亚运广州2010-01-06 北京亚运会中止伊拉克参会资格
Copyrights of this video belong to the People's Republic of China, the province of Guangdong, the municipality of Guangzhou, the National Tourism Administration of the People's Republic of China, the Guangdong Provincial Tourism Bureau and the Guangzhou Tourism Bureau.
Guangzhou (广州) is a sub-provincial city located in southern China in the middle of Guangdong Province north of the Pearl River, about 120 km (75 mi) northwest of Hong Kong.
It is the third largest city in China and the capital of Guangdong Province, southern China's largest city and key transportation hub and trading port, located on the Pearl River which is navigable to the South China Sea. The city has a population of 6 million, and an urban area population of roughly 11.85 million, making it the most populous city in the province and the third most populous metropolitan area in China. Guangzhou's urban land area is 7,434.4 km2 (2,870.44 sq mi), the third largest in China, behind only Beijing and Shanghai.
Guangzhou is a sub-provincial city. It has direct jurisdiction over ten districts (区 qu) and two county-level cities (市 shi) :
Guangzhou City Proper
■ Yuexiu-qu 越秀区
■ Liwan-qu 荔湾区
■ Haizhu-qu 海珠区
■ Tianhe-qu 天河区
Guangzhou Suburban and Rural
■ Baiyun-qu 白云区
■ Huangpu-qu 黄埔区
■ Huadu-qu 花都区
■ Panyu-qu 番禺区
■ Nansha-qu 南沙区
■ Luogang-qu 萝岗区
■ Zengcheng-shi 增城市
■ Conghua-shi 从化市
Tourist attractions (旅游景点):
Guangzhou has a humid, hot sub-tropical climate. Annual average temperature is 21.8 degrees. Autumn, from October to December, is very moderate, cool and windy, and is the best travel time. There are many tourist attractions around the city which include:
Chen Clan Academy/Chan Clan Ancestral Hall (陈氏书院/陈家祠)
Guangdong Folk Arts Museum (广东民间工艺馆)
Shamian Island (沙面岛)
Guangdong Provincial Museum (广东省博物馆)
Western Han Nanyue King Museum (西汉南越王博物馆)
Temple of the Six Banyan Trees (六榕寺)
Sacred Heart Cathedral/Stone House (石室圣心大教堂/石室)
Huaisheng Mosque (怀圣寺)
Temple of Bright Filial Piety (光孝寺)
Chime-Long Paradise (长隆欢乐世界)
Chime-Long WaterPark (长隆水上乐园)
Guangzhou Peasant Movement Institute (广州市农民运动讲习所)
Parks and gardens (公园):
Baiyun Mountain (白云山)
Yuexiu Park (越秀公园)
Renmin Park (人民公园)
Luhu Park (麓湖公园)
Dongshanhu Park (东山湖公园)
Liuhuahu Park (流花湖公园)
Liwanhu Park (荔湾湖公园)
Yuntai Garden (云台花园)
Martyrs' Park (广州起义烈士陵园)
Zhujiang Park (珠江公园)
South China Botanical Garden (华南植物园)
中文名称： 广州
外文名称： Guangzhou、Canton
别名： 五羊城、羊城、穗城、花城
行政区类别： 省会城市
所属地区： 中国华南
下辖地区： 越秀、荔湾、天河、海珠区等
政府驻地： 越秀区
电话区号： 020
邮政区码： 510000
地理位置： 珠江三角洲
面积： 市区面积3,843.43平方公里
人口： 935.28万人
方言： 广州话
气候条件： 亚热带季风气候
著名景点： 黄埔军校旧址、沙面建筑群、白云山风景区、广州起义烈士陵园等
机场： 新白云机场
火车站： 广州站、东站、北站、西站、南站
车牌代码： 粤A
城市地标： 五羊塑像、中山纪念堂、海珠桥
市花： 木棉花
市鸟： 画眉鸟
著名高校： 中山大学、华南理工大学
广州，简称穗，别称羊城、穗城、穗垣、仙城、花城；解放前旧称省城。地处中国南方，广东省南部，珠江三角洲的北缘，西江、北江、东江水道在此汇合，濒临南中国海，珠江入海口，毗邻港澳，地理位置优越，广州也是海上丝绸之路的起点，被称为中国的南大门。
广州是国务院颁布的全国第一批历史文化名城之一。在漫长的历史长河中，许多名胜古迹如南越王墓、光孝寺、镇海楼、六榕寺、南海神庙、五仙观、怀圣寺、陈家祠、圣心堂、三元宫等，都是广州历史文化名城的见证。 广州，融汇中外文化之精华，形成了独特的岭南文化。岭南画派、岭南建筑、岭南园林、岭南盆景、广东音乐、粤剧、粤菜、粤语以及城市景观、生活习俗等，都体现了岭南文化的风格。
较为常见的广州菜色有白切鸡、白灼海虾、明炉乳猪、挂炉烧鸭、蛇羹、油泡虾仁、红烧大裙翅、清蒸海鲜、虾籽扒婆参等。
The Internationale: Cantonese (國際歌: 粵語) [Rock]
I was unfortunately unable to find a choral version of the Internationale in Cantonese, but I did manage to stumble upon this. The flag is that of the Canton Peasant Movement Training Institute.
Gung Ho: Rewi Alley of China (1980)
New Zealand National Film Unit presents Gung Ho: Rewi Alley of China (1980)
'It may yet rank as one of the great human adventures of our time.' So wrote famed sinologist Edgar Snow, of the remarkable work of Rewi Alley, the longest-lived European in China, and a Westerner unique in his understanding of Chinese culture and society. In making this documentary, Alley travelled a gruelling 15,000 kilometres with the film crew, re-tracing the events and achievements of his fifty two years with the people of the world's largest nation. Calling the peasants 'Chinas gold,' Alley made the slogan 'Gung Ho' - work together - an international by-word, when he organised co-operative industry to keep China fighting the Japanese in World War II. Later, on the edge of the Gobi Desert, he pioneered a school to teach industrial skills to Chinas peasants. He is the author of more than thirty books telling the before and after of the Chinese Revolution. In this programme, for the first time, he tells his own extraordinary story. A National Film Unit/Phase Three Films Co-production
===========
On 2 December 1897 Rewi Alley was born. Rewi was born in the small town of Springfield in inland Canterbury, New Zealand. He was named after Rewi Maniapoto, a Māori chief famous for his resistance to the British military during the New Zealand Wars of the 1860s. Alley's father was a teacher, and Rewi attended primary school at Amberley; then Wharenui School in Christchurch, where his father was appointed headmaster in 1905; and finally Christchurch Boys' High School. His mother, Clara, was a leader of the New Zealand women's suffrage movement.
In March 1917 he volunteered for war service. He was wounded during combat in France and gained the Military Medal.
Alley arrived in China on 21 April 1927. Over the next 10 years, working variously as a fire officer, factory inspector and relief worker, he laboured among the Chinese trying to improve their living and working conditions. He came to greater prominence during the Japanese invasion of China in 1937, after he was involved in efforts to found the Association of Chinese Industrial Cooperatives (INDUSCO), commonly known by the slogan Alley coined, ‘Gung Ho/Work Together'. Gung Ho aimed to organise small-scale self-supporting cooperatives which created employment for workers, while continuing production to support resistance against the Japanese.
By 1953 Alley had settled in Beijing. He immersed himself in writing about China and travelled extensively, speaking on behalf of international peace agencies, such as the World Peace Council. Before and after his death on 27 December 1987 the New Zealand and Chinese governments honoured Alley for his work in China.
This film production was made by the National Film Unit in 1980. The National Film Unit was established to publicise New Zealand's participation and achievements during the Second World War. After 1945 the Film Unit expanded from producing weekly newsreels to making documentaries and films to the order of Government Departments.
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Material from Archives New Zealand
294th Knowledge Seekers Workshop September 19, 2019
Welcome to the 294th Knowledge Seekers Workshop for Thursday, September 19, 2019. This weekly on-going public series of Knowledge Seekers Workshops brings us new teachings, universal knowledge and new understandings of true space technology to everyone on Earth direct from the Keshe Foundation Spaceship Institute. Each Thursday, at 9 am Central European Summer Time, we broadcast live, the latest news, developments, and M.T. Keshe teachings on our zoom channel and other public channels. (see below for channel links)
If you wish to discover and learn more, please see our many categories of videos on our Youtube Channel:
Become a student at the world's first Spaceship Institute! For only 100 euros, you get a full calendar year of access to live and recorded private teachings. There are thousands of hours of extended Private Teachings stored in our private portal at the Keshe Foundation Spaceship Institute (KF SSI) that you have access to, and we teach Live classes six days a week in English, plus we also have live classes 7 days a week in 18+ languages. Apply today to become a student at the KF SSI. More information is at our website
A direct link to Student Application Form is
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(instructions at the bottom)
(download blueprints)
(become a student of KF SSI Education)
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The China Mission: George Marshall's Unfinished War, 1945-1947
Daniel Kurtz-Phelan became Executive Editor of Foreign Affairs in October 2017. He previously served as a member of the Secretary of State’s Policy Planning Staff and, before that, as a senior editor at the magazine. His writing has appeared in publications including The New York Times, The Washington Post, and The New Yorker, and his narrative history of George Marshall’s post–World War II mission to China, The China Mission, was published by WW Norton in April 2018.
The China Mission is a spellbinding narrative of the high-stakes mission that changed the course of America, China, and global politics—and a rich portrait of the towering, complex figure who carried it out.
As World War II came to an end, General George Marshall was renowned as the architect of Allied victory. Set to retire, he instead accepted what he thought was a final mission—this time not to win a war, but to stop one. Across the Pacific, conflict between Chinese Nationalists and Communists threatened to suck in the United States and escalate into revolution. His assignment was to broker a peace, build a Chinese democracy, and prevent a Communist takeover, all while staving off World War III.
In his thirteen months in China, Marshall journeyed across battle-scarred landscapes, grappled with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, and plotted and argued with Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and his brilliant wife, often over card games or cocktails. The results at first seemed miraculous. But as they started to come apart, Marshall was faced with a wrenching choice. Its consequences would define the rest of his career, as the secretary of state who launched the Marshall Plan and set the standard for American leadership, and the shape of the Cold War and the US-China relationship for decades to come. It would also help spark one of the darkest turns in American civic life, as Marshall and the mission became a first prominent target of McCarthyism, and the question of “who lost China” roiled American politics.
The China Mission traces this neglected turning point and forgotten interlude in a heroic career—a story of not just diplomatic wrangling and guerrilla warfare, but also intricate spycraft and charismatic personalities. Drawing on eyewitness accounts both personal and official, it offers a richly detailed, gripping, close-up, and often surprising view of the central figures of the time—from Marshall, Mao, and Chiang to Eisenhower, Truman, and MacArthur—as they stood face-to-face and struggled to make history, with consequences and lessons that echo today.
Chinese American Genealogy
Live broadcast: 1/21/2016
Presented by: Alice Kane
Chinese-American family history research can be conducted using standard genealogical resources such as censuses, city directories, and land transactions. There are, however, other resources that can be especially helpful, such as grave markers, records produced from the Chinese Exclusion Acts, and jiapu (collected family histories). Join Alice Kane to learn what resources are available and to gain a better understanding of the Chinese experience in America during the 19th and 20th centuries.
Find more resources about this topic at the online subject guide:
China Lecture Series Part 2 - Cathryn Clayton - PCC - 2012
Portland Community College, Chinese Histories and Culture lecture. Cathryn Clayton University of Hawai'i, Manoa. Part 2: Thinking About Chinese Nationalism. Made possible by the PCC Internationalization Initiative.
Peking University | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:20 1 History
00:03:29 1.1 Establishment
00:06:52 1.2 Early Republic of China period (1916-1927)
00:11:00 1.3 World War II (1927-1949)
00:12:23 1.4 People's Republic of China (1949–present)
00:18:12 2 Campus
00:21:16 3 Academics
00:24:33 3.1 Schools and Institutes
00:24:43 4 Culture
00:25:54 5 National School of Development (NSD)
00:26:58 6 Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School
00:28:27 7 International students
00:31:05 8 Notable alumni
00:31:15 8.1 Politics
00:32:47 8.2 Philosophy and Literature
00:32:57 8.3 Science, Mathematics, and Medicine
00:36:25 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.748160713724233
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Peking University (abbreviated PKU, colloquially known as Beida) is a major research university in Beijing, China, and a member of the elite C9 League of Chinese universities. The first modern national university established in China, it was founded during the late Qing Dynasty in 1898 as the Imperial University of Peking and was the successor of the Guozijian, or Imperial College. The university's English name retains the older transliteration of Beijing that has been superseded in most other contexts.Throughout its history, Peking University has played an important role at the center of major intellectual movements in China. Starting from the early 1920s, the university became a center for China's emerging progressive movements. Faculty and students held important roles in originating the New Culture Movement, the May Fourth Movement protests, and other significant cultural and sociopolitical events, to the extent that the university's history has been closely tied to that of modern China. Peking University has educated and hosted many prominent modern Chinese figures, including Mao Zedong, Lu Xun, Gu Hongming, Hu Shi, Mao Dun, Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu, and the current Premier Li Keqiang.As of 2018, Peking University is consistently ranked as one of the two top academic institutions in China, along with nearby Tsinghua University. It is among the most selective universities for undergraduate admissions in China and hosts one of the only undergraduate liberal arts colleges in Asia. It is a Class A institution under the national Double First Class University program.Peking University's faculty includes 76 members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and 25 members of the World Academy of Sciences. Peking University Library is one of the largest libraries in the world with over 8 million volumes. The university also operates the PKU Hall, a professional performing arts centers, and the Arthur M. Sackler Museum of Arts and Archaeology. Peking University's affiliated Founder Corporation is the largest university-affiliated company in China, with total assets valued at 239.3 billion renminbi as of 2016. Peking University is especially renowned for its campus grounds and the beauty of its traditional Chinese architecture.
La longue marche de la Révolution chinoise
Introduction à l'histoire de la révolution chinoise réalisée par l'OCML VP. Pour aller plus loin :
Au sommaire :
▶️ XIXème siècle, la Chine : un enjeu pour les impérialistes
▶️Début du Xxème siècle, la République, le mouvement national et la fondation du PCC
▶️Le Kuomitang face aux communistes
▶️1937-1945: le front uni anti japonais
▶️Les années 1950, l'édification de la Chine, les débats au sein du PCC
▶️1958, le grand bond en avant, ses objectifs ses conséquences
▶️Le lancement de la révolution Culturelle
▶️Le bilan de la Révolution Culturelle et ses suites
▶️1976 : mort de Mao et répression du courant maoïste
▶️Les 10 leçons de la Révolution Culturelle
Guangzhou | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:23 1 Names
00:05:06 2 History
00:05:14 2.1 Prehistory
00:05:43 2.2 Nanyue
00:07:23 2.3 Imperial China
00:14:35 2.4 Modern China
00:14:43 2.4.1 Revolutions
00:15:20 2.4.2 Anarchism
00:15:58 2.4.3 Kuomintang rule
00:21:05 2.4.4 Communist takeover
00:23:07 3 Gallery
00:23:15 4 Geography
00:24:35 4.1 Natural resources
00:25:21 4.2 Climate
00:26:58 5 Administrative divisions
00:27:14 6 Economy
00:28:40 6.1 Local products
00:29:32 6.2 Industry
00:30:56 6.3 Science City
00:31:07 7 Demographics
00:32:41 7.1 Ethnicity and language
00:34:31 7.2 Metropolitan area
00:34:52 8 Transportation
00:35:01 8.1 Urban mass transit
00:36:26 8.2 Motor transport
00:37:43 8.3 Airports
00:38:45 8.4 Railways
00:40:11 8.5 Water transport
00:40:33 9 Culture
00:41:16 9.1 Religions
00:41:41 9.1.1 Daoism
00:42:24 9.1.2 Buddhism
00:43:51 9.1.3 Christianity
00:45:15 9.1.4 Islam
00:45:48 9.2 Sport
00:47:30 10 Destinations
00:47:39 10.1 Eight Views
00:48:03 10.2 Parks and gardens
00:48:12 10.3 Tourist attractions
00:48:27 10.4 Pedestrian streets
00:48:47 10.5 Malls and shopping centers
00:49:05 10.6 Major buildings
00:49:13 11 Media
00:51:09 12 Education
00:52:53 13 International relations
00:53:02 13.1 Twin towns and sister cities
00:53:17 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8667257921543619
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Guangzhou (simplified Chinese: 广州; traditional Chinese: 廣州; Cantonese pronunciation: [kʷɔ̌ːŋ.tsɐ̂u] or [kʷɔ̌ːŋ.tsɐ́u] (listen); Mandarin pronunciation: [kwàŋ.ʈʂóu] (listen)), also known as Canton, is the capital and most populous city of the province of Guangdong in southern China. On the Pearl River about 120 km (75 mi) north-northwest of Hong Kong and 145 km (90 mi) north of Macau, Guangzhou has a history of over 2,200 years and was a major terminus of the maritime Silk Road, and continues to serve as a major port and transportation hub, as well as one of China's three largest cities.Guangzhou is at the heart of the most-populous built-up metropolitan area in mainland China that extends into the neighboring cities of Foshan, Dongguan, Zhongshan and Shenzhen, forming one of the largest urban agglomerations on the planet. Administratively, the city holds sub-provincial status and is one of China's nine National Central Cities. In 2015, the city's administrative area was estimated to have a population of 13,501,100. Guangzhou is ranked as an Alpha global city. There is a rapidly increasing number of foreign temporary residents and immigrants from Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Eastern Europe and Africa. This has led to it being dubbed the Capital of the Third World.The domestic migrant population from other provinces of China in Guangzhou was 40% of the city's total population in 2008. Together with Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen, Guangzhou has one of the most expensive real estate markets in China. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, nationals of sub-Saharan Africa who had initially settled in the Middle East and other parts of Southeast Asia moved in unprecedented numbers to Guangzhou, China in response to the 1997/98 Asian financial crisis.Long the only Chinese port accessible to most foreign traders, Guangzhou fell to the British during the First Opium War. No longer enjoying a monopoly after the war, it lost trade to other ports such as Hong Kong and Shanghai, but continued to serve as a major entrepôt. In modern commerce, Guangzhou is best known for its annual Canton Fair, the oldest and largest trade fair in China. For the three consecutive years 2013–2015, Forbes ranked Guangzhou as the best commercial city on the Chinese mainland.
ch 18) The Impossible Victory: Vietnam
chapter 18: A People's History (Of The United States) Howard Zinn.
~
Chapter 18, The Impossible Victory: Vietnam, covers the Vietnam War and resistance to it. Zinn argues that America was fighting a war that it could not win, as the Vietnamese people were in favor of the government of Ho Chi Minh and opposed the regime of Ngo Dinh Diem, thus allowing them to keep morale high. Meanwhile, the American military's morale was very low, as many soldiers were put off by the atrocities they were made to take part in, such as the My Lai massacre. Zinn also tries to dispel the popular belief that opposition to the war was mainly among college students and middle-class intellectuals, using statistics from the era to show higher opposition from the working class. Zinn argues that the troops themselves also opposed the war, citing desertions and refusals to go to war, as well as movements such as Vietnam Veterans Against the War. Also covered is the US invasions of Laos and Cambodia, Agent Orange, the Pentagon Papers, Ron Kovic, and raids on draft boards.
Nanking Massacre | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Nanking Massacre
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Nanjing Massacre, or Rape of Nanjing, was an episode of mass murder and mass rape committed by Japanese troops against the residents of Nanjing (Nanking), then the capital of the Republic of China, during the Second Sino-Japanese War. In the Postal romanization system used at the time, the city's name was transliterated as Nanking, and the event called the Nanking Massacre or Rape of Nanking.
The massacre occurred over a period of six weeks starting on December 13, 1937, the day that the Japanese captured Nanjing. During this period, soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army murdered Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants who numbered an estimated 40,000 to over 300,000, and perpetrated widespread rape and looting.Since most Japanese military records on the killings were kept secret or destroyed shortly after the surrender of Japan in 1945, historians have been unable to accurately estimate the death toll of the massacre. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Tokyo estimated in 1946 that over 200,000 Chinese were killed in the incident. China's official estimate is more than 300,000 dead based on the evaluation of the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal in 1947. The death toll has been actively contested among scholars since the 1980s.The event remains a contentious political issue and a stumbling block in Sino-Japanese relations. The Chinese government has been accused of exaggerating aspects of the massacre such as the death toll, while historical negationists and Japanese nationalists go as far as claiming the massacre was fabricated for propaganda purposes. The controversy surrounding the massacre remains a central issue in Japanese relations with other Asia-Pacific nations as well, such as South Korea.Although the Japanese government has admitted to the killing of a large number of non-combatants, looting, and other violence committed by the Imperial Japanese Army after the fall of Nanjing, and Japanese veterans who served there have confirmed that a massacre took place, a small but vocal minority within both the Japanese government and society have argued that the death toll was military in nature and that no such crimes ever occurred. Denial of the massacre and revisionist accounts of the killings have become a staple of Japanese nationalism. In Japan, public opinion of the massacre varies, but few deny outright that the event occurred.
Boxer Rebellion | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Boxer Rebellion
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Boxer Rebellion (拳亂), Boxer Uprising, or Yihetuan Movement (義和團運動) was an anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising that took place in China between 1899 and 1901, toward the end of the Qing dynasty. They were motivated by proto-nationalist sentiments and by opposition to Western colonialism and the Christian missionary activity that was associated with it.
It was initiated by the Militia United in Righteousness (Yihetuan), known in English as the Boxers, for many of their members had been practitioners of Chinese martial arts, also referred to in the west as Chinese Boxing. The uprising took place against a background that included severe drought and disruption caused by the growth of foreign spheres of influence. After several months of growing violence in Shandong and the North China plain against the foreign and Christian presence in June 1900, Boxer fighters, convinced they were invulnerable to foreign weapons, converged on Beijing with the slogan Support the Qing government and exterminate the foreigners. Foreigners and Chinese Christians sought refuge in the Legation Quarter.
In response to reports of an armed invasion by allied American, Austro-Hungarian, British, French, German, Italian, Japanese, and Russian forces to lift the siege, the initially hesitant Empress Dowager Cixi supported the Boxers and on June 21 issued an Imperial Decree declaring war on the foreign powers. Diplomats, foreign civilians, and soldiers as well as Chinese Christians in the Legation Quarter were detained for 55 days by the Imperial Army of China and the Boxers.
Chinese officialdom was split between those supporting the Boxers and those favoring conciliation, led by Prince Qing. The supreme commander of the Chinese forces, the Manchu General Ronglu (Junglu), later claimed he acted to protect the besieged foreigners. Many officials refused the imperial order to fight against foreigners in their Mutual Protection of Southeast China, because Qing had lost the First Sino-Japanese War five years before.
The Eight-Nation Alliance, after being initially turned back, brought 20,000 armed troops to China, defeated the Imperial Army, and arrived at Peking on August 14, relieving the siege of the Legations. Uncontrolled plunder of the capital and the surrounding countryside ensued, along with the summary execution of those suspected of being Boxers.
The Boxer Protocol of 7 September 1901 provided for the execution of government officials who had supported the Boxers, provisions for foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing, and 450 million taels of silver—approximately $10 billion at 2018 silver prices and more than the government's annual tax revenue—to be paid as indemnity over the course of the next thirty-nine years to the eight nations involved. The Empress Dowager then sponsored a set of institutional and fiscal changes in a failed attempt to save the dynasty.
Guangzhou | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:43 1 History
00:02:52 1.1 Etymology
00:05:47 1.2 Prehistory
00:06:17 1.3 Nanyue
00:08:06 1.4 Imperial China
00:16:00 1.5 Modern China
00:16:08 1.5.1 Revolutions
00:16:49 1.5.2 Kuomintang rule
00:22:26 1.5.3 Communist rule
00:24:39 2 Gallery
00:24:47 3 Geography
00:26:13 3.1 Natural resources
00:27:03 3.2 Climate
00:28:50 4 Administrative divisions
00:29:06 5 Economy
00:30:44 5.1 Local products
00:31:41 5.2 Industry
00:33:12 5.3 Science City
00:33:23 6 Demographics
00:35:05 6.1 Ethnicity and language
00:38:47 6.2 Metropolitan area
00:39:09 7 Transportation
00:39:18 7.1 Urban mass transit
00:40:51 7.2 Motor transport
00:42:14 7.3 Airports
00:43:22 7.4 Railways
00:44:54 7.5 Water transport
00:45:18 8 Culture
00:46:05 8.1 Religions
00:46:31 8.1.1 Daoism
00:47:16 8.1.2 Buddhism
00:48:52 8.1.3 Christianity
00:50:23 8.1.4 Islam
00:50:59 8.2 Sport
00:52:49 9 Destinations
00:52:59 9.1 Eight Views
00:53:24 9.2 Parks and gardens
00:53:33 9.3 Tourist attractions
00:53:49 9.4 Pedestrian streets
00:54:11 9.5 Malls and shopping centers
00:54:29 9.6 Major buildings
00:54:38 10 Media
00:56:42 11 Education
00:58:38 12 International relations
00:58:48 12.1 Twin towns and sister cities
00:59:04 13 See also
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Speaking Rate: 0.9543364886664234
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-E
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Guangzhou (simplified Chinese: 广州; traditional Chinese: 廣州; Cantonese pronunciation: [kʷɔ̌ːŋ.tsɐ̂u] or [kʷɔ̌ːŋ.tsɐ́u] (listen); Mandarin pronunciation: [kwàŋ.ʈʂóu] (listen)), also known as Canton and formerly romanized as Kwangchow or Kwong Chow, is the capital and most populous city of the province of Guangdong in southern China. On the Pearl River about 120 km (75 mi) north-northwest of Hong Kong and 145 km (90 mi) north of Macau, Guangzhou has a history of over 2,200 years and was a major terminus of the maritime Silk Road, and continues to serve as a major port and transportation hub, as well as one of China's three largest cities.Guangzhou is at the heart of the most-populous built-up metropolitan area in mainland China that extends into the neighboring cities of Foshan, Dongguan, Zhongshan and Shenzhen, forming one of the largest urban agglomerations on the planet. Administratively, the city holds sub-provincial status and is one of China's nine National Central Cities. At the end of 2018, the population of the city's expansive administrative area is estimated at 14,904,400 by city authorities, up 3.8% year from the previous year. Guangzhou is ranked as an Alpha global city. There is a rapidly increasing number of foreign temporary residents and immigrants from Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Eastern Europe and Africa. This has led to it being dubbed the Capital of the Third World.The domestic migrant population from other provinces of China in Guangzhou was 40% of the city's total population in 2008. Together with Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen, Guangzhou has one of the most expensive real estate markets in China. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, nationals of sub-Saharan Africa who had initially settled in the Middle East and other parts of Southeast Asia moved in unprecedented numbers to Guangzhou, China in response to the 1997/98 Asian financial crisis.Long the only Chinese port accessible to most foreign traders, Guangzhou fell to the British during the First Opium War. No longer enjoying a monopoly after the war, it lost trade to other ports such as Hong Kong and Shanghai, but continued to serve as a major entrepôt. In modern commerce, Guangzhou is best known for its annual Canton Fair, the oldest and largest trade fair in China. For three consecutive years (2013–2015), Forbes ranked Guangzhou as the best commercial city in mainland China.
Mao Zedong | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Mao Zedong
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Mao Zedong (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976), also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who became the founding father of the People's Republic of China, which he ruled as the Chairman of the Communist Party of China from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976. His theories, military strategies, and political policies are collectively known as Maoism.
Mao was the son of a wealthy farmer in Shaoshan, Hunan. He had a Chinese nationalist and anti-imperialist outlook early in his life, and was particularly influenced by the events of the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 and May Fourth Movement of 1919. He later adopted Marxism–Leninism while working at Peking University, and became a founding member of the Communist Party of China (CPC), leading the Autumn Harvest Uprising in 1927. During the Chinese Civil War between the Kuomintang (KMT) and the CPC, Mao helped to found the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, led the Jiangxi Soviet's radical land policies, and ultimately became head of the CPC during the Long March. Although the CPC temporarily allied with the KMT under the United Front during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), China's civil war resumed after Japan's surrender and in 1949 Mao's forces defeated the Nationalist government, which withdrew to Taiwan.
On October 1, 1949, Mao proclaimed the foundation of the People's Republic of China (PRC), a single-party state controlled by the CPC. In the following years he solidified his control through land reforms and through a psychological victory in the Korean War, as well as through campaigns against landlords, people he termed counter-revolutionaries, and other perceived enemies of the state. In 1957 he launched a campaign known as the Great Leap Forward that aimed to rapidly transform China's economy from agrarian to industrial. This campaign led to the deadliest famine in history and the deaths of an estimated minimum of 45 million people between 1958 and 1962. In 1966, Mao initiated the Cultural Revolution, a program to remove counter-revolutionary elements in Chinese society which lasted 10 years and was marked by violent class struggle, widespread destruction of cultural artifacts, and an unprecedented elevation of Mao's cult of personality. The program is now officially regarded as a severe setback for the PRC. In 1972, Mao welcomed American President Richard Nixon in Beijing, signalling the start of a policy of opening China to the world. After years of ill health, Mao suffered a series of heart attacks in 1976 and died at the age of 82. He was succeeded as paramount leader by Premier Hua Guofeng, who was quickly sidelined and replaced by Deng Xiaoping.
A controversial figure, Mao is regarded as one of the most important and influential individuals in modern world history. He is also known as a political intellect, theorist, military strategist, poet, and visionary. Supporters credit him with driving imperialism out of China, modernising the nation and building it into a world power, promoting the status of women, improving education and health care, as well as increasing life expectancy as China's population grew from around 550 million to over 900 million under his leadership. Conversely, his regime has been called autocratic and totalitarian, and condemned for bringing about mass repression and destroying religious and cultural artifacts and sites. It was additionally responsible for vast numbers of deaths with estimates ranging from 30 to 70 million victims.
Chiang Kai-shek | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Chiang Kai-shek
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Chiang Kai-shek (; 31 October 1887 – 5 April 1975), also known as Generalissimo Chiang or Chiang Chungcheng and romanized as Chiang Chieh-shih or Jiang Jieshi, was a politician and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China between 1928 and 1975, first in mainland China until 1949 and then in exile in Taiwan. He was recognized by much of the world as the head of the legitimate government of China until the late 1960s and early 1970s.
Chiang was an influential member of the Kuomintang (KMT), the Chinese Nationalist Party, as well as a close ally of Sun Yat-sen's. Chiang became the Commandant of the Kuomintang's Whampoa Military Academy and took Sun's place as leader of the KMT following the Canton Coup in early 1926. Having neutralized the party's left wing, Chiang then led Sun's long-postponed Northern Expedition, conquering or reaching accommodations with China's many warlords.From 1928 to 1948, Chiang served as chairman of the National Government of the Republic of China (ROC). Chiang was socially conservative, promoting traditional Chinese culture in the New Life Movement. Unable to maintain Sun's good relations with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), Chiang purged them in a massacre at Shanghai and repressed uprisings at Kwangtung (Canton region) and elsewhere.
At the onset of the Second Sino-Japanese War, which later became the Chinese theater of World War II, Manchurian warlord Zhang Xueliang kidnapped Chiang and obliged him to establish a Second United Front with the CCP. After the defeat of the Japanese, the American-sponsored Marshall Mission, an attempt to negotiate a coalition government, failed in 1946. The Chinese Civil War resumed, with the CCP led by Mao Zedong defeating the KMT and declaring the People's Republic of China in 1949. Chiang's government and army retreated to Taiwan, where Chiang imposed martial law and persecuted critics in a period known as the White Terror. After evacuating to Taiwan, Chiang's government continued to declare its intention to retake mainland China. Chiang ruled Taiwan securely as President of the Republic of China and General of the Kuomintang until his death in 1975, just one year before Mao's death.Like Mao, Chiang is regarded as a controversial figure. Supporters credit him with playing a major part in the Allied victory of World War II and unifying the nation and a national figure of the Chinese resistance against Japan as well as his staunch anti-Soviet and anti-communist stance. Detractors and critics denounce him as a dictator at the front of an authoritarian autocracy who suppressed and purged opponents and critics and arbitrarily incarcerated those he deemed as opposing to the Kuomintang among others.
Guangzhou | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Guangzhou
00:02:29 1 Names
00:05:12 2 History
00:05:21 2.1 Prehistory
00:05:50 2.2 Nanyue
00:07:32 2.3 Imperial China
00:14:53 2.4 Modern China
00:15:02 2.4.1 Revolutions
00:15:40 2.4.2 Anarchism
00:16:18 2.4.3 Kuomintang rule
00:21:30 2.4.4 Communist takeover
00:23:34 3 Gallery
00:23:43 4 Geography
00:25:04 4.1 Natural resources
00:25:52 4.2 Climate
00:27:32 5 Administrative divisions
00:27:48 6 Economy
00:29:16 6.1 Local products
00:30:09 6.2 Industry
00:31:35 6.3 Science City
00:31:46 7 Demographics
00:33:23 7.1 Ethnicity and language
00:35:15 7.2 Metropolitan area
00:35:36 8 Transportation
00:35:45 8.1 Urban mass transit
00:37:12 8.2 Motor transport
00:38:31 8.3 Airports
00:39:34 8.4 Railways
00:41:02 8.5 Water transport
00:41:25 9 Culture
00:42:09 9.1 Religions
00:42:34 9.1.1 Daoism
00:43:16 9.1.2 Buddhism
00:44:46 9.1.3 Christianity
00:46:11 9.1.4 Islam
00:46:46 9.2 Sport
00:48:30 10 Destinations
00:48:39 10.1 Eight Views
00:49:03 10.2 Parks and gardens
00:49:11 10.3 Tourist attractions
00:49:27 10.4 Pedestrian streets
00:49:48 10.5 Malls and shopping centers
00:50:06 10.6 Major buildings
00:50:14 11 Media
00:52:12 12 Education
00:54:01 13 International relations
00:54:11 13.1 Twin towns and sister cities
00:54:27 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Guangzhou (simplified Chinese: 广州; traditional Chinese: 廣州; Cantonese pronunciation: [kʷɔ̌ːŋ.tsɐ̂u] or [kʷɔ̌ːŋ.tsɐ́u] (listen); Mandarin pronunciation: [kwàŋ.ʈʂóu] (listen)), also known as Canton, is the capital and most populous city of the province of Guangdong in southern China. On the Pearl River about 120 km (75 mi) north-northwest of Hong Kong and 145 km (90 mi) north of Macau, Guangzhou has a history of over 2,200 years and was a major terminus of the maritime Silk Road, and continues to serve as a major port and transportation hub, as well as one of China's three largest cities.Guangzhou is at the heart of the most-populous built-up metropolitan area in mainland China that extends into the neighboring cities of Foshan, Dongguan, Zhongshan and Shenzhen, forming one of the largest urban agglomerations on the planet. Administratively, the city holds sub-provincial status and is one of China's nine National Central Cities. In 2015, the city's administrative area was estimated to have a population of 13,501,100. Guangzhou is ranked as an Alpha global city. There is a rapidly increasing number of foreign temporary residents and immigrants from Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Eastern Europe and Africa. This has led to it being dubbed the Capital of the Third World.The domestic migrant population from other provinces of China in Guangzhou was 40% of the city's total population in 2008. Together with Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen, Guangzhou has one of the most expensive real estate markets in China. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, nationals of sub-Saharan Africa who had initially settled in the Middle East and other parts of Southeast Asia moved in unprecedented numbers to Guangzhou, China in response to the 1997/8 Asian financial crisis.Long the only Chinese port accessible to most foreign traders, Guangzhou fell to the British during the First Opium War. No longer enjoying a monopoly after the war, it lost trade to other ports such as Hong Kong and Shanghai, but continued to serve as a major entrepôt. In modern commerce, Guangzhou is best known for its annual Canton Fair, the oldest and largest trade fair in China. For the three consecutive years 2013–2015, Forbes ranked Guangzhou as the best commercial city on the Chinese mainland.
Kuomintang | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:22 1 History
00:03:30 1.1 Founding and Sun Yat-sen era
00:08:52 1.2 Under Chiang Kai-shek in Mainland China
00:22:08 1.3 In Taiwan since 1945
00:34:50 1.4 Current issues and challenges
00:34:59 1.4.1 Party assets
00:38:10 1.4.2 Cross-strait relations
00:42:52 2 Supporter base
00:45:07 3 Organization
00:45:16 3.1 Leadership
00:45:51 3.1.1 Chairman and Vice Chairmen
00:46:14 3.1.2 Secretary-General and Vice Secretaries-General
00:46:38 3.1.3 Legislative Yuan leader (Caucus leader)
00:47:48 3.2 Party organization and structure
00:49:41 4 Ideology in mainland China
00:49:51 4.1 Chinese nationalism
00:53:07 4.2 New Guangxi Clique
00:54:07 4.3 Socialism and anti-capitalist agitation
01:00:12 4.4 Confucianism and religion in its ideology
01:01:42 4.4.1 Education
01:02:21 4.5 Soviet-style military
01:03:15 5 Parties affiliated with the Kuomintang
01:03:25 5.1 Malaysian Chinese Association
01:03:56 5.2 Tibet Improvement Party
01:05:40 5.3 Vietnamese Nationalist Party
01:09:37 5.4 Ryukyu Guomindang
01:10:04 5.5 Pro-Kuomintang camp
01:10:34 6 Organizations sponsored by the Kuomintang
01:11:57 7 Policy on ethnic minorities
01:16:07 8 Stance on separatism
01:19:10 9 Election results
01:19:20 9.1 Presidential elections
01:19:29 9.2 Legislative elections
01:19:38 9.3 Local elections
01:19:47 9.4 National Assembly elections
01:19:56 10 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8246739934485379
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Kuomintang of China (, KMT), also spelled as Guomindang and often alternatively translated as the Nationalist Party of China (NPC) or the Chinese Nationalist Party (CNP), is a major political party in the Republic of China based in Taipei that was founded in 1911. The KMT is currently an opposition political party in the Legislative Yuan.
The predecessor of the Kuomintang, the Revolutionary Alliance (Tongmenghui), was one of the major advocates of the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1911 that resulted in the establishment of the Republic of China. The KMT was founded by Song Jiaoren and Sun Yat-sen shortly after the Xinhai Revolution of 1911. Sun was the provisional President, but he later ceded the presidency to Yuan Shikai. Later led by Chiang Kai-shek, the KMT formed the National Revolutionary Army and succeeded in its Northern Expedition to unify much of mainland China in 1928, ending the chaos of the Warlord Era. It was the ruling party in mainland China until 1949, when it lost the Chinese Civil War to the rival Communist Party of China. The KMT fled to Taiwan where it continued to govern as an authoritarian single-party state. This government retained China's United Nations seat (with considerable Western support) until 1971.
Taiwan ceased to be a single-party state in 1986 and political reforms beginning in the 1990s loosened the KMT's grip on power. Nevertheless, the KMT remains one of Taiwan's main political parties, with Ma Ying-jeou, elected in 2008 and re-elected in 2012, being the seventh KMT member to hold the office of the presidency. In the 2016 general and presidential election, the KMT was defeated in both elections and the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) gained control of both the Legislative Yuan and the presidency, Tsai Ing-wen being elected President.
The party's guiding ideology is the Three Principles of the People, advocated by Sun Yat-sen. The KMT is a member of the International Democrat Union. Together with the People First Party and New Party, the KMT forms what is known as the Taiwanese Pan-Blue Coalition which supports eventual unification with the mainland. However, the KMT has been forced to moderate its stance by advocating the political and legal status quo of modern Taiwan as political realities make the reunification of China unlikely. The KMT holds to t ...
Davos Open Forum 2010 - Switzerland: Misfit or Model?
28.01.2010
Switzerland has been criticized lately: On the one hand, Switzerland's direct democracy is a showpiece; on the other hand, it unleashes worldwide consternation. International pressures on bank secrecy lead to concessions in the exchange of fiscal information. The accusation of cherry-picking comes up regularly.
Does Switzerland have to fear for its reputation and economy?
Did Switzerland react accordingly to the international pressure on tax issues?
What consequences will this have on Swiss diplomacy and its role as a mediator in international conflicts?
This session is co-organized with the Federation of Swiss Protestant Churches (SEK-FEPS).
Pascale Bruderer-Wyss, President of the National Council of Switzerland; Young Global Leader
Niall Ferguson, Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History, Harvard University, and William Ziegler Professor, Harvard Business School, USA
Peter Maurer, Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the United Nations, New York
Haig Simonian, Correspondent, Financial Times, Switzerland
Ulrich Thielemann, Vice-Director, Business Ethics, University of St Gallen, Switzerland
Moderated by
Stephan Klapproth, Anchor, Ten O'Clock News, Swiss Television SF DRS, Switzerland
First Sino-Japanese War | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
First Sino-Japanese War
00:01:30 1 Background
00:02:25 1.1 Korean politics
00:04:17 1.2 Opening of Korea
00:06:39 1.3 Korean reforms
00:08:57 1.4 Japanese insecurities over Korea
00:11:31 1.5 1882 crisis
00:16:14 1.6 Re-assertion of Chinese influence
00:18:14 1.7 Factional rivalry and ascendancy of the Min clan
00:21:32 1.8 Gapsin Coup
00:25:47 1.9 Nagasaki incident
00:26:26 1.10 Bean controversy
00:26:53 2 Prelude to War
00:27:02 2.1 Kim Ok-gyun affair
00:29:32 2.2 Donghak Rebellion
00:31:29 3 Status of combatants
00:31:38 3.1 Japan
00:32:06 3.1.1 Imperial Japanese Navy
00:34:26 3.1.2 Imperial Japanese Army
00:39:25 3.2 China
00:40:01 3.2.1 Imperial Chinese Army
00:43:50 3.2.2 Beiyang Fleet
00:46:56 3.3 Contemporaneous wars fought by the Qing Empire
00:47:32 4 Early stages
00:50:29 5 Events during the war
00:50:38 5.1 Opening moves
00:52:09 5.2 Sinking of the iKow-shing/i
00:54:33 5.3 Conflict in Korea
00:56:44 5.4 Defeat of the Beiyang fleet
01:00:09 5.5 Invasion of Manchuria
01:02:06 5.6 Fall of Lüshunkou
01:03:50 5.7 Fall of Weihaiwei
01:05:10 5.8 Occupation of the Pescadores Islands
01:08:30 6 End of the war
01:08:39 6.1 Treaty of Shimonoseki
01:10:20 6.2 Japanese invasion of Taiwan
01:12:25 7 Aftermath
01:19:06 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The First Sino-Japanese War (25 July 1894 – 17 April 1895) was fought by the Japanese Empire against the Qing Empire, primarily for dominance in Korea. After more than six months of unbroken successes by Japanese land and naval forces and the loss of the port of Weihaiwei, the Qing government sued for peace in February 1895.
The war demonstrated the failure of the Qing Empire's attempts to modernize its military and fend off threats to its sovereignty, especially when compared with Japan's successful Meiji Restoration. For the first time, regional dominance in East Asia shifted from China to Japan; the prestige of the Qing Empire, along with the classical tradition in China, suffered a major blow. The humiliating loss of Korea as a tributary state sparked an unprecedented public outcry. Within China, the defeat was a catalyst for a series of political upheavals led by Sun Yat-sen and Kang Youwei, culminating in the 1911 Xinhai Revolution.
The war is commonly known in China as the War of Jiawu (Chinese: 甲午戰爭; pinyin: Jiǎwǔ Zhànzhēng), referring to the year (1894) as named under the traditional sexagenary system of years. In Japan, it is called the Japan–Qing War (Japanese: 日清戦争, Hepburn: Nisshin sensō). In Korea, where much of the war took place, it is called the Qing–Japan War (Korean: 청일전쟁; Hanja: 淸日戰爭).