Fireflies in Fredericksburg at the Masonic Cemetery
Another historic site, a Masonic cemetery in Historic Downtown Fredericksburg, VA
Masonic Cemetery ~ Silver City, New Mexico
Historic Freemasons Cemetery in Silver City, New Mexico.
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From the Middle Ages, associations of stonemasons existed in both England and Scotland. It was in Scotland, though, that the first evidence appears of Masonic lodges being regularly used. By the late 1500s, there were at least 13 established lodges across Scotland. But it wasn’t until the turn of the 16th Century that those medieval guilds gained an institutional structure. Many consider to be the birth of modern Freemasonry.
Some say Freemasonry is a cult with links to the Illuminati. Others believe it to be a global network that’s had a secret hand in everything from the design of the US dollar bill to the French Revolution.
Some of the mythology about Freemasonry stems from the mystery of its early origins. One theory goes back to the Knights Templar; after being crushed by King Philip of France in 1307, the some fled to Argyll in western Scotland, and remade themselves as a new organisation called the Freemasons.
Others – including Freemasons themselves – trace their lineage back to King Solomon, whose temple was built with a secret knowledge that was transferred from one generation of stonemason to the next.
A more likely story is that Freemasonry’s early origins stem from medieval associations of tradesmen, similar to guilds.
For all of the tradesmen, having some sort of organisation was a way not only to make contacts, but also to pass on tricks of the trade – and to keep outsiders out.
But there was a significant difference between the tradesmen. Those who fished or gardened, for example, would usually stay put, working in the same community day in, day out.
Not so with stonemasons. Particularly with the rush to build more and more massive, intricate churches throughout Britain in the Middle Ages, they would be called to specific – often huge – projects, often far from home. They might labour there for months, even years. Thrown into that kind of situation, where you depended on strangers to have the same skills and to get along, how could you be sure everyone knew the trade and could be trusted? By forming an organisation. How could you prove that you were a member of that organisation when you turned up? By creating a code known by insiders only – like a handshake.
Others argue that Freemasonry was brought into being by a group of men in the late 1500s or early 1600s. This was a period of great religious and political turmoil and intolerance. Men were unable to meet together without differences of political and religious opinion leading to arguments. Opposing views split families and the English civil war of 1642-6 was the ultimate outcome. Those who support this theory believe that the originators of Freemasonry were men who wished to promote tolerance and build a better world in which men of differing opinions could peacefully co-exist and work together for the betterment of mankind. In the custom of their times they used allegory and symbolism to pass on their ideas.
As their central idea was one of building a better society they borrowed their forms and symbols from the operative builders craft and took their central allegory from the Bible, the common source book known to all, in which the only building described in any detail is King Solomon' s Temple. Stonemasons tools also provided them with a multiplicity of emblems to illustrate the principles they were putting forward.
A newer theory places the origin of Freemasonry within a charitable framework. In the 1600s, there was no welfare state; anyone falling ill or becoming disabled had to rely on friends and the Poor Law for support. In the 1600s, many trades had what have become known as box clubs. These grew out of the convivial gatherings of members of a particular trade during meetings of which all present would put money into a communal box, knowing that if they fell on hard times they could apply for relief from the box. From surviving evidence these box clubs are known to have begun to admit members not of their trade and to have had many of the characteristics of early masonic lodges. They met in taverns, had simple initiation ceremonies and passwords and practiced charity on a local scale. Perhaps Freemasonry had its origins in just such a box club for operative masons.
Masonic Cemetery - Lafayette, Oregon
Fredericksburg Cemetery TX
United States Presidents and The Illuminati Masonic Power Structure
United States Presidents and The Illuminati Masonic Power Structure
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Richard Kirkland Angel of Marye's Heights Fredericksburg, VA
Richard Kirkland Angel of Marye's Heights Fredericksburg at the Sunken Road; portrayed by 10 year old Richard Warren of Virginia. There is a documentary on this subject as well.
The boy in this video was chosen to play the 'young Kirkland' as well as parts in the special features.
A Virginia Ghost Story
Deborah tells the tale of her friendly ghost that scared the living daylights out of her in America's first Capital.
Fredericksburg Cave
This video is mostly walking, since Fredericksburg Cave (also known as Jeffries Cave) is pretty easy going down it's main passages. This was a short trip where we just checked out those main passages, and we'll be going back to push on to the Town Spring Resurgence and down Powell's Inferred Passage on to the Lake.
Montclair History Center - Montclair 150 Years Ago
Is Gettysburg America's Epic Tale, Central to Our National Identity? (Lecture)
Throughout the history of civilization, the most significant nation-states and empires have celebrated an epic war story that formed the core of their identity. Whether it was Homer's Iliad in Greece, Virgil's Aeneid in Rome, the Hebrew Exodus from Egypt or England's Beowulf and King Arthur, all of these informed and instructed successive generations what it meant to be Greek, Roman, Hebrew or English. Each one imparted great stories that promoted collective heritage and instilled moral lessons on how to live a noble and virtuous life. Each epic story embodied the essence of the people portrayed within its pages. Can the same be said for the Battle of Gettysburg? Does the battle encapsulate the nature of what it is to be an American? With Ranger Troy Harman.
Edwin Stanton | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Edwin Stanton
00:01:11 1 Family and early life
00:01:20 1.1 Ancestry
00:02:20 1.2 Early life and education
00:04:36 1.3 Early career and first marriage
00:06:10 2 Rising attorney (1839—1860)
00:06:22 2.1 Return to Steubenville
00:09:45 2.2 Attorney in Pittsburgh
00:12:33 2.3 iMcCormick v. Manny/i and second marriage
00:17:05 2.4 Emergence in Washington
00:22:43 2.5 Daniel Sickles trial
00:25:09 3 Early work in politics (1860—1862)
00:25:22 3.1 In Buchanan's cabinet
00:29:24 3.2 Cameron's advisor
00:32:52 4 Lincoln's Secretary of War (1862—1865)
00:33:06 4.1 Early days in office
00:37:46 4.2 General-in-Chief
00:41:22 4.3 War rages on
00:47:21 4.4 End of the war
00:52:23 4.5 Lincoln assassinated
00:56:58 5 Johnson administration (1865—1868)
00:57:11 5.1 Sherman's truce
01:02:55 5.2 Reconstruction
01:07:36 5.3 Impeachment
01:10:38 6 Later years and death
01:10:47 6.1 Campaigning in 1868
01:12:27 6.2 Illness worsens
01:14:23 6.3 Death and funeral
01:16:32 7 Stanton on U.S. postage
01:17:09 8 Legacy
01:18:50 9 In popular culture
01:21:05 10 See also
01:21:30 11 Notes
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Edwin McMasters Stanton (December 19, 1814 – December 24, 1869) was an American lawyer and politician who served as Secretary of War under the Lincoln Administration during most of the American Civil War. Stanton's management helped organize the massive military resources of the North and guide the Union to victory. However, he was criticized by many Union generals for perceived over-cautiousness and micromanagement. He also organized the manhunt for Lincoln's killer, John Wilkes Booth.
After Lincoln's assassination, Stanton remained as the Secretary of War under the new U.S. President Andrew Johnson during the first years of Reconstruction. He opposed the lenient policies of Johnson towards the former Confederate States. Johnson's attempt to dismiss Stanton ultimately led to U.S. President Johnson being impeached by the Radical Republicans in the House of Representatives. Stanton returned to law after retiring as Secretary of War, and in 1869 was nominated as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court by Johnson's successor, Ulysses S. Grant; however, he died four days after his nomination was confirmed by the Senate.
John S. Mosby | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
John S. Mosby
00:00:53 1 Early life and education
00:04:42 2 Family life
00:06:43 3 Military career in the American Civil War
00:06:54 3.1 1861
00:07:44 3.2 1862
00:09:34 3.3 1863
00:12:31 3.4 1864
00:17:39 3.5 1865
00:19:22 4 Later legal career
00:20:12 4.1 Virginia politics
00:23:43 4.2 Consul in Hong Kong
00:29:25 4.3 Railroad lawyer
00:30:47 4.4 Government attorney
00:33:58 5 Memoirist of the Civil War
00:36:44 6 Death and legacy
00:39:04 7 In popular culture
00:41:25 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
John Singleton Mosby (December 6, 1833 – May 30, 1916), also known by his nickname, the Gray Ghost, was a Confederate army cavalry battalion commander in the American Civil War. His command, the 43rd Battalion, Virginia Cavalry, known as Mosby's Rangers or Mosby's Raiders, was a partisan ranger unit noted for its lightning-quick raids and its ability to elude Union Army pursuers and disappear, blending in with local farmers and townsmen. The area of northern central Virginia in which Mosby operated with impunity was known during the war and ever since as Mosby's Confederacy. After the war, Mosby became a Republican and worked as an attorney and supported his former enemy's commander, U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant. He also served as the American consul to Hong Kong and in the U.S. Department of Justice.
Can Those Be Men? - The Prisoner of War Experience in 1864 (Lecture)
Dan Welch of the Gettysburg Foundation presents his Winter Lecture at Gettysburg National Military Park. Entering the fourth year of the Civil War and with the cessation of prisoner exchange by Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, previously established temporary prisoner of war camps ballooned beyond capacity prompting construction of new pens in 1864 by both Union and Confederate authorities. With increased numbers of prisoners came explosions of disease, illness, and death. Trace the prisoner of war experience in 1864 through diaries, journals, and letters from soldiers both Nrth and South.
Pocket Bio's E36: John Paul Jones (1747 – 1792)
Scotish pirate or American patriot?
Battle of Antietam | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Battle of Antietam
00:02:56 1 Background: Maryland Campaign
00:05:51 2 Opposing forces
00:06:00 2.1 Union
00:10:00 2.2 Confederate
00:12:36 3 Prelude to battle
00:12:46 3.1 Disposition of armies
00:16:10 3.2 Terrain and its consequences
00:17:09 4 Battle
00:17:17 4.1 Morning phase
00:17:29 4.1.1 Cornfield
00:27:51 4.2 Midday phase
00:28:03 4.2.1 Sunken Road: iBloody Lane/i
00:34:49 4.3 Afternoon phase
00:35:01 4.3.1 Burnside's Bridge
00:44:04 5 Aftermath
00:49:49 6 Battlefield preservation
00:51:18 7 Historic photographs and paintings
00:51:28 7.1 Mathew Brady's gallery, The Dead of Antietam (1862)
00:53:18 7.2 Captain James Hope murals
00:54:12 7.3 Gallery
00:54:36 8 In popular culture
00:55:59 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Battle of Antietam , also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, particularly in the Southern United States, was a battle of the American Civil War, fought on September 17, 1862, between Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and Union General George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac, near Sharpsburg, Maryland and Antietam Creek. Part of the Maryland Campaign, it was the first field army–level engagement in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War to take place on Union soil. It was the bloodiest day in United States history, with a combined tally of 22,717 dead, wounded, or missing.After pursuing the Confederate general Robert E. Lee into Maryland, Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan of the Union Army launched attacks against Lee's army, in defensive positions behind Antietam Creek. At dawn on September 17, Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker's corps mounted a powerful assault on Lee's left flank. Attacks and counterattacks swept across Miller's Cornfield, and fighting swirled around the Dunker Church. Union assaults against the Sunken Road eventually pierced the Confederate center, but the Federal advantage was not followed up. In the afternoon, Union Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside's corps entered the action, capturing a stone bridge over Antietam Creek and advancing against the Confederate right. At a crucial moment, Confederate Maj. Gen. A. P. Hill's division arrived from Harpers Ferry and launched a surprise counterattack, driving back Burnside and ending the battle. Although outnumbered two-to-one, Lee committed his entire force, while McClellan sent in less than three-quarters of his army, enabling Lee to fight the Federals to a standstill. During the night, both armies consolidated their lines. In spite of crippling casualties, Lee continued to skirmish with McClellan throughout September 18, while removing his battered army south of the Potomac River.Despite having superiority of numbers, McClellan's attacks failed to achieve force concentration, which allowed Lee to counter by shifting forces and moving along interior lines to meet each challenge. Therefore, despite ample reserve forces that could have been deployed to exploit localized successes, McClellan failed to destroy Lee's army. McClellan's persistent but erroneous belief that he was outnumbered contributed to his cautiousness throughout the campaign.
McClellan had halted Lee's invasion of Maryland, but Lee was able to withdraw his army back to Virginia without interference from the cautious McClellan. McClellan's refusal to pursue Lee's army led to his removal from command by President Abraham Lincoln in November. Although the battle was tactically inconclusive, the Confederate troops had withdrawn first from the battlefield, and abandoned their invasion, making it a Union strategic victory. It was a sufficiently significant victory to give Lincoln the confidence to announce his Emancipation Proclamation, which discouraged the British and French governments from pursuing any potential plans to recognize the Confederacy.