Mainz Germany - City Tour Summer 2018
Welcome to Mainz !
We visited Mainz in Summer 2018 for 3 Days. Stayed at the Hilton Hotels.
Mainz is the capital and largest city of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The city is located on the Rhine river at its confluence with the Main river, opposite Wiesbaden on the border with Hesse. Mainz is an independent city with a population of 206,628 (2015) and forms part of the Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region.
Mainz was founded as Mogontiacum by the Romans in the 1st Century BC during Classical antiquity, serving as a military fortress on the northernmost frontier of the Roman Empire and as the provincial capital of Germania Superior. Mainz became an important city in the 8th Century AD as part of the Holy Roman Empire, becoming the capital of the Electorate of Mainz and seat of the Archbishop-Elector of Mainz, the Primate of Germany. Mainz is famous as the home of Johannes Gutenberg, the inventor of the movable-type printing press, who in the early 1450s manufactured his first books in the city, including the Gutenberg Bible. Historically, before the 20th century, the city was known in English as Mentz and in French as Mayence. Mainz was heavily damaged during World War II, with more than 30 air raids destroying about 80 percent of the city's center, including most of the historic buildings. Today, Mainz is a transport hub and a center of wine production.
Main Sights:
Romano-Germanic Central Museum (Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum). It is home to Roman, Medieval, and earlier artifacts.
Museum of Ancient Seafaring (Museum für Antike Schifffahrt). It houses the remains of five Roman boats from the late 4th century, discovered in the 1980s.
Roman remains, including Jupiter's column, Drusus' mausoleum, the ruins of the theatre and the aqueduct.
Mainz Cathedral of St. Martin (Mainzer Dom), over 1,000 years old.
St. John's Church, 7th-century church building
Staatstheater Mainz
The Iron Tower (Eisenturm, tower at the former iron market), a 13th-century gate-tower.
The Wood Tower (Holzturm, tower at the former wood market), a 15th-century gate tower.
The Gutenberg Museum – exhibits an original Gutenberg Bible amongst many other printed books from the 15th century and later.
The Mainz Old Town – what's left of it, the quarter south of the cathedral survived World War II.
The old arsenal, the central arsenal of the fortress Mainz during the 17th and 18th century
The Electoral Palace (Kurfürstliches Schloss), residence of the prince-elector.
The Marktbrunnen, one of the largest Renaissance fountains in Germany.
Domus Universitatis (1615), for centuries the tallest edifice in Mainz.
Christ Church (Christuskirche), built 1898–1903, bombed in 1945 and rebuilt in 1948–1954.
The Church of St. Stephan, with post-war windows by Marc Chagall.
Citadel.
The ruins of the church St. Christoph, a World War II memorial
Schönborner Hof (1668).
Rococo churches of St. Augustin (the Augustinerkirche, Mainz) and St. Peter (the Peterskirche, Mainz).
Churches of St. Ignatius (1763) and St. Quintin.
Erthaler Hof (1743)
The Baroque Bassenheimer Hof (1750)
The Botanischer Garten der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, a botanical garden maintained by the university
Landesmuseum Mainz, state museum with archaeology and art.
Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (ZDF) – one of the largest public German TV-Broadcaster.
New synagogue in Mainz
Kunsthalle Mainz – museum for contemporary art
Mainz ist die Landeshauptstadt des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz und mit 217.118 Einwohnern zugleich dessen größte Stadt. Mainz ist kreisfrei, eines der fünf rheinland-pfälzischen Oberzentren und Teil des Rhein-Main-Gebiets. Mit der angrenzenden hessischen Landeshauptstadt Wiesbaden bildet es ein länderübergreifendes Doppelzentrum mit rund 490.000 Einwohnern.
Die zu römischer Zeit gegründete Stadt ist Sitz der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, des römisch-katholischen Bistums Mainz sowie mehrerer Fernseh- und Rundfunkanstalten, wie des Südwestrundfunks (SWR) und des Zweiten Deutschen Fernsehens (ZDF). Mainz ist eine Hochburg der rheinischen Fastnacht.
Kirchen:
Dom St. Martin, St. Stephan (Chagallfenster), St. Quintin, Augustinerkirche, St. Peter, St. Ignaz, Christuskirche, Johanniskirche, Antoniterkapelle, Karmeliterkirche, St. Emmeran, Auferstehungskirche, Altmünsterkirche, St. Christoph
Profanbauten:
Kurfürstliches Schloss, Deutschhaus (heute Landtag), Neues Zeughaus (heute Staatskanzlei), Erthaler Hof, Osteiner Hof, Bassenheimer Hof, Schönborner Hof, Zitadelle, Älterer Dalberger Hof, Jüngerer Dalberger Hof, Gästehaus des Bentzelschen Hofs, Algesheimer Hof, Eisenturm, Holzturm, Zum Römischen Kaiser, Rathaus
Plätze und Sonstiges:
Schillerplatz, Kirschgarten, Ballplatz, Karmeliterplatz, Römersteine,
Sektkellerei Kupferberg, Stadtpark, Lennebergwald, Naturschutzgebiet Mainzer Sand, Botanischer Garten, Hauptfriedhof Mainz, Römisches Theater Mainz (Ausgrabungen), Kriegsmahnmal St. Christoph, Dativius-Victor-Bogen, Theodor-Heuss-Brücke, Höfchen, Liebfrauenplatz
Mainz | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Mainz
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Mainz (; German: [maɪ̯nt͡s] (listen); Latin: Mogontiacum, French: Mayence) is the capital and largest city of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The city is located on the Rhine river at its confluence with the Main river, opposite Wiesbaden on the border with Hesse. Mainz is an independent city with a population of 206,628 (2015) and forms part of the Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region.Mainz was founded by the Romans in the 1st Century BC during the Classical antiquity era, serving as a military fortress on the northernmost frontier of the Roman Empire and as the provincial capital of Germania Superior. Mainz became an important city in the 8th Century AD as part of the Holy Roman Empire, becoming the capital of the Electorate of Mainz and seat of the Archbishop-Elector of Mainz, the Primate of Germany. Mainz is famous as the home of Johannes Gutenberg, the inventor of the movable-type printing press, who in the early 1450s manufactured his first books in the city, including the Gutenberg Bible. Historically, before the 20th century, the city was known in English as Mentz and in French as Mayence. Mainz was heavily damaged during World War II, with more than 30 air raids destroying about 80 percent of the city's center, including most of the historic buildings. Today, Mainz is a transport hub and a center of wine production.
Mainz | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:27 1 Geography
00:01:37 1.1 Topography
00:03:33 1.2 Climate
00:03:48 2 History
00:03:57 2.1 Roman Mogontiacum
00:07:56 2.2 Frankish Mainz
00:13:36 2.3 Christian Mainz
00:16:10 2.4 Early Jewish community
00:17:57 2.5 Republic of Mainz
00:20:00 2.6 Rhenish Hesse
00:21:28 2.7 Industrial expansion
00:23:24 2.8 20th century
00:27:11 2.9 Minority groups
00:27:26 3 Cityscape
00:27:35 3.1 Architecture
00:30:59 4 Main sights
00:33:51 5 Administration
00:35:17 5.1 Coat of arms
00:35:37 6 Culture
00:38:08 7 Education
00:38:27 8 Sports
00:40:23 8.1 USC Mainz
00:43:02 8.2 Mainz Athletics
00:43:39 9 Economy
00:43:48 9.1 Wine centre
00:45:03 9.2 Other industries
00:45:31 10 Transport
00:46:08 10.1 Rail
00:47:17 10.1.1 Operational usage
00:47:25 10.2 Public transportation
00:47:45 10.3 Cycling
00:48:23 10.4 Air transportation
00:49:10 11 Notable people
00:49:27 12 International relations
00:49:39 13 Alternative names
00:50:20 14 See also
00:50:35 15 Notes and references
00:50:45 16 Sources
00:52:07 17 External links
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.9415831953792877
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Mainz ( MYNTS, German: [maɪnts] (listen) is the capital and largest city of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The city is located on the Rhine river at its confluence with the Main river, opposite Wiesbaden on the border with Hesse. Mainz is an independent city with a population of 217,118 (2018) and forms part of the Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region.Mainz was founded as Mogontiacum by the Romans in the 1st Century BC during Classical antiquity, serving as a military fortress on the northernmost frontier of the Roman Empire and as the provincial capital of Germania Superior. Mainz became an important city in the 8th Century AD as part of the Holy Roman Empire, becoming the capital of the Electorate of Mainz and seat of the Archbishop-Elector of Mainz, the Primate of Germany. Mainz is famous as the home of Johannes Gutenberg, the inventor of the movable-type printing press, who in the early 1450s manufactured his first books in the city, including the Gutenberg Bible. Historically, before the 20th century, the city was known in English as Mentz and in French as Mayence. Mainz was heavily damaged during World War II, with more than 30 air raids destroying about 80 percent of the city's center, including most of the historic buildings. Today, Mainz is a transport hub and a center of wine production.
German Story - Where we come from? (English & German Subtitles)
A documentary about the origins of Germany and the germanic people.
Bonn
Bonn (German pronunciation: [ˈbɔn]), officially the Federal City of Bonn, is a city on the banks of the Rhine River in the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany with a population of 309,869 within its administrative limits. The city is the second official residence of the President of Germany, the Chancellor of Germany, the Bundesrat, and the first official seat of six German federal ministries. Bonn is located in the very south of the Rhine-Ruhr region, the largest metropolitan area of Germany, with over 11 million inhabitants.
Founded in the first century BC as a Roman settlement, Bonn is one of Germany's oldest cities. From 1597 to 1794, Bonn was the capital of the Electorate of Cologne and residence of the Archbishops and Prince-electors of Cologne. In 1949, the Parliamentary Council drafted and adopted the German constitution, the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany in Bonn. Whilst Berlin was symbolically named the de jure capital, from 1949 to 1990, Bonn was the de facto capital of West Germany. After the Fall of the Iron Curtain, Bonn remained the seat of government of united Germany from 1990 to 1999. In recognition of this, the former capital holds the one-of-a-kind title of Federal City (Bundesstadt).
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Creative Commons image source in video
Trier | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Trier
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Trier (German pronunciation: [tʁiːɐ̯] (listen); Luxembourgish: Tréier [ˈtʀɜɪ̯ɐ]), formerly known in English as Treves (French: Trèves, IPA: [tʁɛv]) and Triers (see also names in other languages), is a city in Germany on the banks of the Moselle. Trier lies in a valley between low vine-covered hills of red sandstone in the west of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, near the border with Luxembourg and within the important Moselle wine region. The German philosopher and one of the founders of Marxism, Karl Marx was born in the city in 1818.
Founded by the Celts in the late-4th century BC as Treuorum, it was later conquered by the Romans in the late-1st century BC and renamed Trevorum or Augusta Treverorum (Latin for The City of Augustus among the Treveri). Trier may be the oldest city in Germany. It is also the oldest seat of a bishop north of the Alps. In the Middle Ages, the Archbishop-Elector of Trier was an important prince of the church, as the archbishop-electorate controlled land from the French border to the Rhine. The Archbishop-Elector also had great significance as one of the seven electors of the Holy Roman Empire.
With an approximate population of 105,000, Trier is the fourth-largest city in its state, after Mainz, Ludwigshafen, and Koblenz. The nearest major cities are Luxembourg (50 km or 31 mi to the southwest), Saarbrücken (80 kilometres or 50 miles southeast), and Koblenz (100 km or 62 mi northeast).
The University of Trier, the administration of the Trier-Saarburg district and the seat of the ADD (Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion), which until 1999 was the borough authority of Trier, and the Academy of European Law (ERA) are all based in Trier. It is one of the five central places of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Along with Luxembourg, Metz and Saarbrücken, fellow constituent members of the QuattroPole union of cities, it is central to the greater region encompassing Saar-Lor-Lux (Saarland, Lorraine and Luxembourg), Rhineland-Palatinate, and Wallonia.
Bonn | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Bonn
00:02:07 1 Geography
00:02:16 1.1 Topography
00:03:27 1.2 Administration
00:04:15 1.3 Climate
00:04:33 2 History
00:04:42 2.1 Founding and Roman times
00:08:09 2.2 Middle Ages and Early Modern times
00:09:30 2.3 20th century and time as the capital of West Germany
00:11:30 2.4 After German reunification in 1990
00:13:46 3 Politics
00:13:55 3.1 City council
00:15:17 3.2 Landtag election
00:15:51 3.3 German federal election
00:16:29 4 Culture
00:18:03 4.1 Churches
00:18:35 4.2 Castles and residences
00:18:47 4.3 Modern buildings
00:19:33 4.4 Museums
00:22:10 4.5 Nature
00:23:38 5 Transportation
00:23:47 5.1 Air traffic
00:25:01 5.2 Rail and bus system
00:26:13 5.3 Road network
00:27:24 5.4 Port
00:27:53 6 Economy
00:28:13 7 Education
00:28:42 7.1 Private schools
00:30:25 8 Demographics
00:31:14 9 Sports
00:31:53 10 International relations
00:33:46 10.1 Twin towns — sister cities
00:34:40 11 Notable residents
00:34:50 11.1 Up to the 19th century
00:39:20 11.2 20th century
00:39:29 11.2.1 1900–1950
00:42:23 11.2.2 1951 up to present
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Federal City of Bonn (German pronunciation: [bɔn] (listen)) is a city on the banks of the Rhine in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, with a population of over 300,000. About 24 km (15 mi) south-southeast of Cologne, Bonn is in the southernmost part of the Rhine-Ruhr region, Germany's largest metropolitan area, with over 11 million inhabitants.
Because of a political compromise following German reunification, the German federal government maintains a substantial presence in Bonn, and the city is considered a second, unofficial, capital of the country. Bonn is the secondary seat of the President, the Chancellor, the Bundesrat and the primary seat of six federal government ministries and twenty federal authorities. The unique title of Federal City (German: Bundesstadt) reflects its important political status within Germany.Founded in the 1st century BC as a Roman settlement, Bonn is one of Germany's oldest cities. From 1597 to 1794, Bonn was the capital of the Electorate of Cologne, and residence of the Archbishops and Prince-electors of Cologne. Composer Ludwig van Beethoven was born in Bonn in 1770. From 1949 to 1990, Bonn was the provisional capital of West Germany, and Germany's present constitution, the Basic Law, was declared in the city in 1949. Berlin was re-affirmed by the Bundestag in Bonn as the capital of Germany, though due to the country's division a seat of government was maintained there - only in the eastern half - solely by the German Democratic Republic. From 1990 to 1999, Bonn served as the seat of government – but no longer capital – of reunited Germany.
The headquarters of Deutsche Post DHL and Deutsche Telekom, both DAX-listed corporations, are in Bonn. The city is home to the University of Bonn and a total of 20 United Nations institutions, including headquarters for Secretariat of the UN Framework Convention Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Secretariat of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and the UN Volunteers programme.
Bonn | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:16 1 Geography
00:02:25 1.1 Topography
00:03:40 1.2 Administration
00:04:31 1.3 Climate
00:04:50 2 History
00:04:59 2.1 Founding and Roman times
00:08:41 2.2 Middle Ages and Early Modern times
00:10:07 2.3 20th century and the Bonn Republic period
00:12:13 2.4 Bonn in the Berlin Republic
00:14:37 3 Politics
00:14:47 3.1 City council
00:16:13 3.2 Landtag election
00:16:46 3.3 German federal election
00:17:29 4 Culture
00:19:08 4.1 Churches
00:19:42 4.2 Castles and residences
00:19:54 4.3 Modern buildings
00:20:43 4.4 Museums
00:23:28 4.5 Nature
00:25:02 5 Transportation
00:25:12 5.1 Air traffic
00:26:29 5.2 Rail and bus system
00:27:46 5.3 Road network
00:29:01 5.4 Port
00:29:32 6 Economy
00:29:52 7 Education
00:30:22 7.1 Private schools
00:32:08 8 Demographics
00:32:59 9 Sports
00:33:40 10 International relations
00:35:35 10.1 Twin towns — sister cities
00:36:32 11 Notable residents
00:36:42 11.1 Up to the 19th century
00:41:19 11.2 20th century
00:41:29 11.2.1 1900–1950
00:44:23 11.2.2 1951 up to present
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.917023645790077
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Federal City of Bonn (German pronunciation: [bɔn] (listen)) is a city on the banks of the Rhine in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, with a population of over 300,000. About 24 km (15 mi) south-southeast of Cologne, Bonn is in the southernmost part of the Rhine-Ruhr region, Germany's largest metropolitan area, with over 11 million inhabitants. It is famously known as the birthplace of Ludwig van Beethoven in 1770. Beethoven spent his childhood and teenage years in Bonn.
Because of a political compromise following German reunification, the German federal government maintains a substantial presence in Bonn. Roughly a third of all ministerial jobs are located in Bonn as of 2019, and the city is considered a second, unofficial, capital of the country. Bonn is the secondary seat of the President, the Chancellor, the Bundesrat and the primary seat of six federal government ministries and twenty federal authorities. The title of Federal City (German: Bundesstadt) reflects its important political status within Germany.Founded in the 1st century BC as a Roman settlement, Bonn is one of Germany's oldest cities. From 1597 to 1794, Bonn was the capital of the Electorate of Cologne, and residence of the Archbishops and Prince-electors of Cologne. From 1949 to 1990, Bonn was the capital of West Germany, and Germany's present constitution, the Basic Law, was declared in the city in 1949. The era when Bonn served as the capital of West Germany is referred to by historians as the Bonn Republic. From 1990 to 1999, Bonn served as the seat of government – but no longer capital – of reunited Germany.
The headquarters of Deutsche Post DHL and Deutsche Telekom, both DAX-listed corporations, are in Bonn. The city is home to the University of Bonn and a total of 20 United Nations institutions, including headquarters for Secretariat of the UN Framework Convention Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Secretariat of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and the UN Volunteers programme.
Oil lamp | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:34 1 Components
00:03:08 2 Lamp typology
00:03:35 3 Lamp typological categories
00:06:14 4 Oil lamps in religious contexts
00:06:25 4.1 Judaism
00:08:09 4.1.1 Chanukah
00:08:47 4.2 Christianity
00:13:18 4.3 Islam
00:14:06 4.4 Hinduism
00:17:07 4.5 Chinese folk religion
00:17:50 5 History
00:19:24 5.1 Chalcolithic Age, c. 4500–3300 BC
00:19:45 5.2 The Bronze Ages (3200–1200 BC)
00:21:14 5.3 The Iron Age (1200–560 BC)
00:22:05 5.4 Arctic
00:22:49 5.5 Persian
00:23:04 5.6 Greek
00:23:33 5.7 Chinese
00:24:12 5.8 Early Roman
00:24:52 5.9 Late Roman
00:25:30 5.10 Byzantine
00:25:50 5.11 Early Islamic
00:26:51 5.12 Industrial age
00:27:07 6 Regional variations
00:27:17 6.1 Israel
00:29:32 6.2 Importance of oil lamps in India
00:32:28 7 Oil tax
00:32:56 8 Books and catalogues
00:33:05 8.1 General
00:36:30 8.2 Western Europe
00:38:10 8.3 Middle (Near) East
00:38:55 8.4 Aegean
00:39:28 8.5 North Africa
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9510817628967676
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
An oil lamp is an object used to produce light continuously for a period of time using an oil-based fuel source. The use of oil lamps began thousands of years ago and continues to this day, although not commonly anymore.
Oil lamps are a form of lighting, and were used as an alternative to candles before the use of electric lights. Starting in 1780, the Argand lamp quickly replaced other oil lamps still in their basic ancient form. These in turn were replaced by the kerosene lamp in about 1850. In small towns and rural areas the latter continued in use well into the 20th century, until such areas were finally electrified and light bulbs could be used.
Sources of fuel for oil lamps include a wide variety of plants such as nuts (walnuts, almonds) and seeds (sesame, olive, castor, flax). Also widely used were animal fats (butter, fish oil, shark liver, whale blubber, seals). Camphine, a blend of turpentine and alcohol, was the first burning fluid fuel for lamps after whale oil supplies were depleted. It was replaced by kerosene after Congress enacted excise taxes on alcohol to pay for the Civil War.
Most modern lamps (such as fueled lanterns) have been replaced by gas-based or petroleum-based fuels to operate when emergency non-electric light is required. Therefore, oil lamps of today are primarily used for the particular ambience they produce.