14 San Giovanni Castle
The Spanish military occupation of the Finale from 1602 led to a radical change in the landscape which was brought about by the construction of large modern fortifications meant to transform the ancient marquessate into a powerful stronghold wedged among the dominions of the Republic of Genoa.
Castel San Giovanni was erected on the ridge of the Becchignolo hill above Finalborgo: from whence it was possible to control both the borgo and the roads to the Bormida and Langhe valleys.
The part of the walls that climbed along the westerns foot of the hill was interrupted by the Mezzalama Gate. The road built by Engineer Gaspare Beretta in 1666 that went through this gate connected Finale to the Duchy of Milan.
Ferdinando Glazar, who originally came from Carinthia but worked for the Spanish in the Finale area, supervised the construction of a new round of walls between 1640 and 1644.
The new walls included the pre-existing medieval tower connecting different sections of wall. The original tower can still be spotted in the central octagonal building, surrounded by the curtains of the Spanish fortress.
Re-furbished again between 1674 and 1678 by Beretta, the stronghold was able to accommodate the irregular profile of the hill because the round of walls was sectioned into ramparts.
To the south and dominating the Borgo as well as the view to the sea, the walls are characterised by two powerful pincer-shaped bastions with steep escarpment-like buttresses, surmounted by a sentry box on each corner.
The entrance that opens directly onto the Perti road is protected by a set of ravelins, which are set lower down if compared to the fortress's curtains. The only surviving parts are the original defense system provided with hanging brackets and parts of the draw-bridge over the narrow moat, which enabled access to a square factory building.
After 1713, the Republic of Genoa reduced the building by knocking down the north wing.
In 1822 it was turned into a prison, then after a lengthy period of disuse, the building was completely refurbished between 1985 and 1991.
Visit peninsula Luštica and Mamula Island at the entrance to the Boka Bay in Montenegro 2018 Review
Visit peninsula Luštica and Mamula Island and Fortess at the entrance to the Boky Bay in Montenegro You must visit in 2018, Ostrvo Mamula, Ostrvo Lastavica, Island Mamula, poluostrvo Luštica, peninsula Lustica
At the very entrance to the magnificant Boka Bay in Montenegro, one of the most beautiful bays in the world, there is an inhabited island and the fortress.
The island is called Lastavica ( Swallow Bird), or Rondina – Venetian,, but is popularly known as Mamula.
Mamula is located between Prevlaka and Luštica peninsulas at the entrance to the Boka Bay (Boka Kotorska). This small islet is of circular shape, and has 200m in diameter. It is 3.4 nautical miles (6.3 km) away from Herceg Novi.
The monumental Mamula fortress was finished in 1853 by Austrian Admiral, Lazar Mamula.
The main reason to build a fort there was to stop, the enemy ships to enter into the Boka Bay.
Together with two more forts, those of Arza fortification on Luštica's Cape Mirišta and Prevlaka's Punta Oštro, both of which were erected at the same time also on suggestion by general Lazar Mamula, fort Mamula was part of the Austro-Hungarian Army's contingency plans of preventing the enemy entrance into Bay of Kotor or Boka Bay (local: Boka Kotorska).
The fort takes up about 90% of the island's surface area.
It is very well preserved and all its elements are still there: casern for the accomodation of men, separatelly for the officers and common soldiers, kitchen, toilets, munition stocks, food, and other stuff, water, etc.
However, the fortress never served its purpose, since there was never a military attack.
Due to its isolated position, it was used as a concentration camp in both World Wars and the fort has also served as a prison.
In 1918, one part of the fort was used as a prison for the saillors who participated in famous Boka bay rebellion. The tradition to use Mamula as a prison was continued even in the Second World War.
At first sight, the fort looks terrifying, but once entered, visitors are amazed by the ruins left stranded in time surrounded by beauty.
For years Mamula has been one of the most popular tourist attractions of Herceg Novi. The fortress was well preserved and even includes the old prison cells that held concentration camp prisoners.
While in Montenegro, don’t miss to visit it, together with Dobrec, Mirišta and Zanjic beach, the Blue Cave and old picturise fisherman village Rose.
Music by :
muzička grupa STARI KAPETAN Herceg Novi
DOLAZIM BOKO
Tu iza Rosa, spava moj Novi
kroz plavu maglu, lagano plovi
valovi pjenom o škver se lome
dolazim Boko, dolazim dome.
Ref.
Dolazim Boko sa velikih mora
jer ti si jutro, kada sviće zora
ja daću sva blaga i sva svjetska mora
za jutro u Boki, kad sviće zora.
Poljubiću majku, zagrliću tebe
zapjevati s klapom pjesmu staru.
Brod pored Mamule, prolazi dalje
pozlaćen Lovćen, pozdrave šalje
a već kroz Verige, Perast sav u sjaju
ispred njega zovu, zovu me otoka dva.
Poljubiću majku, zagrliću tebe
zapjevati s klapom pjesmu staru
dolazim Boko sa velikih mora
da vidim ti jutro, kad sviće zora.
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Island and Fortess Mamula at the entrance to the Boka Bay in Montenegro
Serbian Attack On Dubrovnik (December 1991), Hrvatska , Kroatien, Croatia, Croatie, Croazia.avi
Serbian and Montenegrians army under the masked name of Yugoslav Peoples Army attacked Dubrovnik (United Nations World Cultural Heritage Site) from the 1st of October 1991 until May 1992.
The 6th of December 1991 was the worst day for the Old Town of Dubrovnik when more than 2000 bombs were launched by the Serbo-Montenegrian Army on the Old Town from the sea, air and the hills close-by occupied by the enemy.
The objective of the aggressor army, which was influenced by the nationalist policies of then leader Slobodan Milosevic and his allies, was to occupy and put the Dubrovnik area under the control of Montenegro and Serbia.
Human lives, cultural sites, schools, museums, churches and hospitals didnt mean anything to Serbo-Montenegrian army and none of them were exempted from the bomb attacks. That day, the day of the 6th of December 1991, my Old Town was under severe fire of more than 2000 missiles. 79 citizens of Dubrovnik lost their lives and more than 100 people were wounded in the rain of bombs. Most of us were hiding in the basements of our homes, a few went to the shelters which were too few and too far away. Nine houses - baroque palaces of the Old Town were completely burnt to ground. It was the worst nightmare which can happen to you seeing your town in fire disappearing to ashes, innocent people dying, babies born to this world in the basement of their homes with the smell of smoke and burnt while you are completely impotent to do anything.
Frustration, sadness, anger and emptiness. That is what we all felt in that time, but especially that day. The only question we were asking was: Europe, World can you see this? Can you hear us? That day we all remember today as if it were yesterday.
Today, 18 years after, I remember with pain all the sufferings we went through especially seeing the sufferings of our beloved ones who struggled innocent and lost their lives in that crazy barbaric aggression. The truth is, I believe, that our beloved ones didnt lose their lives for nothing, but for freedom of all of us. The truth is also that They are gone forever and the emptiness doesnt want to disappear. Ever.
The scarves of the Town, although not visible any more on its face, are hidden and still very present in its soul and in the soul of everyone of us.
18 years after this nightmare, the justice is left unspoken.
Montenegrin and serbian generals Pavle Strugar, Miodrag Jokić, Milan Zec, and Vladimir Kovačević who conducted the military attack against Dubrovnik and surrounding areas in Croatia were or left without any sentence (Milan Zec), or were condemned on symbolical 7 years of prison and granted early appeal on the 1st September 2008 (Pavle Strugar, and Miodrag Jokic), or were not convicted until today (Vladimir Kovačević referred to the authorities of the Republic of Serbia which claim that he has not been fit for trial due to mental health problems).
All of these criminals walk freely today and remember the attacks on Dubrovnik as one anecdote in their ougly and terrific lives full of hatred and aggression.
How do we, the citizens of Dubrovnik walk today after this aggression? Are we free?
We are free. Free of all the people and the material things we lost in that war, and free of the little pieces of our souls which died in the sufferings.
The ones that survived the attacks can thank to the Lord that he helped them save the lives. Although among those alive today, there are the ones who would prefer that they were gone also with their beloved ones. The ones who passed away dont remember anything. Dont know anything.
There is emptiness in all of us, and the big question in this emptiness Why? doesnt go away.
Our characters changed. We all changed. We all somehow hoped that the aggressors will be condemned but until today they arent, and the events happening today are showing us that the way out of this Balkan nightmare even now is still not visible clearly.
In todays World the cards are not mixed in a just way and the World, especially Europe, is sending us the message which we need to think about clearly.
Nafplio Palamidi Fortress Peloponneso Greece .avi
Nafplio Palamidi Fortress in Peloponneso Greece
Nafplio (or Nafplion) is a small town in Peloponneso (Greece)
The town is built in two parts, the old, covering all the peninsula and the new, expanding to the north and the east. A lovely romantic downtown with cozy streets, a great place to stay for radial travelling around Peloponneso.
Standing like a crown over Nafplio, Palamidi fortress (build by the Venetians around 1686 and completed to its present form in 1714) was so well designed that all attempts to conquer it were unsuccessful, making it a legend at the time. Finally, in 1822, the Greeks succeeded, creating surprise and amazement. In very good condition, you can visit it by taking the legendary 999 stair-steps, or simply drive there.
The view is unique, and you will also see many historical monuments, such as the small cave-prisons (also prison of the national hero Kolokotronis) and the church of Saint Andreas.
【K】Latvia Travel-Riga[라트비아 여행-리가]13세기 중세 식당/Medieval Restaurant/Rozengrals/Rabbit/Food
■ KBS 걸어서 세계속으로 PD들이 직접 만든 해외여행전문 유투브 채널 【Everywhere, K】
■ The Travels of Nearly Everywhere! 10,000 of HD world travel video clips with English subtitle! (Click on 'subtitles/CC' button)
■ '구독' 버튼을 누르고 10,000여 개의 생생한 【HD】영상을 공유 해 보세요! (Click on 'setting'-'quality'- 【1080P HD】 ! / 더보기 SHOW MORE ↓↓↓)
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[한국어 정보]
하루 종일 걷기에 지친 나는 다리도 쉬어갈 겸 리가에서 유명하다는 중세식당을 찾았다. 식당 내부로 들어가는 길은 꽤 어두웠다. 중세의 분위기를 그대로 재현하기 위해 촛불을 제외한 다른 조명들은 사용하지 않기 때문이란다. 오래된 벽돌과 중세풍의 장식물들이 눈에 들어오는데 실제 이 식당은 중세시대 건물이었다고 한다. “이 건물은13세기에 지어졌으며 이곳은 와인저장시설이었습니다. 건물 벽의 절반은 13세기 원형 그대로를 유지하고 있으며 절반은 다시 복원된 것입니다.” 중세풍의 화장실란 게 이런 모습이었을까? 갑자기 궁금해진다. 음식 또한 13세기 중세 시대의 재료와 조리법을 사용한다고 한다. 감자는 없나요? 감자나 콜라 같은 것은 없어요. 콜럼버스과 남미에서 감자를 들여오기 전인 13세기 중세음식이기 때문이죠. 중세시대 결혼 피로연에 즐겨먹었다는 토끼 고기를 시켰다. 중세의 맛은 어떤 것일까? 생각보다 담백한 게 맛있었다.
[English: Google Translator]
I'm tired of walking all day found a medieval restaurant that is also popular in the rest go to Riga president and legs. The road into the dining room is pretty dark inside. Other light than a candle to recreate the atmosphere of the Middle Ages, but none of it's just because they do not use. Real old brick and medieval decorations in the snow that comes in the Middle Ages the building was a restaurant is. This building was built in the 13th century, there was a wine storage facility. Half of the building wall is half the 13th century, has maintained intact is again restored. Was it this appearance of medieval hwajangsilran? It becomes suddenly curious. In addition to food and recipes that use ingredients of the 13th century the Middle Ages. Is there a potato? No such thing as cola or potatoes. Kolreombeoseugwa because it is a 13th century medieval food before importing potatoes from South America. In the Middle Ages had enjoyed the wedding reception was rabbit meat. What kind of medieval taste? It was plain taste than I thought.
[Latvian: Google Translator]
Es esmu noguris no kājām visu dienu atrasts viduslaiku restorāns, kas ir arī populāra atpūtas doties uz Rīgas prezidents un kājām. Ceļš uz ēdamistabu ir diezgan tumšs iekšā. Citi gaismas nekā sveci, lai atjaunotu atmosfēru viduslaikos, bet neviens no tā ir tikai tāpēc, ka viņi neizmanto. Real vecā ķieģeļu un viduslaiku rotājumi sniegā, kas nāk viduslaikos ēka bija restorāns. Šī ēka tika celta 13. gadsimtā, bija vīna uzglabāšanas iekārtas. Puse no ēkas sienas ir puse 13.gadsimta, ir saglabāta neskarta atkal atjaunota. Vai tas bija tas izskats viduslaiku hwajangsilran? Tā kļūst pēkšņi ziņkārīgs. Papildus pārtikas produktiem un receptēm, kas izmanto sastāvdaļas 13.gs. viduslaikos. Vai ir kartupelis? Nav tādas lietas kā kolas vai kartupeļiem. Kolreombeoseugwa jo tas ir 13.gadsimta viduslaiku ēdiens pirms importēšanas kartupeļus no Dienvidamerikas. In viduslaikos bija patika kāzu uzņemšanas bija truša gaļa. Kāda veida viduslaiku garšu? Tas bija vienkāršs garša, nekā es domāju.
[Information]
■클립명: 유럽081-라트비아01-06 13세기 중세 식당/Medieval Restaurant/Rozengrals/Rabbit/Food
■여행, 촬영, 편집, 원고: 박성주 PD (travel, filming, editing, writing: KBS TV Producer)
■촬영일자: 2011년 5월 May
[Keywords]
유럽,Europe,,라트비아,Latvia,Latvija,Latvijas Republika ,박성주,2011,5월 May
Yugoslavia during World War II | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:47 1 Background
00:08:04 2 1941
00:09:01 2.1 Invasion
00:13:08 2.2 Early resistance
00:26:10 3 1942
00:30:10 4 1943
00:30:20 4.1 Critical Axis offensives
00:34:56 4.2 Italian capitulation and Allied support for the Partisans
00:40:33 5 1944
00:40:43 5.1 Last Axis offensive
00:41:33 5.2 Partisan growth to domination
00:45:06 5.3 Allied advances in Romania and Bulgaria
00:48:17 5.4 Liberation of Belgrade and eastern Yugoslavia
00:50:58 6 1945
00:53:03 6.1 Partisan general offensive
01:03:05 6.2 Final operations
01:05:39 6.3 Aftermath
01:10:20 7 Casualties
01:10:30 7.1 Yugoslav casualties
01:21:30 7.2 German casualties
01:22:38 7.3 Italian casualties
01:24:05 8 See also
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I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Military operations in World War II in Yugoslavia began on 6 April 1941, when the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was swiftly conquered by Axis forces and partitioned between Germany, Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria and client regimes. Subsequently, a guerrilla liberation war was fought against the Axis occupying forces and their locally established puppet regimes, including the fascist Independent State of Croatia and the Government of National Salvation in the German-occupied territory of Serbia, by the Communist-led republican Yugoslav Partisans. Simultaneously, a multi-side civil war was waged between the Yugoslav communist Partisans, the Serbian royalist Chetniks, the Croatian fascist Ustashe and Home Guard, Serbian Volunteer Corps and State Guard, as well as Slovene Home Guard troops.Both the Yugoslav Partisans and the Chetnik movement initially resisted the occupation. However, after 1941, Chetniks extensively and systematically collaborated with the Italian occupation forces until the Italian capitulation, and thereon also with German and Ustashe forces. The Axis mounted a series of offensives intended to destroy the Partisans, coming close to doing so in the Battle of Neretva and Battle of Sutjeska in the spring and summer of 1943.
Despite the setbacks, the Partisans remained a credible fighting force, with their organization gaining recognition from the Western Allies at the Tehran Conference and laying the foundations for the post-war Yugoslav state. With support in logistics and air power from the Western Allies, and Soviet ground troops in the Belgrade Offensive, the Partisans eventually gained control of the entire country and of the border regions of Trieste and Carinthia.
The human cost of the war was enormous. The number of war victims is still in dispute, but is generally agreed to have been at least one million. Non-combat victims included the majority of the country's Jewish population, many of whom perished in concentration and extermination camps (e.g. Jasenovac, Banjica) run by the client regimes.
The Ustashe regime (mostly Croats, but also Muslims and others) committed genocide against Serbs, Jews, Roma and anti-Fascist Croats. The Chetniks (mostly Serbs, but also Montenegrins and others) pursued genocideagainst Muslims, Croats and Pro-Partisan Serbs, and the Italian occupation authorities pursued violence and ethnic cleansing (Italianization) against Slovenes and Croats. The Wehrmacht carried out mass executions of civilians in retaliation for resistance activity e.g., the Kragujevac massacre. SS Division Prinz Eugen massacred large numbers of civilians and prisoners of war. Hungarian occupation troops massacred civilians (mostly Serbs and Jews) during a major raid in southern Bačka, under the pretext of suppressing resistance activities.
Finally, during and after the final stages of the war, Yugoslav authorities and Partisan troops carried out reprisals, including the deportation of the Danube Swabian population, forced marches and executions of thousands of captured soldiers and ...
Red Age (Crveno doba) - Ep. 1 - Communist crimes in Serbia and Montenegro (ENGSUB)
Red Age -- The red terror in Serbia and Montenegro, 1944-1947 -- Part One
Documentary series, 6 episodes, 2004.
Author: Dušan T. Bataković PhD, historian
Red Age (Serbian: Crveno doba) is a full-length documentary account of communist terror and crimes perpetrated as Yugoslavian communist leader Josip Broz Tito and his Communist Party of Yugoslavia established their one-party dictatorship over the country. It presents confessions of people who witnessed the second phase of the communist revolution in Serbia and Montenegro, both then part of Yugoslavia, that began in 1944 and lasted until 1947 and included execution and prosecution of non-communists, arrests, assassinations, disappearances, false court trials and the decay of Serbian civil society. The film includes massive archive footage released for the first time.
The film is the outcome of a historical research project titled Coming to Terms with the Totalitarian Legacy of Communism in Serbia and Montenegro undertaken by a team of historians at the former Council for Democratic Changes in Serbia NGO, led by Council president and principal project author Dr. Dušan T. Bataković, a historian specialized in modern Serbian and Yugoslavian history.
The series is posted to YouTube with the knowledge and full consent of Dr. Dušan T. Bataković.
【K】Latvia Travel-Riga[라트비아 여행-리가]길드상인들의 검은머리 전당/Blackheads House/Guild/Relic/Cigarette case
■ KBS 걸어서 세계속으로 PD들이 직접 만든 해외여행전문 유투브 채널 【Everywhere, K】
■ The Travels of Nearly Everywhere! 10,000 of HD world travel video clips with English subtitle! (Click on 'subtitles/CC' button)
■ '구독' 버튼을 누르고 10,000여 개의 생생한 【HD】영상을 공유 해 보세요! (Click on 'setting'-'quality'- 【1080P HD】 ! / 더보기 SHOW MORE ↓↓↓)
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[한국어 정보]
리가의 얼굴이라고 하는 검은머리 전당 이 건물은 14세기 지어졌다가 2001년에 재건축 되었는데 당시 상인들의 조합인 검은머리 길드회원들이 사교모임에 사용되던 곳이라고 한다. 검은머리란 이름의 유래는 길드의 수호신으로 삼았던 전설 속의 모리셔스 성인이 흑인이었기 때문이다. 처음엔 순수한 기독교 군사조직이었지만 점차 무역을 통해 상인조직으로 그 세력을 넓혔다고 한다. 전시물을 보면 당시 검은머리길드의 세가 얼마나 컸는지 짐작할 수 있는데 그 중 눈길을 끄는 건 우두머리가 그 회원들에게 선물했다는 담뱃갑이다. 300여개의 담뱃갑의 모양과 그림이 제각각인데 하나하나가 작품이다. 이 건물의 지하로 가보면 과거의 모습이 잘 보존되어 있는데 검은머리 길드가 사용했던 각종 유물들과 함께 당시 중세무역의 중심지였던 리가의 활발했던 옛 모습을 엿볼 수 있다.
[English: Google Translator]
Brunet said that the face of Fame Riga This building was built in the 14th century and was rebuilt in 2001 as a member of the guild, where a combination of black hair at the time of traders that were used in social gatherings. Three adults went to the legendary Mauritius comes from the patron saint of the guild of black hair named because it was black. It was initially a pure Christian military organizations should gradually widened and its powers to traders through the trade organization. In the exhibition there at the time can not imagine how much the age of black hair Guild keotneun eye-catching of which is the chief thing is that fags gifts to its members. The shape of the cigarette packet in the figure of 300 is the one that works jegakgak s one. If you go to the basement of the building can be seen the old look was active in the past, there is the appearance of various artifacts were well preserved with black hair Guild in Riga was using at the time medieval trade center.
[Latvian: Google Translator]
Brunet teica, ka seja Fame Riga Šī ēka tika uzcelta 14. gadsimtā un tika pārbūvēta 2001.gadā kā loceklis ģildes, kur kombinācija melniem matiem pie tirgotāju laiku, kas tika izmantotas sociālās pulcēšanās. Trīs pieaugušie devās uz leģendāro Maurīcija nāk no patrons ģildes par melniem matiem nosaukts tāpēc, ka tas bija melns. Sākotnēji bija tīra Kristīgie militārās organizācijas būtu pakāpeniski jāpaplašina un tās pilnvaras tirgotājiem caur tirdzniecības organizācijā. Izstādē tur brīdī nevar iedomāties, cik daudz vecums melni mati Ģilde keotneun uzkrītošā no kuriem galvenais ir tas, ka fags dāvanas saviem biedriem.No cigarešu paciņas ar skaitli 300 forma ir viens, kas darbojas jegakgak s vienu. Ja jūs iet uz pagrabu ēkas var redzēt veco izskatu darbojās pagātnē, ir izskats dažādu artefaktu bija labi saglabājies ar melni mati ģilde Rīgā bija, izmantojot tajā laikā viduslaiku tirdzniecības centra.
[Information]
■클립명: 유럽081-라트비아01-01 길드상인들의 검은머리 전당/Blackheads House/Guild/Relic/Cigarette case
■여행, 촬영, 편집, 원고: 박성주 PD (travel, filming, editing, writing: KBS TV Producer)
■촬영일자: 2011년 5월 May
[Keywords]
유럽,Europe,,라트비아,Latvia,Latvija,Latvijas Republika ,박성주,2011,5월 May
25 Best Places to Visit in Europe - Travel Europe
Although it is the world’s second smallest continent, Europe welcomes more than half of all the tourists worldwide. In fact, 7 of the 10 most visited countries in the world are European nations. It’s easy to see why; a well-preserved cultural heritage, rich history, safety and efficient infrastructure makes visiting Europe a breeze. Here’s a look at the best places to visit in Europe:
Principality of Serbia (medieval) | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:48 1 Background
00:04:47 2 Višeslav, Radoslav and Prosigoj (circa 780–830)
00:09:22 3 Countering Bulgarian expansion (805–29)
00:12:41 4 Vlastimir, Mutimir and Prvoslav (830–892)
00:18:27 5 Peter, Pavle and Zaharije (892–927)
00:24:14 6 Časlav (927–960)
00:27:46 7 Fall and aftermath
00:30:34 8 Government
00:32:58 9 Geography
00:33:09 9.1 Cities
00:35:07 10 Religion
00:39:55 11 Archaeology
00:40:36 12 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Speaking Rate: 0.7185521508549594
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Principality of Serbia (Serbian: Кнежевина Србија / Kneževina Srbija) was one of the early medieval states of the Serbs, located in western regions of Southeastern Europe. It existed from the beginning of the 7th century up to c. 969-971 and was ruled by the Vlastimirović dynasty. Its first ruler known by name was Višeslav who started ruling around 780. In 822, the Serbs were said to rule the greater part of Dalmatia, while at the same time the Bulgars had taken the lands to the east, preparing to conquer Serbia. Vlastimir defeated the Bulgar army in a three-year-war (839–842), and the two powers lived in peace for some decades. Vlastimir's three sons succeeded in ruling Serbia together, although not for long; Serbia became a key part in the power struggle between the Byzantines and Bulgars (in predominantly Byzantine alliance), which also resulted in major dynastic wars for a period of three decades. Central parts of the principality were shortly occupied by the Bulgarian army for three years (924–927), until Serbian prince Časlav succeeded to liberate the land and unite several Serbian regions, becoming the most powerful ruler of the Vlastimirović dynasty. An important process during this period was the Christianization of the Serbs, establishment of Christianity as state-religion c. 869, and the founding of the first Serbian eparchy (diocese), the Eparchy of Ras. The principality was annexed by the Byzantines in c. 969-971 and ruled as the Catepanate of Ras. The main information of the history of principality and Vlastimirović dynasty are recorded in the contemporary historical work De Administrando Imperio (written c. 950–960).
Cities: Skylines || Principality of Liechtenstein #12
Like? Welcome back to another episode of my Cities: Skylines Snowfall series, the Principality of Liechtenstein. In today's episode, we work on the solving the issue of having over qualified workers in unskilled jobs. This requires building more offices, to match the amount of industry being built. Enjoy!
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Serbian Grand Principality | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:37 1 Background
00:05:06 2 History
00:16:54 3 Administration
00:17:04 3.1 Administrative divisions
00:17:14 4 Economy
00:18:53 5 Architecture
00:19:03 5.1 Ecclesiastical
00:19:50 6 Rulers
00:19:59 7 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Speaking Rate: 0.8761860926063137
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Serbia (Serbian: Србија / Srbija), also known as Raška (Serbian Cyrillic: Рашка, Latin: Rascia) was a Serb medieval state that comprised parts of what is today Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and southern Dalmatia, being centred in the region of Raška (hence its exonym). The state was formed in ca. 1091 out of a vassal principality of Duklja, a Serb state which had itself emerged from the early medieval Serbian Principality that was centred in Raška until 960, when it was left in obscurity in sources after the Byzantine–Bulgarian wars. Its founder, Vukan, took the title of Grand Prince when his uncle and overlord Bodin ended up in Byzantine prison after decades of revolt. While Duklja was struck with civil wars, Raška continued the fight against the Byzantines. It was ruled by the Vukanović dynasty, who managed to put most of the former Serbian state under their rule, as well as expanding to the south and east. Through diplomatic ties with Hungary it managed to retain its independence past the mid-12th century. After a dynastic civil war in 1166, Stefan Nemanja emerged victorious. Nemanja's son Stefan was crowned king in 1217, while his younger son Rastko (monk Sava) was ordinated the first Archbishop of Serbs in 1219.
James Bond - Quantum of solace opening (HD!)
Quantum of solace beginning(HD)
Probably the best scene in the movie. Don't blink! You'll miss it....
In HD :)
The music throughout the vid is 'Time to get out' by David Arnold
Music right at the end is 'Another Way To Die' by Jack White & Alicia Keys
Yugoslav Wars | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:48 1 Naming
00:03:54 2 Background
00:10:25 3 Wars
00:10:34 3.1 Ten-Day War (1991)
00:11:45 3.2 Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995)
00:18:00 3.3 Bosnian War (1992–1995)
00:22:37 3.4 Kosovo War (1998–1999)
00:25:20 3.5 Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001)
00:26:27 3.6 Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia (2001)
00:27:30 4 Arms embargo
00:28:05 5 War crimes
00:28:15 5.1 Genocide
00:32:03 5.2 Ethnic cleansing
00:33:58 5.3 War rape
00:38:01 6 Consequences
00:38:10 6.1 Casualties
00:40:22 6.2 Internally displaced and refugees
00:44:44 6.3 Material damage
00:47:52 6.4 ICTY/MICT
00:52:13 6.5 Illegal arms trade
00:54:54 7 Timeline of the Yugoslav Wars
01:02:29 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
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- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.863457807487604
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Yugoslav Wars were a series of separate but related ethnic conflicts, wars of independence and insurgencies fought in the former Yugoslavia from 1991 to 2001, which led to the breakup of the Yugoslav state. Its constituent republics declared independence, despite unresolved tensions between ethnic minorities in the new countries, fueling the wars.
Most of the wars ended through peace accords, involving full international recognition of new states, but with a massive human cost and economic damage to the region. Initially the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) sought to preserve the unity of the whole of Yugoslavia by crushing the secessionist governments, but it increasingly came under the influence of the Serbian government of Slobodan Milošević, which evoked Serbian nationalist rhetoric and was willing to use the Yugoslav cause to preserve the unity of Serbs in one state. As a result, the JNA began to lose Slovenes, Croats, Kosovar Albanians, Bosniaks, and ethnic Macedonians, and effectively became a Serb army. According to a 1994 United Nations report, the Serb side did not aim to restore Yugoslavia, but to create a Greater Serbia from parts of Croatia and Bosnia. Other irredentist movements have also been brought into connection with the wars, such as Greater Albania (from Kosovo, though it was abandoned following international diplomacy) and Greater Croatia (from parts of Herzegovina, until 1994 when the Washington Agreement ended it).Often described as Europe's deadliest conflicts since World War II, the wars were marked by many war crimes, including genocide, crimes against humanity and rape. The Bosnian genocide was the first European crime to be formally judged as genocidal in character since World War II, and many key individual participants were subsequently charged with war crimes. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was established by the UN to prosecute these crimes.According to the International Center for Transitional Justice, the Yugoslav Wars resulted in the death of 140,000 people. The Humanitarian Law Center estimates that in the conflicts in the former Yugoslav republics at least 130,000 people were killed.
Castle tour - Monte San Giovanni Campano MSGC - Saint Thomas of Aquinas Prison - Trip back Home
Castle tour of Monte San Giovanni Campano -Also the Prison of Saint Thomas of Aquinas.
Destination: Italy, ..Update: the musician with the initials on the piano and furniture was Maestro Pietro Mascagni......... From airport Leonardo da Vinci. Drive South 56 miles to my native town (MSGC) Monte San Giovanni Campano, it is a municipality of about 12,800 people, it is part of the province of Frosinone in the region Lazio. I lived just a few miles outside of town in a small suburb called La Lucca. Today we will tour the 11th-century fortress, its located at the highest point of the town Monte San Giovanni Campano. The area dates back to the last years of the Roman Empire and the original Castle was built to defend against Barbarians that kept coming in and out of the area. The castle is best known today as the place where Saint Thomas Aquinas was imprisoned by his family from 1240 to 1242 in an attempt to persuade him not to join the Dominican Order. It was also a summer residence of Pope Adrian IV starting in 1155, and where the poet Vittoria Colonna would retreat. On April 17th, 2004 Cardinal Ratzinger, Later Pope Benedict, visited the Castello where St Thomas was held and the Town of Monte San Giovanni Campano. The castle is distinguished by two towers, one quadrangular and the other is pentagonal. The pentagonal shape is very unusual in castles of this type. The towers are a good example of 11th century defensive architecture. Remaining walls are 3.5 meters thick, with two bartizans, double-width patrol walks, and communications passages within the walls. The rooms in which Thomas Aquinas had been held are at the base of the rectangular tower. These are remnants of a larger defensive structure that once included five towers and walls that entirely enclosed a ducal palace and supporting town. The palace was a home of the Conte D'Aquino at the time of his son's imprisonment. The castle town could hold more than a thousand defenders and had been for centuries one of the most efficient and impregnable fortresses of central Italy, famous for reputedly withstanding a siege of seven years. It could not, however, resist the gunpowder artillery that Charles VIII of France used during his conquest of the Kingdom of Naples in 1494. Monte San Giovanni, then a border fort of Naples, fell after eight hours of bombardment. The 700 inhabitants including women and children who were unable to escape were slaughtered by the French army of 25,000. Much of the town was destroyed in the attack of 1494. Only two of five main towers and two of the five palace buildings remain, along with three of the town gates. The rooms in which Thomas Aquinas had been held were saved and restored and the cell now holds a 16th-century Neapolitan triptych.
Music: Pavane from Power Director 12, SmartSound.
Clear Vision from Power Director 12, SmartSound.
Produced with CyberLink PowerDirector 12
Music: PAVANE by Smart Sound. Copyright Free with the purchase of Cyberlink PowerDirector 12.
Credits: Amiens98, for pictures of the Castle Google maps Bing Maps Wikipidia Agnes Preszler: Birdseye view of the Castle
Yugoslavia in World War II | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:22 1 Background
00:05:44 2 1941
00:06:26 2.1 Invasion
00:09:24 2.2 Early resistance
00:18:43 3 1942
00:21:35 4 1943
00:21:44 4.1 Critical Axis offensives
00:25:02 4.2 Italian capitulation and Allied support for the Partisans
00:29:02 5 1944
00:29:11 5.1 Last Axis offensive
00:29:49 5.2 Partisan growth to domination
00:32:22 5.3 Allied advances in Romania and Bulgaria
00:34:41 5.4 Liberation of Belgrade and eastern Yugoslavia
00:36:38 6 1945
00:38:09 6.1 Partisan general offensive
00:45:22 6.2 Final operations
00:47:13 6.3 Aftermath
00:50:37 7 Casualties
00:50:46 7.1 Yugoslav casualties
00:58:36 7.2 German casualties
00:59:26 7.3 Italian casualties
01:00:30 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8439500817400202
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Military operations in World War II in Yugoslavia began on 6 April 1941, when the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was swiftly conquered by Axis forces and partitioned between Germany, Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria and client regimes. Subsequently, a guerrilla liberation war was fought against the Axis occupying forces and their locally established puppet regimes, including the fascist Independent State of Croatia and the Government of National Salvation in the German-occupied territory of Serbia, by the Communist-led republican Yugoslav Partisans. Simultaneously, a multi-side civil war was waged between the Yugoslav communist Partisans, the Serbian royalist Chetniks, the Croatian fascist Ustashe and Home Guard, Serbian Volunteer Corps and State Guard, as well as Slovene Home Guard troops.Both the Yugoslav Partisans and the Chetnik movement initially resisted the occupation. However, after 1941, Chetniks extensively and systematically collaborated with the Italian occupation forces until the Italian capitulation, and thereon also with German and Ustashe forces. The Axis mounted a series of offensives intended to destroy the Partisans, coming close to doing so in the Battle of Neretva and Battle of Sutjeska in the spring and summer of 1943.
Despite the setbacks, the Partisans remained a credible fighting force, with their organization gaining recognition from the Western Allies at the Tehran Conference and laying the foundations for the post-war Yugoslav state. With support in logistics and air power from the Western Allies, and Soviet ground troops in the Belgrade Offensive, the Partisans eventually gained control of the entire country and of the border regions of Trieste and Carinthia.
The human cost of the war was enormous. The number of war victims is still in dispute, but is generally agreed to have been at least one million. Non-combat victims included the majority of the country's Jewish population, many of whom perished in concentration and extermination camps (e.g. Jasenovac, Banjica) run by the client regimes.
The Ustashe regime (mostly Croats, but also Muslims and others) committed genocide against Serbs, Jews, Roma and anti-Fascist Croats. The Chetniks (mostly Serbs, but also Montenegrins and others) pursued genocideagainst Muslims, Croats and Pro-Partisan Serbs, and the Italian occupation authorities pursued violence and ethnic cleansing (Italianization) against Slovenes and Croats. The Wehrmacht carried out mass executions of civilians in retaliation for resistance activity e.g., the Kragujevac massacre. SS Division Prinz Eugen massacred large numbers of civilians and prisoners of war. Hungarian occupation troops massacred civilians (mostly Serbs and Jews) during a major raid in southern Bačka, under the pretext of suppressing resistance activities.
Finally, during and after the final stages of the war, Yugoslav authorities and Partisan troops carried out reprisals, including the deportation of the Danube Swabian population, forced marches and executions of thousands of captured soldiers and ...
10 Things to do in Hvar, Croatia Travel Guide
Come join us as we visit Hvar, Croatia in this travel guide covering 10 things to do in Hvar including top attractions and food experiences. The city of Hvar (Grad Hvar - Lesina) is located on Hvar Island and is easy to reach via Split. Visiting in the off-season meant many businesses were starting to close; however, we had many moments wandering around where we felt like we had Hvar to ourselves. Aside from some rainy days we made the most of our sunny days in Hvar exploring as much as we could by foot.
10 Things to do in Hvar City Tour | Croatia Travel Guide:
(Hrvatska)
1) Harbour of Hvar, Croatia - 00:01
2) Breakfast in Hvar, Croatia - 01:22
3) Hiking up Gardens to the Abandoned Church - 02:11
4) Spaniola Fortress (Fortica Španjola) - 03:25
5) Natural Pools and walking along the waterfront - 05:57
6) Partying, island hopping, boating, biking and activities you can do in Hvar during peak season - 07:25
7) Bell tower ruins - 08:35
8) Lunch at Kogo for pizza and pasta - 10:01
9) Hvar Square and Cathedral of St. Stephen in Hvar (Katedrala Svetog Stjepana) - 11:45
10) Sunset on harbour with live music by Franciscan Monastery - 12:10
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Our visit Hvar travel guide documentary covers some of the top attractions including a food guide (Croatian), top sightseeing tourist attractions and the city by day including visiting churches, parks, the old town, quirky neighborhoods, fortresses, museums, observation points, ruins and the harbor. We also cover off-the-beaten-path outdoor activities you won't find in a typical Hvar tourism brochure, Hvar itinerary or Hvar, Croatia city tour also known as Grad Hvar, Hrvatska (Lesina).
10 Things to do in Hvar, Croatia Travel Guide Video Transcript:
We have finally made it to one of my dream destinations. We're in Hvar, Croatia so and oh my it is beautiful. Today we have blue skies so we're just going to run around like crazy to show you guys Hvar.
As you probably already know, we never start sightseeing without a good meal, so the first item on our list was to find some breakfast. This proved to be a little tricky considering we were visiting during low season, but after a few false starts we settled down at BB Club for shakshuka, omelettes, nutella crepes and cappuccinos.
With bellies full, we were ready explore and our eyes were set on the fortress, which is the focal point when you gaze up from the Old Town.
Reaching the fortress means walking straight uphill, but there are a few scenic stops along the way, including a beautiful park, a seemingly abandoned church, and plenty of lookouts where you can admire the town and the harbour.
After visiting the fort, we came back to the Old Town and decided to go on a little walk along the waterfront. We hadn’t packed any bathing suits and it was too late in the season to go for a swim, but Audrey was set on testing out the turquoise waters.
Continuing our wander through Hvar Town without a particular place or direction in mind, we then came across a medieval Venetian bell tower that we had noticed peeking through the buildings. The bell tower is part of the Ruins of the Dominican Monastery and St. Mark's Church, and while the structure is closed off, it’s still a cool landmark to visit.
We went to KOGO which is located in the main square just footsteps from St. Stephen’s Cathedral. They specialize in pizzas and pastas, and everything was so tasty!
Lastly, to finish up our 1-day tour of Hvar Town, we walked back to the marina, this time heading left in the direction of the Franciscan Monastery, where we were treated to a magical sunset complete with live music.
This is part of our Travel in Croatia video series showcasing Croatian food, Croatian culture and Croatian cuisine.
This is part of our Travel in the Balkans video series showcasing Balkan food, Balkan culture and Balkan cuisine.
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Siege of Dubrovnik
The Siege of Dubrovnik was a military engagement fought between the Yugoslav People's Army and Croatian forces defending the city of Dubrovnik and its surroundings during the Croatian War of Independence. The JNA started its advance on 1 October 1991 and by late October had captured virtually all of the territory between the Pelješac and Prevlaka peninsulas on the coast of the Adriatic Sea—except for Dubrovnik itself. The JNA attacks and bombardment of Dubrovnik, including the Old Town—a UNESCO World Heritage Site—culminated on 6 December 1991. The bombardment provoked strong international condemnation of the JNA and became a public relations disaster for Serbia and Montenegro, contributing to their diplomatic and economic isolation and the international recognition of the independence of Croatia. In May 1992, the JNA pulled back from Dubrovnik to Bosnia and Herzegovina, less than 1 kilometre from the coast in some places, and east of the city to hand over its equipment to the newly formed Army of Republika Srpska. During this time, the Croatian Army attacked from the west and pushed back the JNA/VRS from the areas west of Dubrovnik, both in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and by the end of May linked up with the HV unit defending the city. Fighting between the HV and the Yugoslav troops east of Dubrovnik gradually died down.
The siege and a naval blockade by the Yugoslav Navy caused the deaths of between 82 and 88 Croatian civilians and 194 Croatian military personnel. The JNA suffered 165 fatalities. By the end of 1992, when the entire region was recaptured by the HV in Operation Tiger and the Battle of Konavle, 417 HV troops had been killed. The offensive displaced 15,000 refugees—mainly from Konavle—who fled to Dubrovnik. Approximately 16,000 refugees were evacuated from Dubrovnik by sea and the city was resupplied by blockade-evading runabouts and a convoy of civilian vessels. 11,425 buildings suffered a degree of damage and numerous homes, businesses, and public buildings were looted or torched by the JNA.
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Strange ABANDONED Places in Europe
What’s spookier, an abandoned prison, or an off limits decrepit metro line ? We often focus on all the pretty sights around us, but sometimes, the things and places left behind are more interesting, lets take a look at these 7 Strange Abandoned Places in Europe !
7. Reschensee | Italy
Reschensee, or Lake Reschen, is located on the borders where Italy, Switzerland, and Austria meet. At first glance, you’d think this man-made lake was just like any other in the world. Sure, it’s beautiful, and the mountains surrounding it make it feel almost dream-like. But, take a closer look, and you’ll see a legitimate bell tower sticking up out of the water. Obviously, Lake Reschen is not just your average lake.
For centuries, there were two towns, Graun and Reschen, sharing this valley in the Alps. In 1939, the local power company needed to find a way to supply energy for citizens in the entire region. One of the plans they composed suggested making a man-made lake right in the valley where these two towns were. Essentially, they wanted to completely submerge the two towns in order to have a year-round power supply.
Obviously, the citizens of the towns were not on board with the plan, but 11 years later in 1950, the towns were underwater. The only thing that is visible from the town now is the bell tower from Graun’s 14th-century church. The scene is breathtaking and slightly haunting. With an old bell tower coming out of the depths of the lake, visitors can only imagine what the towns look like on the bottom.
6. Lennox Castle Hospital | Scotland
5. Croix-Rouge Metro | France
Paris welcomes millions of tourists every year. These tourists take in sights like the Eiffel Tower, the l’Arc de Triomphe and the Louvre. But right beneath their feet lies something rich in history and slightly creepy that is perfect for adventure junkies.
Croix-Rouge is an abandoned subway station located in central Paris. In 1923, the station was a stop on the 10th line as part of the Paris Metro. It closed in 1939 so it could be used for military purposes. After the war ended, it never reopened.
Rumor has it that the Croix-Rouge will be transformed into an urban underground hangout spot, complete with a restaurant, swimming pool, and bar. Actually, this plan is supposedly going to be applied to all 16 abandoned subway stations scattered throughout Paris. It is part of a new program called “Reinvent Paris”
Some of the other stations still have décor from the World War II time period. Croix-Rouge is decked with colorful, spray-painted walls after years of being vandalized. Some functioning lights give it a dim, gloomy look which definitely adds to the ominous vibe. Croix-Rouge and all of the other abandoned stations are blocked off during the year, but some of them open for Paris’ Annual Heritage Celebrations.
These blockades are pretty difficult to get around, and it is flat-out illegal. Paris police aren’t messing around when it comes to their subway stations. It’s better to visit in the summer when they open some of them for the general public.
4. Restaurante Panorâmico | Portugal
3.Teufelsberg | Germany
2. Buzludzha | Bulgaria
Buzludzha, much like the Restaurante Panorâmico in Portugal, looks like an abandoned spaceship. Only this time, it is a lot less discreet. The Buzludzha Monument is a sight to behold. It is a massive structure that sits high up in the mountains of Bulgaria. You really can’t miss it, even from far away.
It’s technical name, the Memorial House of the Bulgarian Communist Party, perfectly describes what the structure’s function was. It technically opened in 1981, when Bulgaria was in the midst of a socialist movement.
The citizens funded the entire process of building and dedicating it. The planning process for Buzludzha, however, spans all the way back to 1971. The proposal and planning for the whole operation lasted nearly a decade before it was finally built.
The whole purpose of Buzludzha was to pay honor and respect to the socialist movement sweeping throughout Bulgaria. Towards the end of the 80s, when Bulgaria officially became a democratic nation, the structure became utterly useless. With no movement to support, nobody knew what to do with this extravagant and dramatic monument. After all, it was dedicated to a cause that, at the time, seemed to have no end in sight.
Today, the Buzludzha Monument is covered under the aptly named Buzludzha Project. This project essentially seeks to conserve and protect the monument, and then eventually convert it into a museum. This museum will explain in depth the entire history and purpose of the Buzludzha Monument itself while not hiding it or glorifying it.
1. Kakola prison | Finland
Is mass tourism ruining vacations as we know them? | The Stream
Holiday. Many people look forward to it all year, as a chance to get away from the stress of everyday life and let loose in a new place. But what if that new place is over capacity?
That's the problem facing many hotspots around the world lately, from Bali to Barcelona to Mt. Everest to Machu Pichu. These destinations are grappling with overtourism - when the presence of too many people in one area diminishes quality of life for both locals and visitors.
Mass tourism is set to be the new normal, due to more affordable airfare and the rise of the global middle class. Residents in popular hotspots have been protesting overtourism over the past few years.
Governments are responding by imposing tourism taxes, limiting access to popular destinations through ticketing systems and even closing sites to give them a chance to recover. In this episode, we ask, should limits be set on global tourism?
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