WW2 Japanese war crimes - Japanese Invasion of China 1937-1944 (World war II two -Asian Holocaust)
The total number of military and non-military casualties, both dead and wounded, at 35 million.[Most Western historians believed that the total number of casualties was at least 20 million.
The official PRC statistics for China's civilian and military casualties in the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945 are 20 million dead and 15 million wounded. The figures for total military casualties, killed and wounded are: NRA 3.2 million; Communist 500,000.
The official account of the war published in Taiwan reported that the Nationalist Chinese Army lost 3,238,000 men (1,797,000 wounded, 1,320,000 killed, and 120,000 missing) and 5,787,352 civilians casualties putting the total number of casualties at 9,025,352. The Nationalists fought in 22 major engagements, most of which involved more than 100,000 troops on both sides, 1,171 minor engagements most of which involved more than 50,000 troops on both sides, and 38,931 skirmishes.
An academic study published in the United States estimates military casualties: 1.5 million killed in battle, 750,000 missing in action, 1.5 million deaths due to disease and 3 million wounded; civilian casualties: due to military activity, killed 1,073,496 and 237,319 wounded; 335,934 killed and 426,249 wounded in Japanese air attacks.
According to historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta, at least 2.7 million civilians died during the kill all, loot all, burn all operation (Three Alls Policy, or sanko sakusen) implemented in May 1942 in north China by general Yasuji Okamura and authorized on December 3, 1941 by Imperial Headquarter Order number 575.
The property loss suffered by the Chinese was valued at 383 billion US dollars according to the currency exchange rate in July 1937, roughly 50 times the gross domestic product of Japan at that time (US$7.7 billion).
In addition, the war created 95 million refugees.
Japanese war crimes
Included with total war dead are victims of Japanese war crimes.
R. J. Rummel estimates the civilian victims of Japanese democide at 5,424,000. Detailed by country: China 3,695,000; Indochina 457,000; Korea 378,000; Indonesia 375,000; Malaya-Singapore 283,000; Philippines 119,000, Burma 60,000 and Pacific Islands 57,000.
Rummel estimates POW deaths in Japanese custody at 539,000 Detailed by country: China 400,000; French Indochina 30,000; Philippines 27,300; Netherlands 25,000; France 14,000; Britain 13,000; British Colonies 11,000; US 10,700; Australia 8,000.
Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian deaths at 20,365,000. Detailed by country: China 12,392,000; Indochina 1,500,000; Korea 500,000; Dutch East Indies 3,000,000; Malaya and Singapore 100,000; Philippines 500,000; Burma 170,000; Forced laborers in Southeast Asia 70,000, 30,000 interned non-Asian civilians; Timor 60,000; Thailand and Pacific Islands 60,000.
Gruhl estimates POW deaths in Japanese captivity at 331,584. Detailed by country: China 270,000; Netherlands 8,500; Britain 12,433; Canada 273; Philippines 20,000; Australia 7,412; New Zealand 31; and the United States 12,935.
Out of 60,000 Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore, 11,000 died in captivity.
There were 14,657 deaths among the total 130,895 western civilians interned by the Japanese due to famine and disease
Nanking Massacre | Wikipedia audio article
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Nanking Massacre
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Nanjing Massacre, or Rape of Nanjing, was an episode of mass murder and mass rape committed by Japanese troops against the residents of Nanjing (Nanking), then the capital of the Republic of China, during the Second Sino-Japanese War. In the Postal romanization system used at the time, the city's name was transliterated as Nanking, and the event called the Nanking Massacre or Rape of Nanking.
The massacre occurred over a period of six weeks starting on December 13, 1937, the day that the Japanese captured Nanjing. During this period, soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army murdered Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants who numbered an estimated 40,000 to over 300,000, and perpetrated widespread rape and looting.Since most Japanese military records on the killings were kept secret or destroyed shortly after the surrender of Japan in 1945, historians have been unable to accurately estimate the death toll of the massacre. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Tokyo estimated in 1946 that over 200,000 Chinese were killed in the incident. China's official estimate is more than 300,000 dead based on the evaluation of the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal in 1947. The death toll has been actively contested among scholars since the 1980s.The event remains a contentious political issue and a stumbling block in Sino-Japanese relations. The Chinese government has been accused of exaggerating aspects of the massacre such as the death toll, while historical negationists and Japanese nationalists go as far as claiming the massacre was fabricated for propaganda purposes. The controversy surrounding the massacre remains a central issue in Japanese relations with other Asia-Pacific nations as well, such as South Korea.Although the Japanese government has admitted to the killing of a large number of non-combatants, looting, and other violence committed by the Imperial Japanese Army after the fall of Nanjing, and Japanese veterans who served there have confirmed that a massacre took place, a small but vocal minority within both the Japanese government and society have argued that the death toll was military in nature and that no such crimes ever occurred. Denial of the massacre and revisionist accounts of the killings have become a staple of Japanese nationalism. In Japan, public opinion of the massacre varies, but few deny outright that the event occurred.
Cultural Revolution | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Cultural Revolution
00:02:37 1 Background
00:02:46 1.1 Great Leap Forward
00:06:03 1.2 Sino-Soviet split and anti-revisionism
00:08:05 1.3 Precursor
00:10:40 1.3.1 February Outline
00:12:06 2 Early stage: mass movement
00:12:16 2.1 May 16 notification
00:14:20 2.2 Early mass rallies
00:17:01 2.3 Bombard the headquarters
00:20:17 2.4 Red Guards and the destruction of the Four Olds
00:26:46 2.5 Radicals expand power (1967)
00:30:17 2.6 1968
00:32:05 3 Lin Biao phase
00:32:14 3.1 Transition of power
00:34:29 3.2 PLA gains pre-eminent role
00:37:56 3.3 Flight of Lin Biao
00:41:24 4 Gang of Four and their downfall
00:41:35 4.1 Antagonism towards Zhou and Deng
00:46:08 4.2 Death of Zhou Enlai
00:47:39 4.3 Tiananmen Incident
00:49:34 4.4 Death of Mao and Arrest of the Gang of Four
00:50:58 5 Aftermath
00:54:08 6 Policy and effect
00:58:29 6.1 Education
01:01:43 6.2 Slogans and rhetoric
01:04:29 6.3 Arts and literature
01:09:25 6.3.1 Propaganda art
01:11:54 6.4 Historical relics
01:14:10 6.5 Struggle sessions and purges
01:16:44 6.5.1 Death toll
01:17:53 6.6 Ethnic minorities
01:21:09 7 Legacy
01:21:18 7.1 China
01:21:26 7.1.1 Communist Party opinions
01:24:52 7.1.2 Alternative opinions
01:27:37 7.1.3 Contemporary China
01:29:18 7.2 Outside mainland China
01:30:50 7.3 Academic debate
01:34:41 8 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in China from 1966 until 1976. Launched by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China (CPC), its stated goal was to preserve CPC-style Communism by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society, and to re-impose Mao Zedong Thought (known outside China simply as Maoism) as the dominant ideology within the Party. The Revolution marked Mao's return to a position of power after the failures of his Great Leap Forward. The movement paralyzed China politically and negatively affected both the economy and society of the country to a significant degree.
The movement was launched in May 1966, after Mao alleged that bourgeois elements had infiltrated the government and society at large, aiming to restore capitalism. To eliminate his rivals within the Communist Party of China, Mao insisted that revisionists be removed through violent class struggle. China's youth responded to Mao's appeal by forming Red Guard groups around the country. The movement spread into the military, urban workers, and the Communist Party leadership itself. It resulted in widespread factional struggles in all walks of life. In the top leadership, it led to a mass purge of senior officials, most notably Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping. During the same period, Mao's personality cult grew to immense proportions.
In the violent struggles that ensued across the country, millions of people were persecuted and suffered a wide range of abuses including public humiliation, arbitrary imprisonment, torture, hard labor, sustained harassment, seizure of property and sometimes execution. A large segment of the population was forcibly displaced, most notably the transfer of urban youth to rural regions during the Down to the Countryside Movement. Historical relics and artifacts were destroyed and cultural and religious sites were ransacked.
Mao officially declared the Cultural Revolution to have ended in 1969, but its active phase lasted until the death of military leader and proposed Mao successor Lin Biao in 1971. After Mao's death and the arrest of the Gang of Four in 1976, reformers led by Deng Xiaoping gradually began to dismantle the Maoist policies associated with the Cultural Revolution. In 1981, the Party declared that the Cultural Revolution was responsible for the most severe setback and the heaviest losses suffered by the Party, the country, and the people since the founding of the People's Republic.
Chiang Kai-shek | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Chiang Kai-shek
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Chiang Kai-shek (; 31 October 1887 – 5 April 1975), also known as Generalissimo Chiang or Chiang Chungcheng and romanized as Chiang Chieh-shih or Jiang Jieshi, was a politician and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China between 1928 and 1975, first in mainland China until 1949 and then in exile in Taiwan. He was recognized by much of the world as the head of the legitimate government of China until the late 1960s and early 1970s.
Chiang was an influential member of the Kuomintang (KMT), the Chinese Nationalist Party, as well as a close ally of Sun Yat-sen's. Chiang became the Commandant of the Kuomintang's Whampoa Military Academy and took Sun's place as leader of the KMT following the Canton Coup in early 1926. Having neutralized the party's left wing, Chiang then led Sun's long-postponed Northern Expedition, conquering or reaching accommodations with China's many warlords.From 1928 to 1948, Chiang served as chairman of the National Government of the Republic of China (ROC). Chiang was socially conservative, promoting traditional Chinese culture in the New Life Movement. Unable to maintain Sun's good relations with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), Chiang purged them in a massacre at Shanghai and repressed uprisings at Kwangtung (Canton region) and elsewhere.
At the onset of the Second Sino-Japanese War, which later became the Chinese theater of World War II, Manchurian warlord Zhang Xueliang kidnapped Chiang and obliged him to establish a Second United Front with the CCP. After the defeat of the Japanese, the American-sponsored Marshall Mission, an attempt to negotiate a coalition government, failed in 1946. The Chinese Civil War resumed, with the CCP led by Mao Zedong defeating the KMT and declaring the People's Republic of China in 1949. Chiang's government and army retreated to Taiwan, where Chiang imposed martial law and persecuted critics in a period known as the White Terror. After evacuating to Taiwan, Chiang's government continued to declare its intention to retake mainland China. Chiang ruled Taiwan securely as President of the Republic of China and General of the Kuomintang until his death in 1975, just one year before Mao's death.Like Mao, Chiang is regarded as a controversial figure. Supporters credit him with playing a major part in the Allied victory of World War II and unifying the nation and a national figure of the Chinese resistance against Japan as well as his staunch anti-Soviet and anti-communist stance. Detractors and critics denounce him as a dictator at the front of an authoritarian autocracy who suppressed and purged opponents and critics and arbitrarily incarcerated those he deemed as opposing to the Kuomintang among others.
Rethinking Pei: A Centenary Symposium, Panel 3: Power, Capital, and People
Panel 3 Participants:
Seng Kuan, moderator
Edward Eigen: “I. M. Pei and the ‘Big Plan’: The Several Lives of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum”
André Bideau: “Between the Superblock and the Pyramid. I. M. Pei and Araldo Cossutta at La Défense”
Cole Roskam: “The Fragrant Hill Hotel: Reassessing the Politics of Tradition and Abstraction in China’s Early Reform Era”
Shirley Surya: “Pei's Office and Singapore's Urban Core: Corporate Architecture, Symbolic Aestheticization and Economic Pragmatism”
Kellogg Wong: “I. M. Pei & Partners, the Pei Team, and Singapore”
A two-part symposium examining the work and life of I. M. Pei from multiple vantage points. Organized by the Harvard GSD with M+, Hong Kong, and the Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong.
Ieoh Ming Pei is one of the most celebrated yet under-theorized architects of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Although Pei’s six-decade career is mostly identified with his unwavering interest in cultural synthesis and the power of pure geometrical form, his modes of practice demand further investigation of their intertwinement with the multiple historical and discursive moments of modern architecture. The two-day symposium will include panel discussions and scholarly presentations that showcase new research on Pei’s manifold contributions to the built environment. Notable alumni from Pei’s office will discuss the emergence of a new kind of architectural practice in the postwar era. Among the topics to be addressed in the paper sessions are technological innovations with concrete, the glass curtain wall, and structural designs; Pei’s longstanding affinities for China’s landscape and vernacular traditions; his legacy on major urban spaces in Boston and other cities around the world; and the increasingly global and transnational conditions of architectural production that Pei successfully navigated. Organized with M+, the new museum for visual culture being built in Hong Kong, this symposium is part of a yearlong celebration of the 100th birthday of Ieoh Ming (I. M.) Pei MArch ’46. Both I. M. and his wife, Eileen Pei GSD ’44, studied at the Harvard Graduate School of Design, as did their sons Chien Chung (Didi) Pei, AB ’68, MArch ’72, and Li Chung (Sandi) Pei, AB ’72, MArch ’76. Pei was also an assistant professor of architecture at the GSD. In March the GSD held a panel discussion, led by Harry Cobb AB ’47, MArch ’49, which focused on the formative years of I. M. Pei’s career as well as some of his special friendships, influences, and projects.
A second symposium, co-organized by M+ and the Department of Architecture at the University of Hong Kong, will be held in Hong Kong on December 14-15.
These two symposia are made possible with the generous support of the C Foundation.
Relics associated with Buddha | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Relics associated with Buddha
00:00:09 1 Division of the relics
00:01:07 2 Spread of the relics by Ashoka
00:03:54 3 Relics in Afghanistan
00:05:12 4 Relics in America
00:05:36 5 Relics in Bangladesh
00:06:02 6 Relics in Bhutan
00:06:22 7 Relics in Cambodia
00:07:26 8 Relics in China
00:10:55 9 Relics in India
00:15:26 10 Relics in Indonesia
00:15:40 11 Relics in Japan
00:16:36 12 Relics in Korea
00:17:31 13 Relics in Laos
00:18:00 14 Relics in Malaysia
00:19:14 15 Relics in Mongolia
00:19:41 16 Relics in Myanmar
00:21:54 17 Relics in Nepal
00:22:42 18 Relics in Pakistan
00:23:35 19 Relics in Persia
00:24:42 20 Relics in Russia
00:25:07 21 Relics in Singapore
00:25:28 22 Relics in Sri Lanka
00:30:24 23 Relics in Thailand
00:31:26 24 Relics in Tibet
00:31:55 25 Relics in Vietnam
00:32:28 26 Relics in Heaven
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
According to Mahaparinibbana Sutta, after his death, the Buddha was cremated and the ashes divided among his followers.
Axis powers | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Axis powers
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Axis powers (German: Achsenmächte; Italian: Potenze dell'Asse; Japanese: 枢軸国 Sūjikukoku), also known as the Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis, were the nations that fought in World War II against the Allies. The Axis powers agreed on their opposition to the Allies, but did not completely coordinate their activity.
The Axis grew out of the diplomatic efforts of Germany, Italy, and Japan to secure their own specific expansionist interests in the mid-1930s. The first step was the treaty signed by Germany and Italy in October 1936. Benito Mussolini declared on 1 November that all other European countries would from then on rotate on the Rome–Berlin axis, thus creating the term Axis. The almost simultaneous second step was the signing in November 1936 of the Anti-Comintern Pact, an anti-communist treaty between Germany and Japan. Italy joined the Pact in 1937. The Rome–Berlin Axis became a military alliance in 1939 under the so-called Pact of Steel, with the Tripartite Pact of 1940 leading to the integration of the military aims of Germany, Italy and Japan.
At its zenith during World War II, the Axis presided over territories that occupied large parts of Europe, North Africa, and East Asia. There were no three-way summit meetings and cooperation and coordination was minimal, with slightly more between Germany and Italy. The war ended in 1945 with the defeat of the Axis powers and the dissolution of their alliance. As in the case of the Allies, membership of the Axis was fluid, with some nations switching sides or changing their degree of military involvement over the course of the war.
Axis powers of World War II | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:54 1 Origins and creation
00:03:29 1.1 Initial proposals of a German–Italian alliance
00:08:43 1.2 Danube alliance, dispute over Austria
00:15:38 1.3 Development of German–Italian–Japanese alliance
00:18:52 2 Ideology
00:19:24 3 Economic resources
00:21:48 4 Founding members of the Axis
00:21:58 4.1 Germany
00:22:06 4.1.1 War justifications
00:37:12 4.1.2 History
00:42:34 4.1.3 Colonies and dependencies
00:47:52 4.2 Italy
00:48:00 4.2.1 War justifications
00:51:19 4.2.2 History
01:09:43 4.2.3 Colonies and dependencies
01:09:51 4.2.3.1 In Europe
01:13:13 4.2.3.2 In Africa and Asia
01:14:02 4.3 Japan
01:14:10 4.3.1 War justifications
01:16:26 4.3.2 History
01:21:09 4.3.3 Colonies and dependencies
01:22:11 5 Subsequent signatories of the Tripartite Pact
01:22:59 5.1 Bulgaria
01:26:17 5.2 Hungary
01:30:15 5.3 Romania
01:36:28 5.4 Yugoslavia (two day membership)
01:38:00 6 Co-belligerent state combatants
01:38:23 6.1 Finland
01:42:48 6.2 Free City of Danzig
01:43:24 6.3 Iraq
01:45:47 6.4 Thailand
01:49:20 7 Client states
01:49:29 7.1 German
01:50:45 7.1.1 Albania (under German control)
01:52:33 7.1.2 Serbia (Nedic Regime Puppet Government under German control)
01:55:28 7.1.3 Italy (Italian Social Republic)
01:56:20 7.1.4 Slovakia (Tiso regime)
01:58:19 7.2 Italian
01:58:36 7.2.1 Monaco
01:59:30 7.3 Joint German-Italian client states
01:59:40 7.3.1 Croatia (Independent State of Croatia)
02:04:32 7.3.2 Greece (Hellenic State)
02:06:10 7.4 Japanese
02:06:33 7.4.1 Burma (Ba Maw regime)
02:07:06 7.4.2 Cambodia
02:08:40 7.4.3 China (Reorganized National Government of China)
02:11:33 7.4.4 India (Provisional Government of Free India)
02:13:08 7.4.5 Inner Mongolia (Mengjiang)
02:14:52 7.4.6 Laos
02:16:35 7.4.7 Manchuria (Manchukuo)
02:18:14 7.4.8 Philippines (Second Republic)
02:19:12 7.4.9 Vietnam (Empire of Vietnam)
02:19:59 8 Controversial cases
02:20:22 8.1 Denmark
02:22:52 8.2 Soviet Union
02:27:25 8.3 Spain
02:30:51 8.4 Vichy France
02:38:02 9 German, Italian and Japanese World War II cooperation
02:38:14 9.1 German-Japanese Axis-cooperation
02:38:25 9.2 Germany's and Italy's declaration of war against the United States
02:41:28 10 See also
02:42:20 11 Notes
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Speaking Rate: 0.9743517129971768
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-E
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Axis powers (German: Achsenmächte; Italian: Potenze dell'Asse; Japanese: 枢軸国 Sūjikukoku), also known as Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis (also acronymized as Roberto), were the nations that fought in World War II against the Allies. The Axis powers agreed on their opposition to the Allies, but did not completely coordinate their activity.
The Axis grew out of the diplomatic efforts of Germany, Italy, and Japan to secure their own specific expansionist interests in the mid-1930s. The first step was the treaty signed by Germany and Italy in October 1936. Benito Mussolini declared on 1 November that all other European countries would from then on rotate on the Rome–Berlin axis, thus creating the term Axis. The almost simultaneous second step was the signing in November 1936 of the Anti-Comintern Pact, an anti-communist treaty between Germany and Japan. Italy joined the Pact in 1937. The Rome–Berlin Axis became a military alliance in 1939 under the so-called Pact of Steel, with the Tripartite Pact of 1940 leading to the integration of the military aims of Germany, Italy and Japan.
At its zenith during World War II, the Axis presided over territories that occupied large parts of Europe, North Africa, and East Asia. There were no three-way summit meetings and cooperation and coordination was minimal, with slightly more between Germany and Italy. The war ended in 1945 with the defeat of the Axis powers and the dissolution of their alliance. As in the case of the Allies, membership of the Axis was fluid, ...
Axis Powers | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Axis Powers
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Axis powers (German: Achsenmächte; Italian: Potenze dell'Asse; Japanese: 枢軸国 Sūjikukoku), also known as the Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis, were the nations that fought in World War II against the Allies. The Axis powers agreed on their opposition to the Allies, but did not completely coordinate their activity.
The Axis grew out of the diplomatic efforts of Germany, Italy, and Japan to secure their own specific expansionist interests in the mid-1930s. The first step was the treaty signed by Germany and Italy in October 1936. Benito Mussolini declared on 1 November that all other European countries would from then on rotate on the Rome–Berlin axis, thus creating the term Axis. The almost simultaneous second step was the signing in November 1936 of the Anti-Comintern Pact, an anti-communist treaty between Germany and Japan. Italy joined the Pact in 1937. The Rome–Berlin Axis became a military alliance in 1939 under the so-called Pact of Steel, with the Tripartite Pact of 1940 leading to the integration of the military aims of Germany, Italy and Japan.
At its zenith during World War II, the Axis presided over territories that occupied large parts of Europe, North Africa, and East Asia. There were no three-way summit meetings and cooperation and coordination was minimal, with slightly more between Germany and Italy. The war ended in 1945 with the defeat of the Axis powers and the dissolution of their alliance. As in the case of the Allies, membership of the Axis was fluid, with some nations switching sides or changing their degree of military involvement over the course of the war.
Hebei | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:44 1 History
00:07:56 2 Geography
00:09:16 2.1 Climate
00:09:51 3 Administrative divisions
00:10:42 3.1 Urban areas
00:10:51 4 Politics
00:11:25 5 Economy
00:13:09 5.1 Economic and technological development zones
00:13:25 6 Demographics
00:14:44 6.1 Religion
00:16:52 7 Culture
00:18:36 8 Notable individuals
00:19:12 9 Media
00:19:24 10 Transportation
00:21:36 11 Tourism
00:23:56 12 Sports
00:24:30 13 Education
00:27:41 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.9550108284721958
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Hebei (河北; alternately Hopeh) is a province of China in the North China region. The modern province was established in 1911 as Chihli Province (Zhili Province). Its capital and largest city is Shijiazhuang. Its one-character abbreviation is 冀 (Jì), named after Ji Province, a Han dynasty province (zhou) that included what is now southern Hebei. The name Hebei literally means north of the river, referring to its location entirely to the north of the Yellow River.The modern province Chili Province was formed in 1911, when the central government dissolved the central governed area of Chihli, which means Directly Ruled (by the Imperial Court) until it was renamed as Hebei in 1928. A common alternate name for Hebei is Yānzhào (燕趙), after the state of Yan and state of Zhao that existed here during the Warring States period of early Chinese history.
Beijing and Tianjin Municipalities, which border each other, were carved out of Hebei. The province borders Liaoning to the northeast, Inner Mongolia to the north, Shanxi to the west, Henan to the south, and Shandong to the southeast. Bohai Bay of the Bohai Sea is to the east. A small part of Hebei, Sanhe Exclave, consisting of Sanhe, Dachang Hui Autonomous County, and Xianghe County, an exclave disjointed from the rest of the province, is wedged between the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin.
With a population of over 74 million people, Hebei is China's sixth most populous province. The Han majority comprise 96% of the population, followed by a minority of Manchu, Hui and Mongol peoples.
Hebei | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Hebei
00:01:27 1 History
00:07:41 2 Geography
00:08:58 2.1 Climate
00:09:33 3 Administrative divisions
00:10:16 3.1 Urban areas
00:10:25 4 Politics
00:10:58 5 Economy
00:12:41 5.1 Economic and technological development zones
00:12:58 6 Demographics
00:14:17 6.1 Religion
00:16:26 7 Culture
00:18:11 8 Notable individuals
00:18:47 9 Media
00:18:59 10 Transportation
00:21:11 11 Tourism
00:23:32 12 Sports
00:24:06 13 Education
00:27:18 14 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Hebei (河北; formerly romanised as Hopeh) is a province of China in the North China region. The modern province was established in 1911 as Zhili Province or Chihli Province. Its one-character abbreviation is 冀 (Jì), named after Ji Province, a Han dynasty province (zhou) that included what is now southern Hebei. The name Hebei literally means north of the river, referring to its location entirely to the north of the Yellow River.The modern province Chili Province was formed in 1911 after the central government dissolved the central governed area of Chihli, which means Directly Ruled (by the Imperial Court) until it was renamed as Hebei in 1928.
Beijing and Tianjin Municipalities, which border each other, were carved out of Hebei. The province borders Liaoning to the northeast, Inner Mongolia to the north, Shanxi to the west, Henan to the south, and Shandong to the southeast. Bohai Bay of the Yellow Sea is to the east. A small part of Hebei, Sanhe Exclave, consisting of Sanhe, Dachang Hui Autonomous County, and Xianghe County, an exclave disjointed from the rest of the province, is wedged between the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin.
A common alternate name for Hebei is Yānzhào (燕趙), after the state of Yan and state of Zhao that existed here during the Warring States period of early Chinese history.
Dallas | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:39 1 History
00:02:49 1.1 Pre-colonial settlement
00:04:04 1.2 Settlement and development
00:05:45 1.3 20th and 21st centuries
00:08:43 2 Geography
00:09:50 2.1 Architecture
00:11:26 2.2 Neighborhoods
00:11:35 2.2.1 Central Dallas
00:12:34 2.2.2 East Dallas
00:13:29 2.2.3 Southern Dallas
00:15:55 2.3 Districts
00:16:05 2.4 Topography
00:21:22 2.5 Climate
00:28:17 3 Demographics
00:35:47 3.1 Religion
00:41:19 3.2 Crime
00:42:40 4 Economy
00:53:58 5 Arts and culture
00:54:08 5.1 Cuisine
00:54:31 5.2 Arts and museums
01:00:34 5.3 Libraries
01:01:24 5.4 Events
01:03:24 5.5 Places of interest
01:03:34 6 Sports
01:04:16 6.1 Major league
01:07:36 6.2 Minor league
01:08:36 6.3 College
01:10:00 7 Parks and recreation
01:11:25 7.1 Fair Park
01:12:00 7.2 Klyde Warren Park
01:13:13 7.3 Turtle Creek Park
01:14:04 7.4 Lake Cliff Park
01:14:57 7.5 Reverchon Park
01:16:16 7.6 Trinity River Project
01:17:10 7.7 Katy Trail
01:18:08 7.8 Preserves
01:19:14 7.9 Dallas Zoo
01:19:40 8 Government
01:19:49 8.1 Local
01:21:15 8.2 Federal and state
01:22:04 8.3 Politics
01:24:30 9 Education
01:24:56 9.1 Colleges and universities
01:25:33 9.1.1 Colleges and universities in the Dallas city limits
01:30:56 9.1.2 Colleges and universities in the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area
01:34:38 9.1.3 University Research Center
01:34:46 9.2 Other area colleges and universities
01:36:34 9.3 Primary and secondary schools
01:39:32 9.3.1 Private schools
01:40:48 10 Media
01:45:43 11 Infrastructure
01:45:53 11.1 Health care
01:47:34 11.2 Police and fire
01:48:42 12 Transportation
01:50:45 12.1 Highways
01:53:06 12.2 Transit systems
01:57:13 12.3 Airports
01:59:23 12.4 Utilities
02:00:13 13 Sister cities
02:01:12 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7961081067452137
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Dallas () is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. With an estimated 2017 population of 1,341,075, it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio. Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea. It is the most populous city in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.3 million people as of 2017. Dallas is the seat of Dallas County. Sections of the city extend into Collin, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties.
Dallas and nearby Fort Worth initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton, cattle, and later oil in North and East Texas. The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas's prominence as a transportation hub, with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it. Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center, and a major inland port, due to the convergence of major railroad lines, interstate highways, and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, one of the largest and busiest airports in the world.Dallas is rated a beta(+) global city. The economy of Dallas is considered diverse, with dominant sectors including defense, financial services, information technology, telecommunications, and transportation. It serves as the headquarters for 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits. The Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies, including American Airlines (Fort Worth), ExxonMobil (Irving), and J.C. Penney (Plano). The city has a population from a myriad of ethnic and religious backgrounds and the sixth-largest LGBT population in the United States.
Relics associated with Buddha | Wikipedia audio article | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Relics associated with Buddha | Wikipedia audio article
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
According to Mahaparinibbana Sutta, after his death, the Buddha was cremated and the ashes divided among his followers.
Dallas, Texas | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:39 1 History
00:07:55 2 Geography
00:09:08 2.1 Architecture
00:10:32 2.2 Neighborhoods
00:10:59 2.2.1 Central Dallas
00:11:49 2.2.2 East Dallas
00:12:38 2.2.3 South Dallas
00:14:33 2.3 Districts
00:14:41 2.4 Topography
00:19:07 2.5 Climate
00:24:57 3 Demographics
00:28:01 3.1 Race and ethnicity
00:32:36 3.2 Sexual orientation and gender identity
00:33:26 3.3 Religion
00:38:12 3.4 Crime
00:39:24 4 Economy
00:49:18 5 Arts and culture
00:49:28 5.1 Arts and museums
00:54:51 5.2 Libraries
00:55:36 5.3 Places of interest
00:55:45 5.4 Events
00:57:30 5.5 Cuisine
00:57:50 6 Sports
00:58:30 6.1 Major league
01:01:35 6.2 Minor league
01:02:57 6.3 College
01:04:12 7 Parks and recreation
01:05:27 7.1 Fair Park
01:05:57 7.2 Klyde Warren Park
01:07:01 7.3 Turtle Creek Parkway park
01:07:47 7.4 Lake Cliff Park
01:08:34 7.5 Reverchon Park
01:09:46 7.6 Trinity River Project
01:10:34 7.7 Katy Trail
01:11:26 7.8 Preserves
01:12:25 7.9 Dallas Zoo
01:12:48 8 Government
01:12:57 8.1 Local
01:14:13 8.2 Federal and state
01:14:56 8.3 Politics
01:17:04 9 Education
01:17:28 9.1 Colleges and universities
01:17:59 9.1.1 Colleges and universities within Dallas city limits
01:22:24 9.1.2 Colleges and universities within Dallas County
01:25:21 9.1.3 University Research Center
01:25:28 9.1.4 Other area colleges and universities
01:25:38 9.2 Primary and secondary schools
01:28:12 9.2.1 Private schools
01:29:19 10 Media
01:33:34 11 Infrastructure
01:33:43 11.1 Public safety
01:34:36 11.2 Health care
01:36:08 11.3 Utilities
01:36:53 12 Transportation
01:38:41 12.1 Highways
01:40:43 12.2 Airports
01:42:36 12.3 Transit systems
01:45:58 13 Sister cities
01:46:49 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.901467974109907
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-E
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Dallas () is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the seat of Dallas County, with portions extending into Collin, Denton, Kaufman and Rockwall counties. With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,047, it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio. Located in North Texas, the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea. It is the most populous city in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people as of 2018. The city's combined statistical area is the seventh-largest in the U.S. as of 2017, with 7,846,293 residents.Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton, cattle and later oil in North and East Texas. The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas's prominence as a transportation hub, with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it. Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port, due to the convergence of major railroad lines, interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, one of the largest and busiest airports in the world.Dallas is a beta(+) global city. Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense, financial services, information technology, telecommunications, and transportation. Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits. The Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies, including American Airlines (Fort Worth), ExxonMobil (Irving), and J. C. Penney (Plano). Over 41 colleges and universities are in its metropolitan area which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas. The city has a population from a myriad of ethnic and religious backgrounds and one of the largest LGBT co ...
Teaching the Holocaust and Genocide
Title: Teaching the Holocaust and Genocide
October 9, 2007
Lecturer: Paul Lyons, Stockton University
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