Reax as Hungarian man, 96, charged with WWII war crimes
(14 Feb 2011)
1. Wide of holocaust memorial by River Danube in Novi Sad where 1,200 civilians were drowned in 1942
2. Mid of monument
3. Close up of writing on monument
4. SOUNDBITE: (English) Ana Frenkel, Associate of the Simon Wiesenthal Centre in Novi Sad:
I feel totally satisfied that finally, but really finally, they started to prosecute him. Sandor Kepiro is going to be 97 in several days, so somehow it seems like a farce to charge him now and they should have started four and a half years ago.
5. Wreaths laid by holocaust monument
6. SOUNDBITE: (English) Ana Frenkel, Associate of the Simon Wiesenthal Centre in Novi Sad:
The Hungarian prosecutors should have really reacted earlier, but even now I am happy and satisfied that they are starting. It does not mean that they are going to finish the entire story. They just started.
7. Mid of River Danube in Novi Sad
8. Close up of River Danube
STORYLINE:
An associate of the Simon Wiesenthal Centre on Monday said she was totally satisfied that former Hungarian military officer Sandor Kepiro had finally been charged with crimes committed in Serbia in 1942, but said proceeding should have started much earlier.
Ana Frenkel said that it seemed like a farce to charge Kepiro so long after the event, and they should have started four and a half years ago.
Kepiro, 96, was charged with war crimes for the killing of four civilians during a 1942 mass slaughter of 1,200 people in Serbia, prosecutors said on Monday.
The charges against the former military officer stem from his alleged participation in a raid by Hungarian forces on the northern Serbian town of Novi Sad in January 1942 that left more than 1,200 civilians dead, the Budapest Investigating Prosecutor's Office said.
According to court papers, unidentified members of a patrol under Kepiro's command killed the four during the raid on January 23, 1942.
One of the victims, Irene Weisz, was shot while in bed.
Kepiro, who was at the top of the Simon Wiesenthal Centre's (named after the famed Nazi hunter) most-wanted war criminals list, returned to Hungary in 1996 after living for decades in Argentina.
Hungarian authorities reopened Kepiro's case after his whereabouts were uncovered in 2006 by the Wiesenthal Centre's chief Nazi hunter.
He has denied the charges.
Most of those killed in the raids in the wake of the Nazi occupation of Yugoslavia in World War II were Jews, Serbs and Gypsies, also known as Roma.
Some 550-thousand Hungarian Jews and 50-thousand Roma died in the Holocaust.
Kepiro said his task in Novi Sad was to supervise the identities of those being rounded up, but he denied knowing about the killings until after they were carried out.
The bodies were dumped into the Danube River.
In 1944, Kepiro was sentenced to 10 years in prison by a Hungarian military court for charges stemming from the Novi Sad raids, but the verdict was later annulled in a retrial.
Kepiro, at the time a gendarmerie captain, said he was a scapegoat in a show trial meant to exonerate his superiors.
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Hungarian man, 96, charged with WWII war crimes, reax in Jerusalem
(14 Feb 2011) SHOTLIST
Jerusalem - 14 February 2011
16:9
1. Set up shot of Efraim Zuroff, Wiesenthal Center's chief Nazi hunter looking at document
2. Tilt up of Zuroff showing picture of Kepiro UPSOUND (English) This is a picture of Sandor Kepiro.
3. Zuroff looking through file
4. SOUNDBITE (English) Efraim Zuroff, Wiesenthal Center's chief Nazi hunter:
Today the news was absolutely wonderful that the Hungarian authorities have finally decided to indict Doctor Sandor Kepiro, whom I exposed in Budapest in August of 2006, and one who played an important role in a massacre of at least 1,246 innocent civilians of the city of Novi Sad on January 23rd, 1942. So this has been a long time in coming.
5. Close up of photo of Kepiro
6. Close up name of Kepiro in document
7. SOUNDBITE (English) Efraim Zuroff, Wiesenthal Center's chief Nazi hunter:
So, today I feel very vindicated, very satisfied and now hopeful that the trial will take place as soon as possible so that he can actually be held accountable for his crimes.
8. Zuroff leafing through file
FILE: Budapest, Hungary - 7 October 2008
4:3
9. Various of Sandor Kepiro walking on sidewalk in front of his apartment in Budapest, greeted by journalist
10. Kepiro being greeted by journalist
11. SOUNDBITE (Hungarian) Sandor Kepiro, alleged war criminal:
They accuse me of killing 1000 Jews. Can you imagine killing 1000 Jews? I was nowhere near the executions - that was done by the military.
12. Cutaway Kepiro's hand
13. SOUNDBITE (Hungarian) Sandor Kepiro, alleged war criminal:
I was the only one who objected to the orders. I objected to any use of weapons because I thought to myself that sooner or later this would mean trouble for us.
14. Various shots of synagogue across from Kepiro's flat
15. Kepiro getting on tram in front of his flat
FILE: Novi Sad, Serbia - 6 October 2008
4:3
16. Wide pan of city
17. Various of monument dedicated to Jews, Serbs and Romas killed in World War II, by the Danube river
18. Pan across names on monument
19. Various exteriors of synagogue
20. SOUNDBITE (Serbian) Lea Ljubibratic, 80-year-old survivor from Novi Sad:
Terrible things happened. People were thrown into the river under the ice. All over the streets in the town there was blood. They would take people from their houses and shoot them on the street.
21. Cutaway of Lea's hands
22. SOUNDBITE (Serbian) Lea Ljubibratic, 80-year-old survivor from Novi Sad:
We have been suffering for 60 years. Even that man who was there, organised all that and committed all those crimes should be punished for that no matter how old he is. He should also feel that.
23. Close-up of Kepiro's picture from an article in newspaper
24. Various of monument dedicated to the Jews, Serbs and Romas killed in World War II, by the Danube river
25. Close-up of the river Danube
STORYLINE
A former Hungarian police officer has been charged with war crimes for the killing of four civilians during a 1942 mass slaughter of 1,200 people in Serbia, prosecutors said on Monday.
The charges against Sandor Kepiro, 96, stem from his alleged participation in a raid by Hungarian forces on the northern Serbian town of Novi Sad in January 1942 that left more than 1,200 civilians dead, the Budapest Investigating Prosecutor's Office said.
According to court papers, unidentified members of a patrol under Kepiro's command killed the four during the raid on January 23, 1942. One of the victims, Irene Weisz, was shot while in bed.
Kepiro, who was at the top of the Simon Wiesenthal Center's most-wanted war criminals list, returned to Hungary in 1996 after living for decades in Argentina.
Kepiro, who turns 97 on Friday, said he wants to return to his family in Argentina and stay there at a nursing home.
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Novi Sad // Promo Video
Српски: Промо видео Новог Сада, 2020.
* Неке од општих информација о Новом Саду налазе се у титловима.
English: Promo video of Novi Sad in Serbia, 2020.
* Some of the common informations about Novi Sad can be found in the subtitles.
If you like it, support my work and subscribe.
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© Ivan Kapetanović, 2020.
war crimes of USA and NATO: Attacco imperialistico e capitalista alla serbia
ringrazio Diego Fusaro per avermi concesso di ricaricare il video, link al suo canale:
Nestanak heroja / Disappearance of Heroes
Posle političkih promena u Srbiji mnoge ulice koje su bile nazvane po ličnostima iz Drugog svetskog rata su dobile nova imena. Film prati rad Komisije za imenovanje trgova i ulica grada Beograda, ujedno se baveći i reakcijama pojedinaca i grupa koje su tim promenama pogođene.
Reditelj: Ivan Mandić
Snimatelji: Ana Jelić, Ivica Đorđević, Ivan Mandić
Snimanje i obrada zvuka: Milutin Bešlić, Bojan Palikuća
Muzika: Ivan Stanković
Montaža: Vladimir Radovanović
Produkcija: Akademski filmski centar, 88min,2009
///
After recent political changes in Serbia, many streets in Belgrade named after persons and events of the World War II, changed their names. The film depicts the work of the Street and Squares Commission, appointed by the city of Belgrade, as well as reactions of individuals and groups impacted by recent changes.
Director: Ivan Mandić
Camera: Ana Jelić, Ivica Đorđević, Ivan Mandić
Sound: Milutin Bešlić, Bojan Palikuća
Music: Ivan Stanković
Editing: Vladimir Radovanović
Production: Akademski filmski centar, 88min, 2009
Nagrade / Awards
Regional Grand PRIX, Beldocs International Documentary Film Festival, 2009.
U.S. Bombers Blast Targets In North Vietnam 1967 FILM DIRECT
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U.S. fighter-bomber jets plaster North Vietnam communication and boat repair facilities in some of the heaviest raids of the war. Air Force jets strike close to Hanoi and the ground war moves to the North Vietnam border.
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German war crimes | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
German war crimes
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The governments of the German Empire and Nazi Germany ordered, organized and condoned a substantial number of war crimes in World War I and World War II respectively. The most notable of these is the Holocaust in which millions of Jews, Poles, and Romani were systematically murdered or died from abuse and mistreatment. Millions also died as a result of other German actions in those two conflicts. The true number of victims may never be known, since much of the evidence was deliberately destroyed by the perpetrators in an attempt to conceal the crimes.
Serbia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Serbia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Serbia (Serbian: Србија / Srbija [sř̩bija]), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: Република Србија / Republika Srbija [repǔblika sř̩bija]), is a country situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe in the southern Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans. The sovereign state borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; Macedonia to the south; Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the west. The country claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo. Serbia numbers around 7 million residents. Its capital, Belgrade, ranks among the oldest and largest cities in southeastern Europe.Following the Slavic migrations to the Balkans postdating the 6th century, Serbs established several sovereign states in the early Middle Ages which at times nominally recognized Byzantine, Frankish and Hungarian overrule. The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by the Vatican and Constantinople in 1217, reaching its peak in 1346 as a relatively short-lived Serbian Empire. By the mid-16th century, the entire modern-day Serbia was annexed by the Ottomans, at times interrupted by the Habsburg Empire, which started expanding towards Central Serbia from the end of the 17th century, while maintaining a foothold in modern-day Vojvodina. In the early 19th century, the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the region's first constitutional monarchy, which subsequently expanded its territory. Following disastrous casualties in World War I, and the subsequent unification of the former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina (and other territories) with Serbia, the country co-founded Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples, which would exist in various political formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s. During the breakup of Yugoslavia, the country declared independence in April 1992 as Serbia formed a union with Montenegro, which was peacefully dissolved in 2006. In 2008, the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence, with mixed responses from the international community.
Serbia is a member of the UN, CoE, OSCE, PfP, BSEC, CEFTA and it is acceding to the WTO. Since 2014 the country has been negotiating its EU accession with perspective of joining the European Union by 2025 and is the only country in the current enlargement agenda which is designated as free by Freedom House. Since 2007, Serbia formally adheres to the policy of military neutrality. An upper-middle income economy with a dominant service sector followed by the industrial sector and agriculture, the country ranks high by the Human Development Index (66th), Social Progress Index (45th) as well as the Global Peace Index (54th).
Serbia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Serbia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Serbia (Serbian: Србија / Srbija [sř̩bija]), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: Република Србија / Republika Srbija [repǔblika sř̩bija]), is a country situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe in the southern Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans. The sovereign state borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; Macedonia to the south; Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the west. The country claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo. Serbia numbers around 7 million residents. Its capital, Belgrade, ranks among the oldest and largest cities in southeastern Europe.Following the Slavic migrations to the Balkans postdating the 6th century, Serbs established several sovereign states in the early Middle Ages which at times nominally recognized Byzantine, Frankish and Hungarian overrule. The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by the Vatican and Constantinople in 1217, reaching its peak in 1346 as a relatively short-lived Serbian Empire. By the mid-16th century, the entire modern-day Serbia was annexed by the Ottomans, at times interrupted by the Habsburg Empire, which started expanding towards Central Serbia from the end of the 17th century, while maintaining a foothold in modern-day Vojvodina. In the early 19th century, the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the region's first constitutional monarchy, which subsequently expanded its territory. Following disastrous casualties in World War I, and the subsequent unification of the former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina (and other territories) with Serbia, the country co-founded Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples, which would exist in various political formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s. During the breakup of Yugoslavia, the country declared independence in April 1992 as Serbia formed a union with Montenegro, which was peacefully dissolved in 2006. In 2008, the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence, with mixed responses from the international community.
Serbia is a member of the UN, CoE, OSCE, PfP, BSEC, CEFTA and it is acceding to the WTO. Since 2014 the country has been negotiating its EU accession with perspective of joining the European Union by 2025 and is the only country in the current enlargement agenda which is designated as free by Freedom House. Since 2007, Serbia formally adheres to the policy of military neutrality. An upper-middle income economy with a dominant service sector followed by the industrial sector and agriculture, the country ranks high by the Human Development Index (66th), Social Progress Index (45th) as well as the Global Peace Index (54th).
Serbia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Serbia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Serbia (Serbian: Србија / Srbija [sř̩bija]), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: Република Србија / Republika Srbija [repǔblika sř̩bija]), is a country situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe in the southern Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans. The sovereign state borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; Macedonia to the south; Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the west. The country claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo. Serbia numbers around 7 million residents. Its capital, Belgrade, ranks among the oldest and largest cities in southeastern Europe.Following the Slavic migrations to the Balkans postdating the 6th century, Serbs established several sovereign states in the early Middle Ages which at times nominally recognized Byzantine, Frankish and Hungarian overrule. The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by the Vatican and Constantinople in 1217, reaching its peak in 1346 as a relatively short-lived Serbian Empire. By the mid-16th century, the entire modern-day Serbia was annexed by the Ottomans, at times interrupted by the Habsburg Empire, which started expanding towards Central Serbia from the end of the 17th century, while maintaining a foothold in modern-day Vojvodina. In the early 19th century, the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the region's first constitutional monarchy, which subsequently expanded its territory. Following disastrous casualties in World War I, and the subsequent unification of the former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina (and other territories) with Serbia, the country co-founded Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples, which would exist in various political formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s. During the breakup of Yugoslavia, the country declared independence in April 1992 as Serbia formed a union with Montenegro, which was peacefully dissolved in 2006. In 2008, the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence, with mixed responses from the international community.
Serbia is a member of the UN, CoE, OSCE, PfP, BSEC, CEFTA and it is acceding to the WTO. Since 2014 the country has been negotiating its EU accession with perspective of joining the European Union by 2025 and is the only country in the current enlargement agenda which is designated as free by Freedom House. Since 2007, Serbia formally adheres to the policy of military neutrality. An upper-middle income economy with a dominant service sector followed by the industrial sector and agriculture, the country ranks high by the Human Development Index (66th), Social Progress Index (45th) as well as the Global Peace Index (54th).
Serbia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:50 1 Etymology
00:04:55 2 History
00:05:04 2.1 Prehistory
00:05:52 2.2 Ancient history
00:07:51 2.3 Middle Ages
00:09:33 2.4 Ottoman and Habsburg rule
00:11:47 2.5 Revolution and independence
00:14:24 2.6 Balkan Wars, World War I and the First Yugoslavia
00:18:39 2.7 World War II and the Second Yugoslavia
00:22:56 2.8 Breakup of Yugoslavia and political transition
00:26:18 2.9 Recent history
00:27:51 3 Geography
00:30:34 3.1 Climate
00:33:24 3.2 Hydrology
00:35:08 3.3 Environment
00:38:38 4 Politics
00:40:49 4.1 Law and criminal justice
00:41:51 4.2 Foreign relations
00:44:09 4.3 Military
00:46:09 4.4 Administrative divisions
00:47:23 5 Demographics
00:50:30 5.1 Religion
00:52:20 5.2 Language
00:53:33 6 Economy
00:56:35 6.1 Agriculture
00:58:34 6.2 Industry
01:00:46 6.3 Energy
01:04:36 6.4 Transport
01:08:27 6.5 Telecommunications
01:09:21 6.6 Tourism
01:10:45 7 Education and science
01:15:11 8 Culture
01:17:14 8.1 Art and architecture
01:20:16 8.2 Literature
01:25:29 8.3 Music
01:31:11 8.4 Theatre and cinema
01:34:31 8.5 Media
01:37:51 8.6 Cuisine
01:39:24 8.7 Sports
01:45:06 9 Public holidays
01:45:23 10 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Serbia (Serbian: Србија / Srbija [sř̩bija]), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: Република Србија / Republika Srbija [repǔblika sř̩bija]), is a country situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe in the southern Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans. The sovereign state borders Hungary to the north, Romania to the northeast, Bulgaria to the southeast, Macedonia to the south, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the southwest. The country claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo. Serbia numbers around 7 million residents. Its capital, Belgrade, ranks among the oldest and largest cities in southeastern Europe.Inhabited since the Paleolithic Age, the Slavic migrations to the Balkans in the 6th century established several sovereign states in the early Middle Ages which at times nominally recognized Byzantine, Frankish and Hungarian overrule. The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by the Vatican and Constantinople in 1217, reaching its peak in 1346 as a relatively short-lived Serbian Empire. By the mid-16th century, the entire modern-day Serbia was annexed by the Ottomans, at times interrupted by the Habsburg Empire, which started expanding towards Central Serbia from the end of the 17th century, while maintaining a foothold in modern-day Vojvodina. In the early 19th century, the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the region's first constitutional monarchy, which subsequently expanded its territory. Following disastrous casualties in World War I, and the subsequent unification of the former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina (and other territories) with Serbia, the country co-founded Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples, which would exist in various political formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s. During the breakup of Yugoslavia, Serbia formed a union with Montenegro, which was peacefully dissolved in 2006. In 2008, the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence, with mixed responses from the international community.
Serbia is a member of the UN, CoE, OSCE, PfP, BSEC, CEFTA and it is acceding to the WTO. Since 2014 the country has been negotiating its EU accession with perspective of joining the European Union by 2025 and is the only country in the current enlargement agenda which is designated as free by Freedom House. Since 2007, Serbia formally adheres to the policy of military neutrality. An upper-middle income economy with a dominant service sector followed by the industrial sector and agriculture, the country ranks high by the Human Development Index (66th), Social Pr ...
Chetniks | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:42 1 Etymology
00:05:42 2 Background
00:05:52 2.1 Chetnik guerrilla (1903–18)
00:09:06 2.2 Interwar period
00:14:32 3 World War II
00:14:42 3.1 Formation and ideology
00:21:24 3.2 Early activities
00:27:23 3.3 Axis offensives
00:29:44 3.4 Composition
00:36:12 3.5 Axis collaboration
00:38:06 3.5.1 Collaboration with the Italians
00:45:41 3.5.2 Collaboration with the Independent State of Croatia
00:49:43 3.5.3 Case White
00:51:02 3.5.4 Collaboration with the Germans
00:58:00 3.5.5 Collaboration with the Government of National Salvation
01:02:20 3.5.6 Contacts with Hungary
01:04:43 3.6 Terror tactics and cleansing actions
01:17:10 3.7 Loss of Allied support
01:21:39 3.8 Cooperation with the Soviets
01:26:06 3.9 Retreat and dissolution
01:27:23 4 Aftermath
01:27:33 4.1 SFR Yugoslavia
01:31:10 5 Legacy
01:31:19 5.1 Yugoslav Wars
01:41:55 5.2 Serbian historiography
01:42:47 6 Contemporary period
01:42:58 6.1 Serbia
01:48:35 6.2 Montenegro
01:51:04 6.3 Bosnia and Herzegovina
01:55:22 6.4 Croatia
01:55:47 6.5 United States
01:56:14 6.6 Ukraine
01:57:14 7 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Speaking Rate: 0.8706087525482147
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Chetnik Detachments of the Yugoslav Army, commonly known as the Chetniks (Serbo-Croatian: Четници / Četnici, pronounced [tʃɛ̂tniːtsi]; Slovene: Četniki) and as the Yugoslav Army in the Homeland and The Ravna Gora Movement, was a Yugoslav royalist and Serbian nationalist movement in occupied Yugoslavia led by Draža Mihailović, which was anti-Axis in its long-term goals, and engaged in marginal resistance activities for limited periods. They also engaged in tactical or selective collaboration with the occupying forces for almost all of the war. The Mihailović Chetniks were not a homogeneous movement. The Chetnik movement adopted a policy of collaboration with regard to the Axis, and engaged in cooperation to one degree or another by establishing modus vivendi or operating as legalised auxiliary forces under Axis control. Over a period of time, and in different parts of the country, the Chetnik movement was progressively drawn into collaboration agreements: first with the Nedić forces in the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia, then with the Italians in occupied Dalmatia and Montenegro, with some of the Ustaše forces in northern Bosnia, and, after the Italian capitulation, with the Germans directly.The Chetniks were active in uprising against the Axis occupiers throughout 1941. Following the success of the Battle of Loznica, Mihailović's Chetniks were the first to liberate a European city from Axis control. Following this, German occupiers enacted Adolf Hitler's formula for suppressing anti-Nazi resistance in Eastern Europe, a ratio of 100 hostages executed for every German soldier killed and 50 hostages executed for every soldier wounded. In October 1941, German soldiers conducted two mass murder campaigns against Serbian civilians in Kraljevo and Kragujevac, with a combined death toll reaching over 4,500 civilians, convincing Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović that killing German troops would only result in further unnecessary deaths of tens of thousands of Serbs. As a result, he decided to scale back Chetnik guerrilla attacks and wait for an Allied landing in the Balkans. While Chetnik collaboration reached extensive and systematic proportions, the Chetniks themselves referred to their policy of collaboration as using the enemy. Professor Sabrina Ramet, a historian, has observed, Both the Chetniks' political program and the extent of their collaboration have been amply, even voluminously, documented; it is more than a bit disappointing, thus, that people can still be found who believe that the Chetniks were doing anything besides attempting to realize a vision of an ethnically homo ...
Josip Broz Tito | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Josip Broz Tito
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Josip Broz (Cyrillic: Јосип Броз, pronounced [jǒsip brôːz]; 7 May 1892 – 4 May 1980), commonly known as Tito (; Cyrillic: Тито, pronounced [tîto]), was a Yugoslav communist revolutionary and political leader, serving in various roles from 1943 until his death in 1980. During World War II, he was the leader of the Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in occupied Europe. While his presidency has been criticized as authoritarian and concerns about the repression of political opponents have been raised, some historians consider him a benevolent dictator. He was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad. Viewed as a unifying symbol, his internal policies maintained the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation. He gained further international attention as the chief leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, alongside Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Sukarno of Indonesia, and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana.Broz was born to a Croat father and Slovene mother in the village of Kumrovec, Austria-Hungary (now in Croatia). Drafted into military service, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest sergeant major in the Austro-Hungarian Army of that time. After being seriously wounded and captured by the Imperial Russians during World War I, he was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains. He participated in some events of the Russian Revolution in 1917 and subsequent Civil War. Upon his return home, Broz found himself in the newly established Kingdom of Yugoslavia, where he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ).
He was General Secretary (later Chairman of the Presidium) of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1939–1980) and went on to lead the World War II Yugoslav guerrilla movement, the Partisans (1941–1945). After the war, he was the Prime Minister (1944–1963), President (later President for Life) (1953–1980) of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). From 1943 to his death in 1980, he held the rank of Marshal of Yugoslavia, serving as the supreme commander of the Yugoslav military, the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA). With a highly favourable reputation abroad in both Cold War blocs, he received some 98 foreign decorations, including the Legion of Honour and the Order of the Bath.
Tito was the chief architect of the second Yugoslavia, a socialist federation that lasted from November 1942 until April 1992. Despite being one of the founders of Cominform, he became the first Cominform member to defy Soviet hegemony in 1948 and the only one in Joseph Stalin's time to manage to leave Cominform and begin with its own socialist program with elements of market socialism. Economists active in the former Yugoslavia, including Czech-born Jaroslav Vanek and Croat-born Branko Horvat, promoted a model of market socialism dubbed the Illyrian model, where firms were socially owned by their employees and structured on workers' self-management and competed with each other in open and free markets.
Our Miss Brooks: Another Day, Dress / Induction Notice / School TV / Hats for Mother's Day
Our Miss Brooks is an American situation comedy starring Eve Arden as a sardonic high school English teacher. It began as a radio show broadcast from 1948 to 1957. When the show was adapted to television (1952--56), it became one of the medium's earliest hits. In 1956, the sitcom was adapted for big screen in the film of the same name.
Connie (Constance) Brooks (Eve Arden), an English teacher at fictional Madison High School.
Osgood Conklin (Gale Gordon), blustery, gruff, crooked and unsympathetic Madison High principal, a near-constant pain to his faculty and students. (Conklin was played by Joseph Forte in the show's first episode; Gordon succeeded him for the rest of the series' run.) Occasionally Conklin would rig competitions at the school--such as that for prom queen--so that his daughter Harriet would win.
Walter Denton (Richard Crenna, billed at the time as Dick Crenna), a Madison High student, well-intentioned and clumsy, with a nasally high, cracking voice, often driving Miss Brooks (his self-professed favorite teacher) to school in a broken-down jalopy. Miss Brooks' references to her own usually-in-the-shop car became one of the show's running gags.
Philip Boynton (Jeff Chandler on radio, billed sometimes under his birth name Ira Grossel); Robert Rockwell on both radio and television), Madison High biology teacher, the shy and often clueless object of Miss Brooks' affections.
Margaret Davis (Jane Morgan), Miss Brooks' absentminded landlady, whose two trademarks are a cat named Minerva, and a penchant for whipping up exotic and often inedible breakfasts.
Harriet Conklin (Gloria McMillan), Madison High student and daughter of principal Conklin. A sometime love interest for Walter Denton, Harriet was honest and guileless with none of her father's malevolence and dishonesty.
Stretch (Fabian) Snodgrass (Leonard Smith), dull-witted Madison High athletic star and Walter's best friend.
Daisy Enright (Mary Jane Croft), Madison High English teacher, and a scheming professional and romantic rival to Miss Brooks.
Jacques Monet (Gerald Mohr), a French teacher.
Our Miss Brooks was a hit on radio from the outset; within eight months of its launch as a regular series, the show landed several honors, including four for Eve Arden, who won polls in four individual publications of the time. Arden had actually been the third choice to play the title role. Harry Ackerman, West Coast director of programming, wanted Shirley Booth for the part, but as he told historian Gerald Nachman many years later, he realized Booth was too focused on the underpaid downside of public school teaching at the time to have fun with the role.
Lucille Ball was believed to have been the next choice, but she was already committed to My Favorite Husband and didn't audition. Chairman Bill Paley, who was friendly with Arden, persuaded her to audition for the part. With a slightly rewritten audition script--Osgood Conklin, for example, was originally written as a school board president but was now written as the incoming new Madison principal--Arden agreed to give the newly-revamped show a try.
Produced by Larry Berns and written by director Al Lewis, Our Miss Brooks premiered on July 19, 1948. According to radio critic John Crosby, her lines were very feline in dialogue scenes with principal Conklin and would-be boyfriend Boynton, with sharp, witty comebacks. The interplay between the cast--blustery Conklin, nebbishy Denton, accommodating Harriet, absentminded Mrs. Davis, clueless Boynton, scheming Miss Enright--also received positive reviews.
Arden won a radio listeners' poll by Radio Mirror magazine as the top ranking comedienne of 1948-49, receiving her award at the end of an Our Miss Brooks broadcast that March. I'm certainly going to try in the coming months to merit the honor you've bestowed upon me, because I understand that if I win this two years in a row, I get to keep Mr. Boynton, she joked. But she was also a hit with the critics; a winter 1949 poll of newspaper and magazine radio editors taken by Motion Picture Daily named her the year's best radio comedienne.
For its entire radio life, the show was sponsored by Colgate-Palmolive-Peet, promoting Palmolive soap, Lustre Creme shampoo and Toni hair care products. The radio series continued until 1957, a year after its television life ended.