Igor Josifov (Игор Јосифов) performing 'Огонь внутри’ (Fire Within) in Kaliningrad, Russia
'Огонь внутри’ at Ворота
Video by: Alexandr Podoprigorov
????
#ПРОСТОКОСМОС
curated by Андрей Епишин & Александра Мигунова-Тиханюк
ГЦСИ-Калининград ????
Baltic Branch of the National Centre for Contemporary Arts (Kaliningrad NCCA)
Особая благодарность / special thanks to European Cultural Centre Russia - RS Art Forum
«Огонь внутри» — это перформативный проект македонского художника Игоря Иосифова, главным медиумом в котором выступает пламя. Художник работает с метафорой пожара, тем самым напоминая зрителям, что огонь скрыт в каждом из нас. Для Иосифова же этот проект в первую очередь — путь к исследованию свободы и самого себя.
«Процесс горения дает мне понимание того, где я на самом деле нахожусь в данный момент своей жизни. В процессе перформанса я танцую танго с огнем. Я должен быть предельно внимателен и осторожен; должен контролировать свое дыхание и каждое свое движение. Но в то же время я должен доверять огню и понимать его», — рассказывает художник о своем проекте.
Проект «Огонь внутри» существует более десяти лет. В зависимости от контекста и условий само пламя присутствует в разных формах: живого огня, видеопроекции, обожженных фрагментов материи и бумаги.
CLOSE STRANGER. Polish-Lithuanian-Russian cooperation and cultural exchanges in years 2013/2015
The project was run by the Baltic Branch of the National Centre for Contemporary Arts (Kaliningrad, Russia), the Laznia Centre for Contemporary Art (Gdansk, Poland) and Klaipeda Culture Communication Centre (Klaipeda, Lithuania). By using a meaningful clash between the notions of “our” and “alien” we the partner institutions tried to explore and interpret the natural or imposed prejudices, stereotypes and contradictions that inhabit our territorial neighborhood, as well as attempted to find the “common” that makes us truly close and interesting, bound by amity and sympathy. Russian, Polish and Lithuanian curators, artists, art critics, writers, journalists and experts had to go to the core of this mythic duality that both unites and tears apart the three countries. “Are we close or are we strangers?” and how can we answer a question “What do we really know about each other?”. The film presents both the documentation of the activities carried out as well as reflections of people involved in this project.
Contemporary Military Forum #8: Converged & Integrated Solutions for the Future
The increasingly complex operational environment requires a level of joint integration never before achieved. To fight and win these multi-domain battles in the future, the Army, in conjunction with the other Services must create converged and integrated Joint Force DOTMLPF-P solutions from the beginning.
«Калининград и Кенигсберг - это несопоставимые цивилизации». Дмитрий Булатов
???? Блок Северо-запад / Калининград / Современное искусство
Дмитрий Булатов: «Калининград и Кенигсберг — это несопоставимые цивилизации»
Художник, теоретик искусства, куратор Калининградского филиала Государственного центра современного искусства (ГЦСИ)
???? Содержание:
- Как в Калиниграде появился центр современного искусства? 00:18
- Почему Калининград? Насколько это важно? 03:38
- Что такое arts&science, которыми Вы занимаетесь? 06:14
- Автоматы Аллаха 08:14
???? Дополнительные материалы на сайте:
???? Центральная тема «Карты России» – гражданское общество. В фокусе – личные инициативы, способные преображать среду: центр реабилитации для наркозависимых во Пскове, уроки компьютерной грамотности на карельском в деревне под Петрозаводском, программа по спасению портовых складов XIX века от сноса, организованная в Нижнем Новгороде.
Курс разделен на восемь блоков, представляющих восемь крупных российских регионов. Зонирование зачастую не соответствуют административному делению РФ – регионы в «Карте России» сформированы по принципу культурно-исторической общности городов и областей.
???? Свободное онлайн образование
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Lithuania | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Lithuania
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Lithuania ( (listen); Lithuanian: Lietuva [lʲɪɛtʊˈvɐ]), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of northern-eastern Europe. Since its independence, Lithuania has been referred to as one of the Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, to the east of Sweden and Denmark. It is bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) to the southwest. Lithuania has an estimated population of 2.8 million people as of 2017, and its capital and largest city is Vilnius. Other major cities are Kaunas and Klaipėda. Lithuanians are a Baltic people. The official language, Lithuanian, along with Latvian, is one of only two living languages in the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family.
For centuries, the southeastern shores of the Baltic Sea were inhabited by various Baltic tribes. In the 1230s, the Lithuanian lands were united by Mindaugas, the King of Lithuania, and the first unified Lithuanian state, the Kingdom of Lithuania, was created on 6 July 1253. During the 14th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the largest country in Europe; present-day Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, and parts of Poland and Russia were the territories of the Grand Duchy. With the Lublin Union of 1569, Lithuania and Poland formed a voluntary two-state union, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth lasted more than two centuries, until neighbouring countries systematically dismantled it from 1772 to 1795, with the Russian Empire annexing most of Lithuania's territory.
As World War I neared its end, Lithuania's Act of Independence was signed on 16 February 1918, declaring the founding of the modern Republic of Lithuania. In the midst of the Second World War, Lithuania was first occupied by the Soviet Union and then by Nazi Germany. As World War II neared its end and the Germans retreated, the Soviet Union reoccupied Lithuania. On 11 March 1990, a year before the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union, Lithuania became the first Baltic state to declare itself independent, resulting in the restoration of an independent State of Lithuania.
Lithuania is a member of the European Union, the Council of Europe, eurozone, Schengen Agreement, NATO and OECD. It is also a member of the Nordic Investment Bank, and part of Nordic-Baltic cooperation of Northern European countries. The United Nations Human Development Index lists Lithuania as a very high human development country.
Vera Kichanova - Libertad en Rusia: una perspectiva libertaria
FundaLib trae a Vera Kichanova a la sede del Instituto Juan de Mariana para que nos hable de los retos a los que se enfrenta la libertad en la Federación Rusa de Vladimir Putin, de las dificultades que encuentran los disidentes del régimen y de los esfuerzos que se pueden hacer para luchar contra la represión estatal de Moscú desde un punto de vista libertario.
Vilnius
Vilnius (Lithuanian pronunciation: [ˈvʲɪlʲnʲʊs] ( ); see also other names) is the capital of Lithuania, and its largest city, with a population of 539,939 (806,308 together with Vilnius County) as of 2014. Vilnius is located in the southeast part of Lithuania and is the second biggest city of the Baltic states.
Vilnius is the seat of the Vilnius city municipality and of the Vilnius district municipality. It is also the capital of Vilnius County. The first known written record of Vilnius as the Lithuanian capital is known from Gediminas' letters in 1323.
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Creative Commons image source in video
Lithuania | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:29 1 Etymology
00:05:50 2 History
00:05:59 2.1 Prehistory
00:08:26 2.2 Grand Duchy of Lithuania
00:16:47 2.3 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
00:21:58 2.4 Russian Empire
00:25:21 2.5 20th and 21st centuries
00:25:32 2.5.1 1918–1939
00:31:50 2.5.2 1939–1944
00:37:52 2.5.3 1944–1990
00:42:37 2.5.4 1990–present
00:46:28 3 Geography
00:49:11 3.1 Climate
00:52:17 3.2 Environment
00:54:56 3.3 Biodiversity
00:58:40 4 Politics
00:58:49 4.1 Government
01:01:33 4.2 Political parties and elections
01:05:51 4.3 Law and law enforcement
01:10:31 4.4 Administrative divisions
01:12:50 4.5 Foreign relations
01:18:33 4.6 Military
01:22:47 5 Economy
01:30:12 5.1 Companies
01:30:26 5.2 Agriculture
01:32:56 5.3 Science and technology
01:38:57 5.4 Tourism
01:41:10 6 Infrastructure
01:41:19 6.1 Communication
01:44:00 6.2 Transport
01:47:25 6.3 Water supply and sanitation
01:49:20 6.4 Energy
01:53:11 7 Demographics
01:55:39 7.1 Ethnic groups
01:58:51 7.2 Urbanization
02:00:04 7.3 Health
02:03:23 7.4 Religion
02:06:46 7.5 Education
02:11:38 8 Culture
02:11:47 8.1 Lithuanian language
02:14:36 8.2 Literature
02:19:19 8.3 Architecture
02:21:10 8.4 Arts and museums
02:23:39 8.5 Theatre
02:25:15 8.6 Cinema
02:27:24 8.7 Music
02:31:34 8.7.1 Rock and protest music
02:33:55 8.8 Cuisine
02:37:44 8.9 Media
02:40:05 8.10 Public holidays and festivals
02:41:38 8.11 Sports
02:44:52 9 International rankings
02:45:16 10 See also
02:45:35 11 Notes
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7972919104589201
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-E
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Lithuania ( (listen); Lithuanian: Lietuva [lʲɪɛtʊˈvɐ]), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. Since its independence, Lithuania has been referred to as one of the Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, to the east of Sweden and Denmark. It is bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) to the southwest. Lithuania has an estimated population of 2.7 million people as of 2018, and its capital and largest city is Vilnius. Other major cities are Kaunas and Klaipėda. Lithuanians are Baltic people. The official language, Lithuanian, along with Latvian, is one of only two living languages in the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family.
For centuries, the southeastern shores of the Baltic Sea were inhabited by various Baltic tribes. In the 1230s, the Lithuanian lands were united by Mindaugas, the King of Lithuania, and the first unified Lithuanian state, the Kingdom of Lithuania, was created on 6 July 1253. During the 14th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the largest country in Europe; present-day Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, and parts of Poland and Russia were the territories of the Grand Duchy. With the Lublin Union of 1569, Lithuania and Poland formed a voluntary two-state personal union, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth lasted more than two centuries, until neighbouring countries systematically dismantled it from 1772 to 1795, with the Russian Empire annexing most of Lithuania's territory.
As World War I neared its end, Lithuania's Act of Independence was signed on 16 February 1918, declaring the founding of the modern Republic of Lithuania. In the midst of the Second World War, Lithuania was first occupied by the Soviet Union and then by Nazi Germany. As World War II neared its end and the Germans retreated, the Soviet Union reoccupied Lithuania. On 11 March 1990, a year before the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union, Lithuania became the first Baltic state to declare itself independent, resulting in the restoration of an independent State of Lithuania.
Lithuania is a member of the European Union, the Council of Eu ...
A Conversation with Vladimir Putin, Continued 2010 (English Subtitles)
16 december 2010
Television channels Rossiya and Rossiya 24 and radio stations Mayak and Vesti FM have started broadcasting the annual Q&A session, A Conversation with Vladimir Putin, Continued
video
Imperial Russia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Imperial Russia
00:03:52 1 History
00:04:31 1.1 Population
00:05:08 1.2 Foreign relations
00:05:17 1.3 Eighteenth century
00:05:26 1.3.1 Peter the Great (1672–1725)
00:09:04 1.3.2 Catherine the Great (1762–1796)
00:12:09 1.3.3 State budget
00:13:14 1.4 First half of the nineteenth century
00:18:47 1.5 Second half of the nineteenth century
00:23:31 1.5.1 Alexander III
00:25:02 1.6 Early twentieth century
00:27:59 1.7 War, revolution, collapse
00:30:59 2 Territory
00:31:08 2.1 Boundaries
00:33:14 2.2 Geography
00:33:52 2.3 Territorial development
00:37:34 2.4 Imperial territories
00:39:52 3 Government and administration
00:41:42 3.1 Emperor
00:43:17 3.2 Imperial Council
00:44:31 3.3 State Duma and the electoral system
00:46:42 3.4 Council of Ministers
00:47:48 3.5 Most Holy Synod
00:48:17 3.6 Senate
00:49:15 3.7 Administrative divisions
00:50:37 4 Judicial system
00:52:26 5 Local administration
00:52:54 5.1 Municipal dumas
00:53:57 5.2 Baltic provinces
00:55:08 6 Economy
00:55:17 6.1 Mining and Heavy Industry
00:55:26 7 Infrastructure
00:55:35 7.1 Railways
00:56:44 7.2 Seaports
00:56:53 8 Religion
00:58:30 9 Military
00:59:03 10 Society
01:00:06 10.1 Estates
01:01:23 10.2 Serfdom
01:02:42 10.3 Peasants
01:05:00 10.4 Landowners
01:07:37 10.5 Media
01:08:15 11 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Russian Empire (Russian: Российская Империя, tr. Rossiyskaya Imperiya) also known as Imperial Russia or simply Russia (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya) was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.The third largest empire in world history, stretching over a massive three continents, the Russian Empire was surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires. The rise of the Russian Empire happened in association with the decline of neighboring rival powers: the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Persia and the Ottoman Empire. It played a major role in 1812–1814 in defeating Napoleon's ambitions to control Europe and expanded to the west and south.
The House of Romanov ruled the Russian Empire from 1721 until 1762, and its German-descended cadet branch, the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov, ruled from 1762. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea in the south, from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Pacific Ocean, into Alaska and Northern California in America on the east. With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census, it had the third-largest population in the world at the time, after Qing China and India. Like all empires, it included a large disparity in terms of economics, ethnicity, and religion. There were numerous dissident elements, who launched numerous rebellions and assassination attempts; they were closely watched by the secret police, with thousands exiled to Siberia.
Economically, the empire had a predominantly agricultural base, with low productivity on large estates worked by serfs, Russian peasants (until they were freed in 1861). The economy slowly industrialized with the help of foreign investments in railways and factories. The land was ruled by a nobility (the boyars) from the 10th through the 17th centuries, and subsequently by an emperor. Tsar Ivan III (1462–1505) laid the groundwork for the empire that later emerged. He tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. Emperor Peter the Great (1682–1725) fought numerous wars and expanded an already huge empire into a major European power. He moved the capital from Moscow to the new model city of St. Petersburg, and led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social a ...
Lithuania | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:44 1 Etymology
00:04:35 2 History
00:04:44 2.1 Prehistory
00:06:40 2.2 Grand Duchy of Lithuania
00:13:13 2.3 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
00:17:31 2.4 Russian Empire
00:20:11 2.5 20th and 21st centuries
00:20:21 2.5.1 1918–1939
00:25:18 2.5.2 1939–1944
00:30:02 2.5.3 1944–1990
00:33:46 2.5.4 1990–present
00:36:48 3 Geography
00:38:57 3.1 Climate
00:41:24 3.2 Environment
00:43:30 3.3 Biodiversity
00:46:29 4 Politics
00:46:37 4.1 Government
00:48:47 4.2 Political parties and elections
00:52:09 4.3 Law and law enforcement
00:55:50 4.4 Administrative divisions
00:57:40 4.5 Foreign relations
01:02:10 4.6 Military
01:05:32 5 Economy
01:11:20 5.1 Companies
01:11:33 5.2 Agriculture
01:13:32 5.3 Science and technology
01:18:15 5.4 Tourism
01:20:00 6 Infrastructure
01:20:09 6.1 Communication
01:22:15 6.2 Transport
01:24:58 6.3 Water supply and sanitation
01:26:29 6.4 Energy
01:29:32 7 Demographics
01:31:30 7.1 Ethnic groups
01:34:02 7.2 Urbanization
01:35:01 7.3 Health
01:37:37 7.4 Religion
01:40:16 7.5 Education
01:44:07 8 Culture
01:44:15 8.1 Lithuanian language
01:46:29 8.2 Literature
01:50:14 8.3 Architecture
01:51:43 8.4 Arts and museums
01:53:42 8.5 Theatre
01:55:00 8.6 Cinema
01:56:43 8.7 Music
02:00:01 8.7.1 Rock and protest music
02:01:53 8.8 Cuisine
02:04:51 8.9 Media
02:06:46 8.10 Public holidays and festivals
02:07:59 8.11 Sports
02:10:34 9 International rankings
02:10:54 10 See also
02:11:11 11 Notes
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Lithuania ( (listen); Lithuanian: Lietuva [lʲɪɛtʊˈvɐ]), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. Since its independence, Lithuania has been referred to as one of the Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, to the east of Sweden and Denmark. It is bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) to the southwest. Lithuania has an estimated population of 2.7 million people as of 2018, and its capital and largest city is Vilnius. Other major cities are Kaunas and Klaipėda. Lithuanians are Baltic people. The official language, Lithuanian, along with Latvian, is one of only two living languages in the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family.
For centuries, the southeastern shores of the Baltic Sea were inhabited by various Baltic tribes. In the 1230s, the Lithuanian lands were united by Mindaugas, the King of Lithuania, and the first unified Lithuanian state, the Kingdom of Lithuania, was created on 6 July 1253. During the 14th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the largest country in Europe; present-day Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, and parts of Poland and Russia were the territories of the Grand Duchy. With the Lublin Union of 1569, Lithuania and Poland formed a voluntary two-state personal union, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth lasted more than two centuries, until neighbouring countries systematically dismantled it from 1772 to 1795, with the Russian Empire annexing most of Lithuania's territory.
As World War I neared its end, Lithuania's Act of Independence was signed on 16 February 1918, declaring the founding of the modern Republic of Lithuania. In the midst of the Second World War, Lithuania was first occupied by the Soviet Union and then by Nazi Germany. As World War II neared its end and the Germans retreated, the Soviet Union reoccupied Lithuania. On 11 March 1990, a year before the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union, Lithuania became the first Baltic state to declare itself independent, resulting in the restoration of an independent State of Lithuania.
Lithuania is a member of the European Union, the Council of Europe, eurozone, Schengen Agreement, NATO and OECD. It is also ...
Russian Empire | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Russian Empire
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Russian Empire (Russian: Российская Империя, tr. Rossiyskaya Imperiya) also known as Imperial Russia or simply Russia (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya) was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.The third largest empire in world history, stretching over a massive three continents, the Russian Empire was surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires. The rise of the Russian Empire happened in association with the decline of neighboring rival powers: the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Persia and the Ottoman Empire. It played a major role in 1812–1814 in defeating Napoleon's ambitions to control Europe and expanded to the west and south.
The House of Romanov ruled the Russian Empire from 1721 until 1762, and its German-descended cadet branch, the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov, ruled from 1762. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea in the south, from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Pacific Ocean, into Alaska and Northern California in America on the east. With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census, it had the third-largest population in the world at the time, after Qing China and India. Like all empires, it included a large disparity in terms of economics, ethnicity, and religion. There were numerous dissident elements, who launched numerous rebellions and assassination attempts; they were closely watched by the secret police, with thousands exiled to Siberia.
Economically, the empire had a predominantly agricultural base, with low productivity on large estates worked by serfs, Russian peasants (until they were freed in 1861). The economy slowly industrialized with the help of foreign investments in railways and factories. The land was ruled by a nobility (the boyars) from the 10th through the 17th centuries, and subsequently by an emperor. Tsar Ivan III (1462–1505) laid the groundwork for the empire that later emerged. He tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. Emperor Peter the Great (1682–1725) fought numerous wars and expanded an already huge empire into a major European power. He moved the capital from Moscow to the new model city of St. Petersburg, and led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political mores with a modern, scientific, Europe-oriented, and rationalist system.
Empress Catherine the Great (reigned 1762–1796) presided over a golden age; she expanded the state by conquest, colonization and diplomacy, continuing Peter the Great's policy of modernization along West European lines. Emperor Alexander II (1855–1881) promoted numerous reforms, most dramatically the emancipation of all 23 million serfs in 1861. His policy in Eastern Europe involved protecting the Orthodox Christians under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. That connection by 1914 led to Russia's entry into the First World War on the side of France, the United Kingdom, and Serbia, against the German, Austrian, and Ottoman empires.
The Russian Empire functioned as an absolute monarchy until the Revolution of 1905 and then became a de jure constitutional monarchy. The empire collapsed during the February Revolution of 1917, largely as a result of massive failures in its participation in the First World War.
Vilnius | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:22 1 Etymology and other names
00:03:48 2 History
00:03:57 2.1 Early history and Grand Duchy of Lithuania
00:06:48 2.2 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
00:09:03 2.3 In the Russian Empire
00:11:19 2.4 In Poland
00:14:22 2.5 World War II
00:17:40 2.6 In the Lithuanian SSR (Soviet Union)
00:19:08 2.7 Independent Lithuania
00:22:43 3 Geography
00:23:56 4 Climate
00:25:43 5 Demographics
00:31:34 5.1 Evolution
00:31:49 6 Culture
00:38:26 7 Economy
00:39:18 8 Education
00:41:13 9 Religion
00:46:01 10 Parks, squares and cemeteries
00:49:03 11 Sports
00:50:57 12 Transport
00:52:32 12.1 Public transport
00:56:06 13 Administration
00:56:15 13.1 City government
00:59:23 13.2 Municipal council
01:00:48 13.3 Mayors
01:02:10 13.4 Subdivisions
01:03:40 14 Twin towns – sister cities
01:03:53 15 Significant depictions in popular culture
01:05:23 16 Notable people
01:05:33 17 See also
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I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Vilnius (Lithuanian pronunciation: [ˈvʲɪlʲnʲʊs] (listen), see also other names) is the capital of Lithuania and its largest city, with a population of 574,147 as of 2018. The population of Vilnius functional urban area, that stretches beyond the city limits, is estimated at 697,691 (as of 2017). Vilnius is in the southeast part of Lithuania and is the second largest city in the Baltic states. Vilnius is the seat of the main government institutions of Lithuania and the Vilnius District Municipality.
Vilnius is classified as a Gamma global city according to GaWC studies, and is known for the architecture in its Old Town, declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994. Before World War II, Vilnius was one of the largest Jewish centres in Europe. Its Jewish influence has led to it being described as the Jerusalem of Lithuania and Napoleon named it the Jerusalem of the North as he was passing through in 1812. In 2009, Vilnius was the European Capital of Culture, together with the Austrian city of Linz.
Russian Empire | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Russian Empire
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Russian Empire (Russian: Российская Империя, tr. Rossiyskaya Imperiya) also known as Imperial Russia or simply Russia (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya) was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.The third largest empire in world history, stretching over a massive three continents, the Russian Empire was surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires. The rise of the Russian Empire happened in association with the decline of neighboring rival powers: the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Persia and the Ottoman Empire. It played a major role in 1812–1814 in defeating Napoleon's ambitions to control Europe and expanded to the west and south.
The House of Romanov ruled the Russian Empire from 1721 until 1762, and its German-descended cadet branch, the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov, ruled from 1762. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea in the south, from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Pacific Ocean, into Alaska and Northern California in America on the east. With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census, it had the third-largest population in the world at the time, after Qing China and India. Like all empires, it included a large disparity in terms of economics, ethnicity, and religion. There were numerous dissident elements, who launched numerous rebellions and assassination attempts; they were closely watched by the secret police, with thousands exiled to Siberia.
Economically, the empire had a predominantly agricultural base, with low productivity on large estates worked by serfs, Russian peasants (until they were freed in 1861). The economy slowly industrialized with the help of foreign investments in railways and factories. The land was ruled by a nobility (the boyars) from the 10th through the 17th centuries, and subsequently by an emperor. Tsar Ivan III (1462–1505) laid the groundwork for the empire that later emerged. He tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. Emperor Peter the Great (1682–1725) fought numerous wars and expanded an already huge empire into a major European power. He moved the capital from Moscow to the new model city of St. Petersburg, and led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political mores with a modern, scientific, Europe-oriented, and rationalist system.
Empress Catherine the Great (reigned 1762–1796) presided over a golden age; she expanded the state by conquest, colonization and diplomacy, continuing Peter the Great's policy of modernization along West European lines. Emperor Alexander II (1855–1881) promoted numerous reforms, most dramatically the emancipation of all 23 million serfs in 1861. His policy in Eastern Europe involved protecting the Orthodox Christians under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. That connection by 1914 led to Russia's entry into the First World War on the side of France, the United Kingdom, and Serbia, against the German, Austrian, and Ottoman empires.
The Russian Empire functioned as an absolute monarchy until the Revolution of 1905 and then became a de jure constitutional monarchy. The empire collapsed during the February Revolution of 1917, largely as a result of massive failures in its participation in the First World War.
Russian Empire - Wiki
The Russian Empire also known as Russia was an empire that existed from until it was overthrown by the short lived February Revolution in One of the largest empires in world history stretching over...
Creative Commons 2.0 Wikipedia.com
Beta Test
Russian Empire - Wiki
The Russian Empire also known as Russia was a state that existed from until it was overthrown by the short lived February Revolution in One of the largest empires in world history stretching over t...
Creative Commons 2.0 Wikipedia.com
Beta Test
Vilnius | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Vilnius
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Vilnius (Lithuanian pronunciation: [ˈvʲɪlʲnʲʊs] (listen), see also other names) is the capital of Lithuania and its largest city, with a population of 574,147 as of 2018. Vilnius is in the southeast part of Lithuania and is the second largest city in the Baltic states. Vilnius is the seat of the main government institutions of Lithuania and the Vilnius District Municipality. Vilnius is classified as a Gamma global city according to GaWC studies, and is known for the architecture in its Old Town, declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994. Before World War II, Vilnius was one of the largest Jewish centres in Europe. Its Jewish influence has led to it being described as the Jerusalem of Lithuania and Napoleon named it the Jerusalem of the North as he was passing through in 1812. In 2009, Vilnius was the European Capital of Culture, together with the Austrian city of Linz.