《盜墓筆記2 之 怒海潜沙 Explore with the Note》第12集 （侯明昊, 成毅, 李曼, 張博宇）
Shaoxing
Shaoxing is a prefecture-level city on the southern shore of Hangzhou Bay in northeastern Zhejiang province, China. It was formerly known as Kuaiji and Shanyin and abbreviated in Chinese as 越 from the area's former inhabitants. Located on the south bank of the Qiantang River estuary, it borders Ningbo to the east, Taizhou to the southeast, Jinhua to the southwest, and Hangzhou to the west. The city itself is lined with numerous canals and waterways, giving it a classic Jiangnan style scenery though more mountainous than is typical for Jiangnan. At the 2010 census, its population was 4,912,339 inhabitants whom 1,914,683 lived in the built-up area of Hangzhou-Shaoxing, with 8,156,154 inhabitants.
Shaoxing has long been a hotbed of Chinese cultural activity, producing such luminary figures as Wang Xizhi, Zhou Enlai, Lu Xun, and Cai Yuanpei. It is widely known throughout China for Shaoxing wine, meigan cai, and stinky tofu, and was recently featured on A Bite of China. Its local variety of Chinese opera sung in the local dialect and known as Yue or Shaoxing opera is second in popularity only to Peking opera. In 2010, Shaoxing celebrated the 2500th anniversary of the founding of the city.
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Chai Jing's review: Under the Dome – Investigating China’s Smog 柴静雾霾调查：穹顶之下 (full translation)
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Tianyu Fang & Christopher Linghein LINGHAN He
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Former celebrity TV anchor Chai Jing quit her job after her baby daughter was born with a lung tumor, and after a year of rigorous investigation, launched this 1 hour 40 minute documentary about China’s smog: what is smog? Where does it come from? What do we do from here? It is very powerful in many ways. English subtitles of the documentary are not yet completely finished, but if you can, grab a Chinese friend and watch it together. English subtitles are now completely finished, and other languages are being added.
Cultural Revolution | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Cultural Revolution
00:02:37 1 Background
00:02:46 1.1 Great Leap Forward
00:06:03 1.2 Sino-Soviet split and anti-revisionism
00:08:05 1.3 Precursor
00:10:40 1.3.1 February Outline
00:12:06 2 Early stage: mass movement
00:12:16 2.1 May 16 notification
00:14:20 2.2 Early mass rallies
00:17:01 2.3 Bombard the headquarters
00:20:17 2.4 Red Guards and the destruction of the Four Olds
00:26:46 2.5 Radicals expand power (1967)
00:30:17 2.6 1968
00:32:05 3 Lin Biao phase
00:32:14 3.1 Transition of power
00:34:29 3.2 PLA gains pre-eminent role
00:37:56 3.3 Flight of Lin Biao
00:41:24 4 Gang of Four and their downfall
00:41:35 4.1 Antagonism towards Zhou and Deng
00:46:08 4.2 Death of Zhou Enlai
00:47:39 4.3 Tiananmen Incident
00:49:34 4.4 Death of Mao and Arrest of the Gang of Four
00:50:58 5 Aftermath
00:54:08 6 Policy and effect
00:58:29 6.1 Education
01:01:43 6.2 Slogans and rhetoric
01:04:29 6.3 Arts and literature
01:09:25 6.3.1 Propaganda art
01:11:54 6.4 Historical relics
01:14:10 6.5 Struggle sessions and purges
01:16:44 6.5.1 Death toll
01:17:53 6.6 Ethnic minorities
01:21:09 7 Legacy
01:21:18 7.1 China
01:21:26 7.1.1 Communist Party opinions
01:24:52 7.1.2 Alternative opinions
01:27:37 7.1.3 Contemporary China
01:29:18 7.2 Outside mainland China
01:30:50 7.3 Academic debate
01:34:41 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in China from 1966 until 1976. Launched by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China (CPC), its stated goal was to preserve CPC-style Communism by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society, and to re-impose Mao Zedong Thought (known outside China simply as Maoism) as the dominant ideology within the Party. The Revolution marked Mao's return to a position of power after the failures of his Great Leap Forward. The movement paralyzed China politically and negatively affected both the economy and society of the country to a significant degree.
The movement was launched in May 1966, after Mao alleged that bourgeois elements had infiltrated the government and society at large, aiming to restore capitalism. To eliminate his rivals within the Communist Party of China, Mao insisted that revisionists be removed through violent class struggle. China's youth responded to Mao's appeal by forming Red Guard groups around the country. The movement spread into the military, urban workers, and the Communist Party leadership itself. It resulted in widespread factional struggles in all walks of life. In the top leadership, it led to a mass purge of senior officials, most notably Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping. During the same period, Mao's personality cult grew to immense proportions.
In the violent struggles that ensued across the country, millions of people were persecuted and suffered a wide range of abuses including public humiliation, arbitrary imprisonment, torture, hard labor, sustained harassment, seizure of property and sometimes execution. A large segment of the population was forcibly displaced, most notably the transfer of urban youth to rural regions during the Down to the Countryside Movement. Historical relics and artifacts were destroyed and cultural and religious sites were ransacked.
Mao officially declared the Cultural Revolution to have ended in 1969, but its active phase lasted until the death of military leader and proposed Mao successor Lin Biao in 1971. After Mao's death and the arrest of the Gang of Four in 1976, reformers led by Deng Xiaoping gradually began to dismantle the Maoist policies associated with the Cultural Revolution. In 1981, the Party declared that the Cultural Revolution was responsible for the most severe setback and the heaviest losses suffered by the Party, the country, and the people since the founding of the People's Republic.
La feuille de saule from Vêpres à la Vierge en Chine
La feuille de saule (The Willow Leaf), track 1 from the CD Vêpres à la Vierge en Chine (K617, 2004). This fascinating and beautifully realized recording, made with the assistance of the French ethnomusicologist François Picard, presents a hypothetical reconstruction of a Vespers service that might have been performed in a Jesuit mission in China during the 17th and 18th centuries.
Performed by the Choeur du Beitang of Beijing and XVIII-21 Musique des Lumières of Paris, dir. Jean-Christophe Frisch. Recorded November 8-11, 2003 in the chapel of the Maison Diocésaine de Nîmes, Nîmes, southern France. The instruments used in this recording are a combination of European Renaissance instruments and traditional Chinese instruments.
The two tunes heard in this recording (following the introductory drum solo) are related qupai (曲牌, instrumental named tunes) used in China since the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Kunqu (昆曲), China's tradition of classical theater, as well as played by Daoist ceremonial ensembles.
The first tune (beginning at 1:36) is a variant of Xiao Liu Yaojin 《小柳摇金》, which is essentially the tune Jie Jie Gao in augmentation (each main melody note extended to twice its value), with melodic elaboration. The Chinese composer Jiang Xianwei (江先渭, 1924-2014) adapted this qupai, which he referred to by the title Xiao Baimen 《小拜门》, for the slow main melody of his famous solo dizi piece Gu Su Xing 《姑苏行》 (A Visit to Suzhou), composed in 1962.
The second tune (beginning at 2:45) is entitled Jie Jie Gao 《节节高》 (Growing Higher and Higher). Its title probably comes from the saying Zhima kaihua jie jie gao (芝麻开花节节高, meaning a sesame stalk puts forth blossoms notch by notch, higher and higher), referring to an old tradition from the city of Hangzhou of planting a sesame seed on the eaves of one's house on the first day of the new year in order to watch it sprout and grow over the course of the year, producing numerous seeds just as the family is hoped to flourish and multiply. In Kunqu, this bright and cheerful qupai is used to set the stage for scenes of banquets or other festivities, and is used most famously in Mudan Ting 《牡丹亭》 (The Peony Pavilion), the best known of all Kunqu plays.
Jie Jie Gao was included, in staff notation, as one of the five unnamed Airs Chinois on p. 267 of the third volume of his four-volume Déscription géographique, historique, chronologique, politique, et physique de l’empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise (Paris: Le Mercier, 1735), compiled by Father Jean-Baptiste Du Halde (1674-1743), a French Jesuit historian specializing in China. Du Halde compiled this voluminous work in France based on accounts sent to him by Jesuit missionaries, and it became the first major source of transcriptions of music from China. The melody was later republished (with errors) by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his Dictionnaire de musique (1768) as well as other books published in the 18th and 19th centuries, becoming well known in the West as an example of traditional Chinese music (though the piece's original Chinese title was never given in any of these sources). In the Xian Di Pipa Pu, published in Guangzhou in 1770, this same melody is given the title Shui Long Yin 《水龙吟》 (The Water Dragon Moans).
The German composer Carl Maria von Weber (1786-1826) composed an imaginative set of variations on the Jie Jie Gao tune for his 1809 incidental music for a production of Friedrich Schiller's adaptation of the Carlo Gozzi play Turandot, which is set in ancient China. Paul Hindemith (1895-1963), over a century later, was inspired to use the same tune in the second movement of his Symphonic Metamorphosis of Themes by Carl Maria von Weber (1943).
The creators of this recording probably selected the French title La feuille de saule (The Willow Leaf) owing to the fact that the title of the first of the two qupai, Xiao Liu Yaojin 《小柳摇金》, contains a character (柳, liu) meaning willow.
Thanks to Qiuhui Li for bringing this recording to my attention.
Video of Jie Jie Gao, as played within the Kunqu play Mudan Ting 《牡丹亭》 (The Peony Pavilion); starts at 2:10 and ends at 3:20):
Video of Jie Jie Gao, as played by a Daoist shifan ensemble (3:13 to the end):
Video of Jie Jie Gao, as played by a Kunqu ensemble (2:12 to the end):
Video of the Weber piece:
Video of the Hindemith piece:
History of China
Chinese civilization originated in various regional centers along both the Yellow River and the Yangtze River valleys in the Neolithic era, but the Yellow River is said to be the cradle of Chinese civilization. With thousands of years of continuous history, China is one of the world's oldest civilizations. The written history of China can be found as early as the Shang dynasty , although ancient historical texts such as the Records of the Grand Historian and Bamboo Annals assert the existence of a Xia dynasty before the Shang. Much of Chinese culture, literature and philosophy further developed during the Zhou dynasty .
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Xinhai Revolution | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Xinhai Revolution
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Xinhai Revolution (Chinese: 辛亥革命; pinyin: Xīnhài Gémìng), also known as the Chinese Revolution or the Revolution of 1911, was a revolution that overthrew China's last imperial dynasty (the Qing dynasty) and established the Republic of China (ROC). The revolution was named Xinhai (Hsin-hai) because it occurred in 1911, the year of the Xinhai (辛亥; metal pig) stem-branch in the sexagenary cycle of the Chinese calendar.The revolution consisted of many revolts and uprisings. The turning point was the Wuchang uprising on 10 October 1911, which was the result of the mishandling of the Railway Protection Movement. The revolution ended with the abdication of the six-year-old Last Emperor, Puyi, on 12 February 1912, that marked the end of 2,000 years of imperial rule and the beginning of China's early republican era.
The revolution arose mainly in response to the decline of the Qing state, which had proven ineffective in its efforts to modernize China and confront foreign aggression. Many underground anti-Qing groups, with the support of Chinese revolutionaries in exile, tried to overthrow the Qing. The brief civil war that ensued was ended through a political compromise between Yuan Shikai, the late Qing military strongman, and Sun Yat-sen, the leader of the Tongmenghui (United League). After the Qing court transferred power to the newly founded republic, a provisional coalition government was created along with the National Assembly. However, political power of the new national government in Beijing was soon thereafter monopolized by Yuan and led to decades of political division and warlordism, including several attempts at imperial restoration.
The Republic of China in Taiwan and the People's Republic of China on the mainland both consider themselves the legitimate successors to the Xinhai Revolution and honor the ideals of the revolution including nationalism, republicanism, modernization of China and national unity. 10 October is commemorated in Taiwan as Double Ten Day, the National Day of the ROC. In mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau, the day is celebrated as the Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution.