were killed in the Holocaust.
In the center of Berlin, where the no-man’s land of the Wall had snaked through, the federal government designated a public space to be used for the planned memorial. The site is located right where the Nazi dictatorship’s hub of power had been, in direct proximity to Hitler’s former Chancellery of the Reich. Although the location was now decided, opinion was sharply divided over the form thememorial should take. The monument has been criticized for only commemorating the Jewish victims of the Holocaust, however, other memorials have subsequently opened which commemorate other identifiable groups that were also victims of the Nazis, for example, the Memorial to H0m0$exu@s Persecuted Under Nazism (in 2008) and the Memorial to the Sinti and Roma victims of National Socialism (in 2012). Many critics argued that the design should include names of victims, as well as the numbers of people killed and the places where the killings occurred. Meanwhile, architecture critic Nicolai Ouroussoff claimed the memorial is able to convey the scope of the Holocaust's horrors without stooping to sentimentality - showing how abstraction can be the most powerful tool for conveying the complexities of human emotion.
The history of the memorial dates back to 1988 when the publisher Lea Rosh took the initiative to build a Holocaust-memorial in Berlin. A competition was made in 1994 but the winning proposal was not well received by the German Government, which however decided to continue the work by initiating a second contest in 1997. In 1999 the jury decided to give the commission to architect Peter Eisenman and in 2003 the building started.
It is estimated that some 3.5 million visitors entered the memorial in the first year it was open, or about 10,000 every day. About 490,000 people also visited the underground Information Center, 40% of them non-Germans. The foundation operating the memorial considered this a success; its head, Uwe Neumärker, called the memorial a tourist magnet.
Image credit Chris Zielecki
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Image credit Hindrik Sijens
Image credit Roy T. Ilagsmoen
Image credit Sascha Kohlmann
Image credit Jean-Pierre Dalbéra
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Video inside the Holocaust Memorial to Gays
Berlin, Germany
RNN Covers The US Holocaust Museum Exhibit at The LI GLBT Center
In June and July of 2008, The Long Island GLBT Community Center hosted the US Holocaust Memorial Museum's traveling exhibition, Nazi Persecution of Homosexuals 1933-1945. Here is some of the coverage it received on RNN.
Мемориал Гомосексуалам - Жертвам Нацизма || Katja & Vika L
Достопримечательности Берлина. РЕЙХСТАГ, Бранденбургские ворота, мемориал жертвам холокоста и гомосексуалам-жертвам нацизма.
Наш инстаграм dikiyvegan
Мы Катя и Вика - открытая однополая пара, веганы, живем в Германии, снимаем видео на разные темы - ЛГБТ, влоги о нашей жизни, путешествиях, учебе, работе, друзьях, иммиграции, приключениях и о многом другом.
Memorial to the homosexual victims of the Holocaust
It was a touching memorial and with its cold concrete gave you a true feeling of the fear that the homosexuals lived in at that time.
Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust
00:02:03 1 Purge
00:08:05 2 Definition of homosexuality
00:10:40 3 Homosexuality and the SS
00:13:16 4 Concentration camps
00:17:07 4.1 Nazi experiments
00:20:13 5 Post-War
00:26:17 5.1 Early Holocaust and genocide discourse
00:30:01 6 Changes with the civil rights movement
00:34:31 7 Post-revisionist framing of the Gay Holocaust
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Upon the rise of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Party (the Nazi Party) in Germany, gay men and, to a lesser extent, lesbians, were two of the numerous groups targeted by the Nazis and were ultimately among Holocaust victims. Beginning in 1933, gay organizations were banned, scholarly books about homosexuality, and sexuality in general (such as those from the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft, run by Jewish gay rights campaigner Magnus Hirschfeld), were burned, and homosexuals within the Nazi Party itself were murdered. The Gestapo compiled lists of homosexuals, who were compelled to sexually conform to the German norm.
Between 1933 and 1945, an estimated 100,000 men were arrested as homosexuals, of whom some 50,000 were officially sentenced. Most of these men served time in regular prisons, and an estimated 5,000 to 15,000 of those sentenced were incarcerated in Nazi concentration camps. It is unclear how many of the 5,000 to 15,000 would die in the camps, but leading scholar Rüdiger Lautmann believes that the death rate of homosexuals in concentration camps may have been as high as 60%. Homosexuals in the camps suffered an unusual degree of cruelty by their captors. These estimates include only individuals singled out for their sexual orientation. Many others had already been sent to the camps simply based on their religion without need of other justification. Little study has been done to estimate the number of Jewish homosexuals who died in the camps.
After the war, the treatment of homosexuals in concentration camps went unacknowledged by most countries, and some men were even re-arrested and imprisoned based on evidence found during the Nazi years. It was not until the 1980s that governments began to acknowledge this episode, and not until 2002 that the German government apologized to the gay community. In 2005, the European Parliament adopted a resolution on the Holocaust which included the persecution of homosexuals.
Berlin. Germany. Ricordando le vittime
In Nazi Germany, homosexuality was persecuted to a degree unprecedented in history. In 1935, the National Socialists issued an order making all male homosexuality a crime; the provision governing homosexual behavior in Section 175 of the Criminal Code were significantly expanded and made stricter. A kiss was enough reason to prosecute. There were more than 50 000 convictions. Under Section 175, the punishment was imprisonment; in some cases, convicted offenders were castrated. Thousands of men were sent to concentration camps for being gay; many of them died there. They died of hunger, disease and abuse or were victims of targeted killings.
The National Socialists destroyed the communities of gay man and women. Female homosexuality was not persecuted, except in annexed Austria; the National Socialists did not find it as threatening as male homosexuality. However, lesbians who came into conflict with the regime were also subject to repressive measures. Under the Nazi regime, gay men and women lived in fear and under constant pressure to hide their sexuality.
For many years, homosexual victims of National Socialism were not included in public commemorations- neither in the Federal Republic of Germany nor in the German Democratic Republic. In both East and West Germany, homosexuality continued to be prosecuted for many years. In the Federal Republic, Section 175 remained in force without amendment until 1969.
Because of its history, Germany has a special responsibility to actively oppose the violation of gay' man and lesbian' human rights. In many part of the world, people continue to be persecuted for their sexuality, homosexual love remains illegal and kiss can be dangerous.
Petra Pau: Gedenkorte mahnen für die Zukunft!
Petra Pau ist Politikerin der Fraktion Die Linke und seit 2006 Vizepräsidentin des Deutschen Bundestages.
1983 wurde Petra Pau Mitglied der SED. Von Januar bis Oktober 1991 war sie Vorsitzende des PDS-Bezirksverbandes Berlin-Hellersdorf und anschließend bis Oktober 1992 stellvertretende PDS-Landesvorsitzende in Berlin. 1992 wurde sie zur Landesvorsitzenden der Berliner PDS gewählt. Dieses Amt bekleidete sie bis Dezember 2001 und war von 2000 bis 2002 außerdem stellvertretende PDS-Bundesvorsitzende.
Petra Pau gehörte von 1990 bis 1995 der Bezirksverordnetenversammlung von Berlin-Hellersdorf und von 1995 bis 1998 dem Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin an. Bei der Bundestagswahl 1998 gewann sie ihr erstes Direktmandat für den Deutschen Bundestag im Berliner Wahlkreis Berlin-Mitte-Prenzlauer Berg gegen Wolfgang Thierse, den damaligen Spitzenkandidaten der SPD, und Marianne Birthler, die damalige Spitzenkandidatin von Bündnis 90/Die Grünen. Pau ist auch danach als direkt gewählte Abgeordnete in den Bundestag eingezogen und gehörte gemeinsam mit Gesine Lötzsch als direkt gewählte, aber fraktionslose Abgeordnete weiterhin dem Bundestag an, nachdem die PDS bei der Bundestagswahl 2002 an der Fünf-Prozent-Hürde scheiterte.
Das Denkmal für die im Nationalsozialismus verfolgten Homosexuellen ist eine Gedenkstätte am Berliner Tiergarten, die am 27. Mai 2008 eingeweiht wurde. Das von dem dänisch-norwegischen Künstlerduo Michael Elmgreen und Ingar Dragset entworfene Denkmal ist ein 3,60 m hoher und 1,90 m breiter Steinquader, in dem ein Fenster eingelassen ist, durch das ein kurzer Film mit zwei einander küssenden Männern zu sehen ist. Die Errichtung des Denkmals wurde im Zuge der Diskussion über die Gestaltung des Denkmals für die ermordeten Juden Europas im Jahr 2003 vom Deutschen Bundestag gegen die Stimmen der CDU beschlossen.
Am Denkmal befindet sich eine Gedenktafel in deutscher und englischer Sprache, die auch an das Fortdauern der Verfolgungen in der Bundesrepublik und der DDR erinnert.
Das Denkmal soll gemäß Bundestagsbeschluss die verfolgten und ermordeten Opfer ehren, die Erinnerung an das Unrecht wach halten und ein beständiges Zeichen gegen Intoleranz, Feindseligkeit und Ausgrenzung gegenüber Schwulen und Lesben setzen.
Textauszug der Gedenktafel:
Aus seiner Geschichte heraus hat Deutschland eine besondere Verantwortung, Menschenrechtsverletzungen gegenüber Schwulen und Lesben entschieden entgegenzutreten. In vielen Teilen dieser Welt werden Menschen wegen ihrer sexuellen Identität heute noch verfolgt, ist homosexuelle Liebe strafbar und kann ein Kuss Gefahr bedeuten.
Mit diesem Denkmal will die Bundesrepublik Deutschland
die verfolgten und ermordeten Opfer ehren,
die Erinnerung an das Unrecht wach halten und
ein beständiges Zeichen gegen Intoleranz, Feindseligkeit und Ausgrenzung gegenüber Schwulen und Lesben setzen.
In Nazi Germany, homosexuality was persecuted to a degree unprecedented in history. In 1935, the National Socialists issued an order making all male homosexuality a crime; the provisions governing homosexual behaviour in Section 175 of the Criminal Code were significantly expanded and made stricter. A kiss was enough reason to prosecute. There were more than 50,000 convictions. Under Section 175, the punishment was imprisonment; in some cases, convicted offenders were castrated. Thousands of men were sent to concentration camps for being gay; many of them died there. They died of hunger, disease and abuse or were the victims of targeted killings.
The National Socialists destroyed the communities of gay men and women. Female homosexuality was not prosecuted, except in annexed Austria; the National Socialists did not find it as threatening as male homosexuality. However, lesbians who came into conflict with the regime were also subject to repressive measures. Under the Nazi regime, gay men and women lived in fear and under constant pressure to hide their sexuality.
For many years, the homosexual victims of National Socialism were not included in public commemorations -- neither in the Federal Republic of Germany nor in the German Democratic Republic. In both East and West Germany, homosexuality continued to be prosecuted for many years. In the Federal Republic, Section 175 remained in force without amendment until 1969.
Because of its history, Germany has a special responsibility to actively oppose the violation of gay men's and lesbians' human rights. In many parts of the world, people continue to be persecuted for their sexuality, homosexual love remains illegal and a kiss can be dangerous.
With this memorial, the Federal Republic of Germany intends
to honour the victims of persecution and murder,
to keep alive the memory of this injustice, and
to create a lasting symbol of opposition to enmity, intolerance and the exclusion of gay men and lesbians.
Heartland Men's Chorus performs at Nazi Persecution of Homosexuals 1933-1945 opening
Hear a snippet of one of the songs in the Heartland Men's Chorus' performance of Falling in Love Again performed at the opening of Nazi Persecution of Homosexuals 1933-1945 at the Miller Nichols Library, UMKC
Women in Nazi Germany | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Women in Nazi Germany
00:02:18 1 Background
00:04:15 1.1 Beginning of the Nazi regime
00:08:26 1.2 Withdrawal from higher education
00:12:44 1.3 Partial recovery of 1937
00:13:19 2 Nazi feminine ideal
00:13:28 2.1 New Woman
00:15:52 2.2 Prohibitions and obligations
00:17:35 2.3 Physical standards
00:18:46 2.4 Fashion
00:20:38 3 Regimentation of women
00:26:10 3.1 National Socialist Women's League
00:28:44 4 Second World War
00:33:04 4.1 In the army (Wehrmacht)
00:34:18 4.2 In the SS
00:37:28 4.3 In the camps
00:39:50 5 Female members of discriminated minorities
00:41:26 6 Female resistance to Nazism
00:44:15 7 High society and circles of power
00:46:06 7.1 Prominent women of Nazi Germany
00:46:16 8 Women during the collapse of Nazi Germany
00:48:10 8.1 Accountability for committed war crimes
00:50:44 8.2 Neo-Nazism
00:51:09 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Women in Nazi Germany were subject to doctrines of Nazism by the Nazi Party (NSDAP), promoting exclusion of women from political life of Germany along with its executive body as well as its executive committees. While the Nazi party decreed that women could be admitted to neither the Party executive nor to the Administrative Committee, this did not prevent numerous women from becoming party members. The Nazi doctrine elevated the role of German men, emphasizing their combat skills and the brotherhood among male compatriots.Women lived within a regime characterized by a policy of confining them to the roles of mother and spouse and excluding them from all positions of responsibility, notably in the political and academic spheres. The policies of Nazism contrasted starkly with the evolution of emancipation under the Weimar Republic, and is equally distinguishable from the patriarchal and conservative attitude under the German Empire. The regimentation of women at the heart of satellite organizations of the Nazi Party, as the Bund Deutscher Mädel or the NS-Frauenschaft, had the ultimate goal of encouraging the cohesion of the people's community Volksgemeinschaft.
First and foremost in the implied Nazi doctrine concerning women was the notion of motherhood and procreation for those of child-bearing ages. The Nazi model woman did not have a career, but was responsible for the education of her children and for housekeeping. Women only had a limited right to training revolving around domestic tasks, and were, over time, restricted from teaching in universities, from medical professions and from serving in political positions within the NSDAP. Many restrictions were lifted once wartime necessity dictated changes to policy later in the regime's existence. With the exception of Reichsführerin Gertrud Scholtz-Klink, no women were allowed to carry out official functions, however some exceptions stood out in the regime, either through their proximity to Adolf Hitler, such as Magda Goebbels, or by excelling in particular fields, such as filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl or aviator Hanna Reitsch.
Henceforth, while many women played an influential role at the heart of the Nazi system or filled official posts at the heart of the Nazi concentration camps, a few were engaged in the German resistance and paid with their lives, such as Libertas Schulze-Boysen or Sophie Scholl.