Neanderthal | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:30 1 Name and classification
00:07:46 2 Evolution
00:10:31 3 Microbiome
00:12:19 4 Habitat and range
00:14:14 5 Anatomy
00:20:03 6 Behaviour
00:25:10 6.1 Culture
00:28:26 7 Interbreeding with archaic and modern humans
00:29:14 7.1 Pre-2010 interbreeding hypotheses
00:32:08 7.2 Genetic evidence
00:35:36 7.3 Interbreeding with Denisovans
00:36:56 7.4 mtDNA phylogeny
00:38:37 8 Extinction
00:40:15 8.1 Climate change
00:41:22 8.2 Coexistence with modern humans
00:43:53 9 History of research
00:49:13 10 Specimens
00:49:22 10.1 Notable European Neanderthals
00:51:34 10.2 Notable Southwest Asian Neanderthals
00:53:23 10.3 Notable Central Asian Neanderthal
00:53:52 10.4 Chronology
00:54:06 10.4.1 Mixed with iH. heidelbergensis/i traits
00:54:43 10.4.2 iH. neanderthalensis/i fossils
00:55:50 10.4.3 iH. s. sapiens/i with traits reminiscent of Neanderthals
00:55:56 11 In popular culture
00:56:24 12 See also
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SUMMARY
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Neanderthals (UK: , also US: ; Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans in the genus Homo, who lived within Eurasia from circa 400,000 until 40,000 years ago.Currently the earliest fossils of Neanderthals in Europe are dated between 450,000 and 430,000 years ago, and thereafter Neanderthals expanded into Southwest and Central Asia. They are known from numerous fossils, as well as stone tool assemblages. Almost all assemblages younger than 160,000 years are of the so-called Mousterian techno-complex, which is characterised by tools made out of stone flakes.
The type specimen is Neanderthal 1, found in Neander Valley in the German Rhineland, in 1856.
Compared to modern humans, Neanderthals were stockier, with shorter legs and bigger bodies. In conformance with Bergmann's rule, as well as Allen's rule, this was likely an adaptation to preserve heat in cold climates. Male and female Neanderthals had cranial capacities averaging 1,600 cm3 (98 cu in) and 1,300 cm3 (79 cu in), respectively,
within the range of the values for anatomically modern humans.
Average males stood around 164 to 168 cm (65 to 66 in) and females 152 to 156 cm (60 to 61 in) tall.There has been growing evidence for admixture between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans, reflected in the genomes of all modern non-African populations but not in the genomes of most sub-Saharan Africans. The proportion of Neanderthal-derived ancestry is estimated to be around 1–4% of the modern Eurasian genome. This suggests that some interbreeding between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans took place after the recent out of Africa migration, around 70,000 years ago. Recent admixture analyses have added to the complexity, finding that Eastern Neanderthals derived up to 2% of their ancestry from an earlier wave of anatomically modern humans who left Africa some 100,000 years ago.