Museum of Experiments

2018 09 30 Walking to the Nizhny kremlin art museum for live theater

About 3:30 PM on a fine early autumn day, Irina and I walk through the park like grounds inside the Nizhny Novgorod fortress to the art museum, where we will be seeing an experimental theater performance held in the small, theater-like lecture hall of the museum.

Students at The Russian Museum

Student excursions to The Russian Museum, the largest collection of Russian art, by a professional Russian language teacher and a qualified guide.

Korean Cultural Center in Russia hosts Korean film festival in Nizhny Novogord

대한민국 첫경기 개최지인 니즈니노브고로드에서 한국 문화를 알리다
Modern diplomatic relations between South Korea and Russia began in 1990,... almost immediately after the fall of the Soviet Union.
And now, thanks in part to the World Cup being held in Russia,… cultural interaction between the two is increasing even further.
Won Jung-hwan reports.

In the city where South Korea will play their first match at the 2018 World Cup,… South Koreans have gathered to support the squad ahead of their first game... and to promote the country's image through a unique cultural event.
Looking to enhance the relationship between the two countries,… the Korean Cultural Center in Russia hosted a Korean film festival on Sunday for Russians living in Nizhny Novogord.
Some 100 local residents experienced some Korean culture,... watching the Korean football themed movie, On the Pitch, the perfect choice considering the World Cup action taking place in Russia.


Our center has been organizing the year of Korean film for three consecutive years. We've been showing different movie genres to Russians for free. Not only in Moscow, but in other cities as well.

This time they have chosen Nizhny Novgorod and Rostov-on-Don... as South Korea will play their first two World Cup games in the cities.
The Russians that came along had a lot of fun.


I watched the recent Winter Olympics held in South Korea and since then, I've been interested in Korean culture.


I love Korean music and culture. In fact, I've been studying Korean for more than two years now.

Since September 2006, the Korean Cultural Center in Russia has been playing an important role in spreading Korean culture in the country.
For well over a decade, the center has been organizing programs related to the arts, music, literature, film and cuisine.


With several more cultural events taking place throughout the 2018 World Cup,... the two countries will get to know each other a bit better. Won Jung-hwan, Arirang News, Nizhny Novgorod.

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RT explores Kaliningrad, Russia's exclave (2012)

Summery:The last part of tourism documentary series made by Russia Today. It explores the various charms of Kalinigrad, with its historical background. The region is famous for amber production and its craft, and the city Kaliningrad is also famous as the place where Immanuel Kant lived. The richness of various styles of architecture is also notable. Reporter seems to have enjoyed the shooting as a summer vacation.

The following is the short introduction by RT: The Kaliningrad region is truly a unique part of Russia. The country's westernmost point, it shares no borders with the rest of the mainland and is surrounded by the Baltic Sea, Poland and Lithuania. Annexed at the end of World War II, the region used to be part of East Prussia. It was famed as a centre of culture and commerce, the home of philosopher Immanuel Kant and the world's largest producer of raw amber. There have been many changes in the past few decades but the original German history and flavor is still very present. The centre of the capital, Kaliningrad, is a mix of waterways, parks and broad avenues that incorporate both modern and medieval architecture.
First impressions? This is a city that's doing very well for itself, and I was eager to find out more
Language:English
Location: Kaliningrad, Russia
Date Shot: June 04, 2012
Duration: 26:07
Original source and license:FreeVideo.RT.com

1897 - World's First Gridshell by Vladimir Shukhov

Vyksa Steel Production Hall, completed in: 1897
Location: Vyksa, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Privolzhsky (Volga) Federal District, Russia
Structural Type: Gridshell
Function / usage: Factory building
Designer: Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov
Technical information: shell, steel
Dimensions: width - 38.40 m, length - 73.00 m
Relevant Literature: Beckh, Matthias The First Doubly Curved Gridshell Structure - Shukhovs Building for the Plate Rolling Workshop in Vyksa, presented at Third International Congress on Construction History, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus, Germany , 20th-24th May 2009.



The First Doubly Curved Gridshell Structure - Shukhov's Building for the Plate Rolling Workshop in Vyksa.
In the year 1897, the renowned Russian engineer-polymath Vladimir Shukhov built a production hall in the town of Vyksa, a steel mill 150km southwest of Nizhny Novgorod. This building entails the first doubly curved gridshell structure. ... The production hall is on the vast premises of the Vyksa Steel Works, a manufacturer of metallurgical products, founded in 1757. The building was designed in 1897 and construction could be completed a year later. The building was in use until the 1980ies. Abandoned and neglected for more than two decades, the building is today in a disastrous state of repair. The construction with a footprint of 73.00m x 38.40m consists of five 14.60m wide bays, which are separated by four trussed arches. In the longitudinal direction, the building is braced by six vertical cantilevers, which are integrated into the front facades, and connected to the arches with tie rods.
The polygonal top chord of the frames provides the base for the grid shell. In the following, the construction of the arches and the front facade structure will be explicated.
Matthias Beckh, Rainer Barthel
TU München, Munich, Germany


En 1897, l'ingenieur russe Vladimir Shukhov a concu et construit un hall de production pour une entreprise siderurgique dans la ville de Vyksa, un batiment comportant la premiere structure de gridshell a double courbure (Beckh and Barthel 2009). Le batiment, d'une supercie de 73,00m x 38,40m se compose de cinq larges baies separees entre elles par quatre arcs en treillis. Dans le sens longitudinal, la construction est soutenue par six consoles verticales qui sont integrees dans les facades et reliees aux arcs par des tirants. A cette epoque, les gridshells n'etaient pas connus et il n'existe aucune preuve historique sur la fa»con dont Shukhov a genere la
forme de la structure.
Dr. Lina Bouhaya,

В Выксе на Выксунском металлургическом заводе находится уникальный памятник промышленной архитектуры и технического искусства, построенный великим русским инженером, архитектором, учёным и почётным академиком Владимиром Григорьевичем Шуховым в 1897 году. Это цех с первыми в мире парусообразными стальными сетчатыми перекрытиями-оболочками двоякой кривизны. Парусообразные перекрытия цеха — единственные сохранившиеся в России стальные сетчатые перекрытия-оболочки из более тридцати, возведённых по проектам В. Г. Шухова. В XXI веке, благодаря использованию компьютеров для расчёта конструкций, сетчатые оболочки-перекрытия используются ведущими архитекторами мира, такими как Лорд Норман Фостер, Заха Хадид, Сантьяго Калатрава, Поль Андре, Максимилиан Фуксас и другими.

Abandoned nuclear bunkers from Russia's Soviet past

(13 Apr 2017) LEADIN
An abandoned nuclear shelter in the Russian city of Nizny Novgorod is a haunting reminder of a cold war era in which the shutters between the Soviets and the world outside were firmly closed.
The city, once called Gorky was completely shut off and was reputed to be one of the Soviet's most protected cities, even Russians had to produce special authorisation to visit, work, or live there.
STORYLINE:
This nuclear shelter is a memory from another generation.
It was not long after the Second World War that relations began to sour between the expanded Soviet Union and western nations.
Suspicion and paranoia on both sides of what became known as the iron curtain led to fear and mistrust which escalated with the further development of nuclear bombs.
In Nizhny Novgorod, which during the cold war was known as Gorky, security was extremely tight.
That's because arms factories and large military installations were concentrated in the area.
In 1958, fears the area could becoming infiltrated by western spies prompted the Communist Party, led by Nikita Khrushchev, to declare Gorky closed.
The decree was in force until collapse of the Soviet Union.
Retired serviceman Igor Deryanin explains: In the event of an emergency, and God forbid nuclear attack, the population must be protected and sheltered. For this reason, there are stockpiles of protective equipment that have been kept in working condition and well preserved. Such shelters always existed, but have been paid little attention due to the economic situation.
Gorky was considered a prime target for US nuclear weapons and the building of these shelters proliferated.
The city became full of these underground shelters for local munitions workers hide in and the exact number of how many were built is still unknown.
Deryanin says: Under the settlement, or factory a few metres deep is a concreted room with a ventilation system with closed entrances and multi-level doors that were hermetically sealed. There should be supplies of water, medicines, protective equipment and even food. The amount depended on size of the contingent. Inside this one around fifty, hundred or even one hundred fifty people would be able to find cover.
This once offered local people a place of safety, now it's abandoned strewn with scattered gas masks, phones and medical kits.
Suits to protect people from hazardous chemicals hang on the wall, along with some posters and photographs which aim to be educational.
But even now the sealed doors are a reliable protection against hostile strangers.
The potential for future use of the shelter is dividing opinions in Russia almost sixty years after it was built.
Some argue that funding should be made available to restore and transform the shelter into the museum of Cold War, but owners of the building are not very keen on the project.
The director of the administration for civil defence and emergency situations in Niznhy Novgorod is now Alexander Simakov.
He says: This is a federal property, it does not belong to the city, and therefore the Federal Agency should make decision what happens to it next.
For retired military men like Deryabin it's a loss of history and he argues it is sad to see the deterioration of nuclear shelters which he believes were once symbols of Soviet strength.


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Hovercrafts race fragment. Соревнования судов на воздушной подушке, фрагмент

Hovercrafts race fragment. (Air-cushion vehicles, cushioncrafts race). Russia, Nizhny Novgorod, March 30 2013.
Соревнования судов на воздушной подушке, фрагмент. Нижний Новгород, 30 марта 2013 г.

The Real Game of Thrones ICE CAVE / YAKUTSK, RUSSIA

If you would like to visit here are the details:

Kingdom Permafrost
#1 of 80 things to do in Yakutsk according to TripAdvisor
Mountain Chochur Muran 7 km, 1,
Yakutsk 677008, Russia
+7 914 272-71-10

I would appreciate your support by using any of the following codes or donating to help me produce more content.

My UBER code: igort1083ue
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(use this link to get $33 credit on Airbnb booking)
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Music by Peyruis :

Bird park Netanya

RUSLAN SERGEEV

Born 1954 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

Designer – Sculptor. Specializing in big as well as in small forms. Elaborated his own technology (mosaic Trenacadis) in creating bio sculptures
One of the leading Israeli sculptors. Takes part in important architectural landscape projects in particular of the Ministry of building, National lottery, KKL etc.

1976-81 - Academy of Arts, Industrial design department. Minsk, Belorussia
1981-91 – Took Part in exhibitions Russia, Belorussia, Georgia, Germany
1985 – 91 – Lecturer in the Art School «Design»
1990 – Opened Design Studio «Art-Style» (Creative thinking development)
1991 – Personal exhibition «Idea, Form, Colour» The Art House, Minsk
1992 - Repatriation to Israel
1992 - «Stemazky» bought series of gift cards created by me
1994 - Invited to project «The best painters» of the Jerusalem municipality for design of the Kindergartens environment
1996 – Opened the Art-Studio «Ruslan-Art» - Design of landscape sculptures (small and big forms), Jerusalem
1997 – Personal exhibition (4 park sculptures). The Jerusalem Theatre Square
1998-2002 – The first places for four times in the Israeli contest «Design of the School Environment», Mif'al ha-Pais
2001 – Personal exhibition - Park sculpture «Dragon fly», The Modern Art Museum, Tel-Aviv
2002 – Took part in international exhibition «Euro Art». Paris
2003 - Took part in international exhibition «Euro Art». Geneva
2001-2004 – 5 sculptures - charity project «Jerusalem Lion»
2003 – The sculpture «Jerusalem Lion» which was donated by the Jerusalem municipality to Sankt-Petersburg on occasion of its 300 years anniversary (The Russian Ethnography Museum)
2004 – The name was put in «Who is Who in International Art», Geneva
2004 – Personal exhibition mosaic masks series «Jerusalem dreams», Paris
2005 – Took part in international contest «The Hotel «Observation» Project», Nazca, Peru
2007 – Invitation for representation of Israel in the international UN project «Buddy Bears», Berlin (and following exhibitions all over the world)
2009-2012 – Invitation for participation in international exhibitions-festivals «Modern Mosaic», Ravenna, Italy
2009 – Working out of the idea for the project «VIP House – Rainbow Tree» (h – 80m) with intensified seismology and mosaic shaping, Sochi, Russia
2010 – Invitation for participation in the international sculpture project «Olympic Sport Complex 2012», Sochi, Russia
2011 – Invitation through channels of the Israeli Foreign Office to Minsk Exhibition, lectures, interviews
2012 – Took part in the international contest for the environment of The National Mitterrand Library, Paris
2012 – Took part in the international sculpture contest and mobile exhibition. Murcia, Spain
2013 – 2016 – creating and installation of 10 meters high mosaic sculpture «The Dancing Mushroom» with observation site and internal wall paintings, KKL, Israel
2015 - Invitation through channels of the Israeli Foreign Office to Macedonia on occasion of 20 years of diplomatic relations. Exhibition, lectures, interview/ Bitola, Macedonia
2016 – Issue stamp «Lion (sculpture Ruslan Sergeev)», series «Tourism in Jerusalem», State Post of Israel 2016
1997 – 2016 – 33 exhibitions in Israel and abroad
1997 – 2016 – 90 landscape sculptures, 11 subject matter sculpture parks (Sound Park, Science Park for people with limited possibilities etc.)
A member of Associations: AIAP/IAA, UNESCO, Paris France, CAMA USA, IAMA ISRAEL

Russian Road Trip: Cheese, Steel and Brutal Techno | Alfa Future People

In our first official road trip for Russia Beyond Tim Kirby drives a big GAZelle NEXT van from the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow all the way to the Alfa Future People electronic music festival just outside of Nizhny Novgorod. First Tim goes through the tiny town of Petushki to visit the Bogdarnya farm where English immigrant cheesemaker John Kopiski makes fromage wonders. Next they stop of at the most a-typical small Russian town there is Sudogda to get a feel for life outside of Russia’s big cities. Next Tim drives to Murom, which many could consider to be Russia’s Smallville. After chomping down on a local kalach, Tim drives over to Vyksa where they make train wheels and massive steel pipes at the Vyksa Metal Works. After a brief snooze at the Delovoi Klub hotel Tim is treated by Vyksa locals to their regional cake which is made at the Nyeobychainoye Cafe in downtown Vyksa. Next Tim drives all the way to Nizhny Novgorod and takes a break to enjoy the view from the hills where the Azimut Hotel is located. After safely parking is 3.5 liter diesel beast, he rides in style to the up-scale Novo Restaurant using a Delimobil which is one of Russia’s most popular car sharing services. After dinner Tim takes to the landlocked “seas” on a yacht at the White River Yacht Club, then finally makes it to the beginning of the Alfa Future People electronic music festival in Bolshoye Kozino in the Nizhegorodskaya Region of Russia.

ℹ️

____________________________________

Special Thanks to:


ℹ️ Department of tourism and folk handicrafts development of Nizhny Novgorod region -

ℹ️ GAZ -

ℹ️ Bogdarnya -

ℹ️ Administration of Vyksa -

ℹ️ Hotel Delovoy Club -

ℹ️ Vyksa Steel Works -

ℹ️ Сafe chain Easy and Tasty -

ℹ️ AZIMUT HOTELl Nizhniy Novgorod -

ℹ️ Delimobil -

ℹ️ Novo Restaurant -

ℹ️ Yacht-club “Belaya rechka” -

ℹ️ Alfa Future People -

The 10 fastest Planes in the World

The Top Ten of the fastest aircraft in the world. Do you know the fastest plane in the world and his friends? Before we start - we at MiGFlug are very proud that we offered tourist flights in 3 of these insane!

Here they are - the ten fastest planes in the world:
1. North American X-15 (rocket plane - reached Mach 6.7 or 7200km/h)
2. Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird (fastest air breathing plane)
3. Lockheed YF-12 and A-12 Oxcart
4. Mikoyan MiG-15 Foxbat (fastest Soviet/Russian plane, fastest operational jet fighter in the world)
5. Bell X-2 Starbuster (experimental)
6. XB-70 Valkyrie - fastest bomber
7. Mikoyan MiG-31 Foxbat
8. Sukhoi Su-27, McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle
9. General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark
10. Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker
Read more about the fastest planes in the world here:

If you ask yourself which three of these jets MiGFlug.com offered for Civilian flights, here ist the answer: MiGFlug offered flights in the Su-27 Flanker from 2004-2006, flights in the MiG-25 Foxbat from 2004-2006, and finally in the MiG-31 Foxhound from 2006-2009. We offered Su-27 and MiG-25 from Zhukovsky airbase near Moscow, and the MiG-31 from Sokol airbase in Nizhny Novgorod.
Edge of Space flights up to 25km where available in both MiG-25 and later on with the MiG-31. Yes - those were the days! If you are interested in that topic - you can learn more here:

Bombing of Gorky in World War II | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Bombing of Gorky in World War II

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The bombing of Gorky (now known as Nizhny Novgorod) by the Luftwaffe continued from 1941 to 1943 in the Eastern Front theatre of World War II. The main purpose of the bombing was to destroy the industrial center of the city. Gorky Automobile Plant received the greatest damage. During the war, enemy bombers carried out 43 raids, 26 of which were at night. 33,934 incendiary bombs and 1,631 high-explosive bombs were dropped on the city. The bombings of Gorky were the most destructive blows by the Luftwaffe to the rear of the Soviet Union during the war.

Velikiy Novgorod street singer team. Sort by kant8w August 5, 2016

Velikiy Novgorod street singer team. Sort by kant8w 5-8-2016

Putin visits newly reconstructed Space Pavilion in Moscow

(12 Apr 2018) Russian President Vladimir Putin visited a newly reconstructed Space Pavilion in Moscow on Thursday.
Putin greeted former and current cosmonauts, thanking them for their achievements.
Putin's visit to the space centre came amidst rising tension in Syria.


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Russia 2018 Magazine: 'My Volgograd'

Let a friendly local from Volgograd introduce you to what they love about the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia™ host city.

More Russia 2018 Magazine features:


Destination - Russia:


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List of planetariums | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:00:13 1 Permanent planetariums
00:00:37 1.1 Africa
00:01:21 1.2 Asia
00:06:51 1.3 Europe
00:21:00 1.4 North America
00:21:09 1.4.1 Canada
00:22:56 1.4.2 Costa Rica
00:23:08 1.4.3 Mexico
00:25:50 1.4.4 United States
00:40:49 1.5 Oceania
00:41:41 1.6 South America
00:44:17 2 Planetarium computer software
00:45:02 3 Planetarium manufacturers
00:50:40 4 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:

Other Wikipedia audio articles at:

Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:

Speaking Rate: 0.9924122717036314
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C


I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
This entry is a list of permanent planetariums, including software and manufacturers. In addition, many mobile planetariums exist, touring venues such as schools.

Санкт-Петербург за несколько дней. Что посмотреть? A few days in St. Petersburg

Самое актуальное видео - гид по 3-4м дням в Санкт Петербурге. Куда сходить, что посмотреть, поесть, сэкономить. Наши выводы, эмоции и впечатления. Итоги отпуска.

Все выпуски о Санкт-Петербурге смотрите по ссылке:
Выпуски о Москве:

The most relevant video is a guide for 3-4 days in St. Petersburg. Where to go, what to see, eat, save. Our findings, emotions and impressions. The results of the vacation.

All vlogs about St. Petersburg, see the link:

Vlogs about Moscow:

Electric tram | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:02:17 1 Etymology and terminology
00:05:32 2 History
00:05:55 2.1 Horse-drawn
00:11:47 2.2 Steam
00:13:56 2.3 Cable-hauled
00:18:42 2.4 Gas
00:20:41 2.5 Electric
00:29:45 2.6 Other power sources
00:30:00 2.6.1 Battery
00:31:14 2.6.2 Human Power
00:32:13 2.6.3 Liquid fuel
00:33:03 2.6.4 Compressed air
00:33:18 2.6.5 Hydrogen
00:33:50 2.6.6 Hybrid
00:34:36 2.7 Modern development
00:35:27 3 Design
00:35:35 3.1 Single-ended vs double-ended
00:38:14 3.2 Articulated
00:39:42 3.3 Double decker
00:40:59 3.4 Drop-Centre (lowered central section)
00:41:49 3.5 Low floor
00:44:10 3.5.1 Ultra low floor
00:45:02 3.5.2 Pivoting bogie
00:45:47 3.6 Tram-train
00:46:44 3.7 Cargo tram
00:49:50 3.8 Tourist tram
00:50:24 3.9 Nursery tram
00:50:54 3.10 Hearse tram
00:52:19 3.11 Dog car
00:52:45 3.12 Restaurant tram
00:54:20 3.13 Mobile library service
00:54:59 3.14 Contractors' mobile office
00:55:28 3.15 Maintenance tram
00:56:23 3.16 Rubber-tyred tram
00:57:16 3.17 Other designs
00:57:24 3.17.1 Modular design
00:58:11 3.17.2 Modern styling
00:58:37 4 Operation
00:59:14 4.1 Track
01:01:19 4.2 Track gauge
01:02:31 4.3 Power supply
01:04:02 4.3.1 Ground-level power supply
01:05:12 4.4 Tram stop
01:05:47 4.5 Route
01:09:36 4.6 Controls
01:10:11 5 Manufacturing
01:10:39 6 Advantages
01:12:32 7 Disadvantages
01:14:14 8 By region
01:16:30 8.1 Statistics
01:19:28 8.2 Major tram and light rail systems
01:31:17 8.3 Africa
01:31:25 8.4 Asia
01:34:25 8.5 Europe
01:35:24 8.6 North America
01:39:17 8.7 Oceania
01:43:53 8.8 South America
01:45:09 9 Incidents
01:47:53 10 Tram modelling
01:50:39 11 In popular culture
01:50:54 11.1 Literature
01:57:59 11.2 Music
01:59:28 11.3 Film
02:02:44 11.4 Television
02:03:33 11.5 Visual arts
02:05:42 11.6 Drama
02:06:12 11.7 Ballet
02:06:29 11.8 Opera
02:06:45 11.9 Other
02:07:54 12 See also
02:08:03 12.1 Tram types
02:08:12 12.2 Trams by region



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:

Other Wikipedia audio articles at:

Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:

Speaking Rate: 0.8924788607054737
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-A


I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
A tram (in North America streetcar or trolley) is a rail vehicle which runs on tramway tracks along public urban streets; some include segments of segregated right-of-way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways. Historically the term electric street railways was also used in the United States. In the United States, the term tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tyred trackless trains, which are not related to the other vehicles covered in this article.
Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than main line and rapid transit trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph sliding on an overhead line; older systems may use a trolley pole or a bow collector. In some cases by a contact shoe on a third rail is used. If necessary, they may have dual power systems—electricity in city streets, and diesel in more rural environments. Occasionally, trams also carry freight.

Trams are now commonly included in the wider term light rail, which also includes grade-separated systems. Some trams, known as tram-trains, may have segments that run on mainline railway tracks, similar to interurban systems. The differences between these modes of rail transport are often indistinct, and a given system may combine multiple features.
One of the advantages over earlier forms of transit was the low rolling resistance of metal wheels on steel rails, allowing the animals to haul a greater load for a given effort. Problems included the fact that any given animal could only work so many hours on a given day, had to be housed, groomed, fed and cared for day in and day out, and produced prodigious amounts of manure, which the streetcar company was charged with disposing of. Electric trams largely replaced animal power in the late 19th and early 20th century. Improvements in other forms of road transport ...

Документальный фильм: Электропоезд ЭР2 часть 1 / ER2 EMU train documentary part1 (with eng subs)

Документальный фильм: Электропоезд ЭР2 часть 1
ER2 EMU documentary part1

в дополнение выражаю благодардность за помощь в создании фильма музею железных дорог России

Вторая часть фильма: / Part 2 of the documentary:

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Turning The Art World Inside Out (HD, eng/ru subs)

Arts Documentary hosted by Alan Yentob, published by BBC broadcasted as part of BBC Imagine series in 2013.

After the huge success of recent shows in Venice, London and Paris, interest in Outsider Art has never been higher. But what exactly is it? How do we define it? And who are its gurus and leading lights? Alan Yentob explores this captivating, compelling and magical alternative art universe.

English subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd.

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Документальный фильм из серии BBC Imagine (2013).

После огромного успеха на недавних выставках в Венеции, Лондоне и Париже, интерес к искусству аутсайдеров ещё никогда не был так силён. Но чем именно является такое искусство? Какое определение ему дать? И кто является в нём гуру и путеводным светом? Алан Йентоб исследует эту захватывающую, магическую альтернативную вселенную в искусстве.

Русские субтитры мои.