Remote Siberian region celebrates its culture
SHOTLIST
Tuva, July 28, 2008
1. Wide riders set off on horse race
2. Wide people watching
3. Wide riders ride into distance
4. Wide women preparing national dishes
5. Mid same
6. Mid woman stirs pot of liver
7. Wide same
5. Wide first riders return home
6. Cutaway boy films
7. Wide winner crosses finish line
8. Cutaway man recording winners
9. Wide winner sits on horse
10. Wide burial mound territory - Arzhan-2
11. Wide burial mound with exhibition yurt in background
12. Wide stones
13. Mid memorial stone in centre
14. Close up same
15. Wide women standing around stone
16. Set up Inna Mangush walks around stone
17. Close up hands in prayer
18. SOUNDBITE: (Russian) Inna Mangush, Arzhan-2 Museum Director
This land has been given the status of sacred Tuvan land. Here our ancestors the Scythians lived, their high culture raises the spirit of the Tuvan people to the same level as that of the Scythians
19. Mid Kurgan with exhibition yurt in background
20. Wide historical information on outside of yurt
21. Wide pan inside exhibition
22. Close up photo of remains
23. SOUNDBITE: (Russian) Inna Mangush, Arzhan-2 Museum Director
Our people are very interested in our history but archaeology is little studied in Tuva. The thorough study of the Tuvan kurgans began only some 20 years ago.
24. Mid wrestlers march onto field
25. Wide people watching
26. Wide wrestlers dance
27. Mid old women watching
28. Mid man announces contestants
29. Wide wrestling
30. Set up Devan Miller watching
31. Mid wrestlers finish bout
38. SOUNDBITE: (English) Devan Miller, Tour Guide
This is a traditional Tuvan sport, khuresh wrestling. You wear this costume and they grab hold of each other and try to make each other go to the ground. You can only touch the ground with your feet and it you touch with anything else you lose
39. Wide Devan miller wrestling
40. Wide girls in national dress watching
41. Mid same
42. Wide Devan Miller loses bout
43. SOUNDBITE: (English) Devan Miller, Tour Guide
This is something I like to participate in every time I come to Tuva. It's good to connect with the people and show how much I love their culture.
44. Mid young rider receives prize
45. Wide rides away
46. Set up Eric Smith
47. SOUNDBITE: (English) Eric Smith, Tourist
It's a beautiful country, it's a country of proud people who live off the land and there are not so many of those left in the world. So we have to do everything we can to help the people who still do protect it.
48. Wide people ride past Buddhist prayer rags
49. Close up Buddhist prayer rags
LEAD IN:
Sometimes referred to as the Siberian Shangri-la, the Russian region of Tuva is both remote and mysterious.
North of Mongolia and surrounded by mountains, after centuries of isolation, Tuva is now being explored by the rest of the world.
STORYLINE:
Tuva is one of 20 republics of the Russian Federation.
The size of Florida, only 300-thousand or so people live in this land of high plains and valleys surrounded by mountain peaks.
The Tuvan people are rightly proud of their Scythian ancestors, whose horses thundered across the Siberian steppe 2,700 years ago.
The Tuvans themselves are just as capable horsemen.
To celebrate the opening of the Arzhan-2 museum a day of traditional Tuvan sports was held in the valley.
Arzhan-2 is an undisturbed royal burial site dating from the Scythian period.
Two races were held - one 15 kilometre ( 9 mile) race for horses under 3 years old and a 25 kilometre (15.5 mile) race for older horses.
Historically Tuvans led a nomadic way of life, moving on horses from one settlement to another and the natural conditions of the republic are perfect for horse riding.
But Arzhan-2 was made entirely of stone.
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Exhibition of the Great Steppe will open in Macedonia
On July 11, 2019 the National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan opens the exhibition “Great Steppe: History and Culture” in the exhibition hall of the National Archaeological Museum of North Macedonia. The exhibition will be held from July 11 to August 11, 2019, in the framework of the international project Golden Man Procession through Museums of the World.
The aim of the exhibition is to familiarize the foreign audience with the rich historical and cultural heritage of Kazakhstan. The exhibition will feature the symbol of the Republic of Kazakhstan - the “Golden Man”.
In the late 1960s - early 1970s, an archaeological sensation occurred in the vicinity of Almaty: in the Issyk mound, which was investigated by the outstanding archaeologist Kemal Akishev, the remains of the Saka king “Golden Man” who later became the symbol of Kazakhstan, were discovered. The priceless find was dubbed the Kazakh Tutankhamen and was recognized as the discovery of the century. Golden ornaments from the crown of the ancient ruler of the steppes - winged horses-tulpars - became part of the national coat of arms of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the sculpture of the Golden Man was installed on Independence Square in Almaty.
Almost half a century later, the National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan announces an international tour - The Procession of the Golden Man through the museums of the world. As part of a ambitious project, the exhibition was successfully held in the museums of Belarus, Russia, Azerbaijan, China, Poland, South Korea and Uzbekistan; by the end of 2019, the exhibition will be visited by five countries worldwide.
At the exhibition in the National Archaeological Museum of North Macedonia you can see the reconstruction of the Golden Man in clothes embroidered with gold plaques, in a special conical headdress, which is decorated with golden plates in the form of golden arrows, snow leopards, argali, horses and birds, and a collection of archaeological findings of the early Iron Age (IV-III centuries BC), accompanying the burial of this notable young Saka warrior (according to archaeologists his age is 18-20 years).
Sakas (in Persian means mighty men) are the distant ancestors of the Kazakhs. In the writings of Greek authors, they are called Asian Scythians (“saka” dates back to the Scythian - deer), in other ancient sources they were figuratively described as men with the fastest horses. Among the three large groups of these tribes were mentioned the Saka-Tigrahaud (sharp-hatters), who lived in the territory where the Issyk mound was found with the burial of the Golden Man.
More than four thousand gold items were found in the mound: details for decorating clothes, as well as decorations and household items. The topography of the objects in the burial has allowed the researchers, as a result of hard work, to recreate the look of an ancient warrior, which is presented at the exhibition. A special place in the exposition is occupied by the silver bowl with the inscription made in the runic script found among the finds of the Mound of Issyk - one of the oldest written records found on this territory.
The most important feature of the ancient art of the steppe is the dominance of zoomorphic images - the so-called animal style, the distinctive features of which are the stylized images of totem animals, scenes of fighting animals, endowed with magical functions.
The drama plots symbolize the opposition of nature and the revival to life, the antagonism between good and evil, the eternal movement and the strife between opposites. A striking example of animal style is a plaque, dating from the V-IV centuries BC, made of gold in the technique of stamping and grooving in the form of two mirrored leopards.
As Christianity and Islam were established, the animal style gradually lost its original meaning, which goes back to heathen beliefs.
However, decorative images of animals, devoid of their original magical meaning, continued to exist in medieval art: in jewelry, book-miniature, wood carving, stone and bone, in architecture - but in a more general form, acquiring forms of stylized ornament, decorative elements. These trends are clearly expressed in the finds from the Sayram treasure, which are presented in the exhibition items of jewelry, dating from the XV century. Also at the exhibition will be presented unique archaeological finds from Saka mounds Taksay (West Kazakhstan region), Taldy-2 (Karaganda region) and Berel (East Kazakhstan region).
In total, the exhibition features 292 items from the collections of the National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The masterpieces of ancient and medieval art of Kazakhstan represented at the exhibition are only a small part of the works of the nameless masters of the past, reflecting the originality of the heritage of the Eurasian steppe culture.
Kazakhstan wants its Valley of Kings on UNESCO heritage list
A new archeological discovery has been made in the Shelekty Valley, also known as The Valley of Saka Kings in eastern Kazakhstan. The newly burial site is modest in comparison to the famous Golden Man discovery that was made in the same valley decades earlier. But the manner is which the person is buried indicates that it was a noble. Besides, the remains of human bones, the site contains an assortment of gold fineries and remains of two horses, that must have been buried with their master.
According to the Permanent Representative of Kazakhstan to UNESCO Olzhas Suleimenov, The Valley of Kings in eastern Kazakhstan is fit to be acknowledged an international cultural heritage site. This place was sacred to our ancestors, he said, adding that contemporary scientists are yet to find out why in the 4th and 5th centuries A.D. the peoples inhabiting the area were bringing their dead leaders to this particular place for burial.
Judging from the number of significant discoveries made in this valley, the future archeological excavations may bring more revelations to the world, he believes.
Discovering Kazakhstan №20. Buried gold in the valley of the kings
Dacian language | Wikipedia audio article
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Dacian language
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The extinct Dacian language was spoken in the Carpathian region in antiquity.
In the 1st century, it was probably the predominant language of the ancient regions of Dacia and Moesia and possibly of some surrounding regions.
The language was probably extinct by the 7th century.
While there is unanimous agreement among scholars that Dacian was an Indo-European language, there are divergent opinions about its place within the IE family:(1) Dacian was a dialect of the extinct Thracian language, or vice versa, e. g. Baldi (1983) and Trask (2000).(2) Dacian was a language distinct from Thracian but closely related to it, belonging to the same branch of the Indo-European family (a Thraco-Dacian, or Daco-Thracian branch has been theorised by some linguists).(3) Dacian, Thracian, the Baltic languages (Duridanov also adds Pelasgian) formed a distinct branch of Indo-European, e.g. Schall (1974), Duridanov (1976), Radulescu (1987) and Mayer (1996).(4) The theory of Georgiev (1977) Daco-Moesian was the ancestor of Albanian, belonging to a branch other than Thracian, but closely related to Thracian and distinct from Illyrian.The Dacian language is poorly documented. Unlike for Phrygian, which is documented by c. 200 inscriptions, only one Dacian inscription is believed to have survived. The Dacian names for a number of medicinal plants and herbs may survive in ancient literary texts, including about 60 plant-names in Dioscorides. About 1,150 personal names and 900 toponyms may also be of Dacian origin. A few hundred words in modern Romanian and Albanian may have originated in ancient Balkan languages such as Dacian (see List of Romanian words of possible Dacian origin). Linguists have reconstructed about 100 Dacian words from placenames using established techniques of comparative linguistics, although only 20–25 such reconstructions had achieved wide acceptance by 1982.
Genetic history of Europe | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Genetic history of Europe
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The genetic history of Europe since the Upper Paleolithic is inseparable from that of wider Western Eurasia.
By about 50,000 years ago (50 ka) a basal West Eurasian lineage had emerged (alongside a separate East Asian lineage) out of the undifferentiated non-African lineage of 70 ka.
The basal Western Eurasians were early exposed to significant Neanderthal admixture. Introgression of Neanderthal traits persisted in European populations into the present, affecting traits such as skin tone and hair color, height, sleeping patterns and mood.European early modern humans (EEMH) lineages between 40 to 26 ka (Aurignacian) were still part of a large Western Eurasian meta-population, related to Central and Western Asian populations.
Divergence into genetically distinct sub-populations within Western Eurasia is a result of increased selection pressure and founder effects during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, Gravettian).
By the end of the LGM, after 20 ka, A Western European lineage, dubbed
West European Hunter-Gatherer (WHG) emerges from the Solutrean refugium during the European Mesolithic.
These mesolithic hunter-gatherer cultures are substantially replaced in the Neolithic Revolution by the arrival of Early European Farmers (EEF) lineages derived from mesolithic populations of West Asia (Anatolia and the Caucasus).
In the European Bronze Age, there were again substantial population replacements in parts of Europe by the intrusion of Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) lineages from the Central Asian steppes. These population replacements are associated with the Beaker culture archaeologically and with the Indo-European expansion linguistically.As a result of the population movements during the Mesolithic to Bronze Age, modern European populations are distinguished by their clinal differences in WHG, EEF and ANE ancestry.
Admixture rates varied geographically; in the late Neolithic, WHG ancestry in farmers in Hungary was at around 10%, in Germany around 25% and in Iberia as high as 50%.Sardinians are characterized by almost pure derivation from EEF. The contribution of EEF is strongest in Mediterranean Europe, and declines towards northern and northeastern Europe, where WHG ancestry is stronger. ANE ancestry is found through throughout Europe, with maxima of about 20% found in Baltic people and Finns.
WHG ancestry is also strongest in northeatern Europe, with contributions close to 50% found in the Baltic.
Ethnogenesis of the modern ethnic groups of Europe in the historical period is associated with numerous admixture events, primiarily those associated with the Roman Empire, and the Germanic and Norse, Slavic, Arab and Turkish expansions.
Research into the genetic history of Europe became possible in the second half of the 20th century, but did not yield results with high resolution before the 1990s. In the 1990s, preliminary results became possible, but they remained mostly limited to studies of mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal lineages. Autosomal DNA became more easily accessible in the 2000s, and
since the mid-2010s, results of previously unattainable resolution, many of them based on full-genome analysis of ancient DNA, have been published at an accelerated pace.
Jain museum Khajuraho MP India
Jain museum Khajuraho MP India
Cucuteni–Trypillia culture | Wikipedia audio article
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Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Cucuteni–Trypillia culture (Romanian: Cultura Cucuteni and Ukrainian: Трипільська культура), also known as the Tripolye culture (Russian: Трипольская культура), is a Neolithic–Eneolithic archaeological culture (c. 5200 to 3500 BC) of Eastern Europe.
It extended from the Carpathian Mountains to the Dniester and Dnieper regions, centred on modern-day Moldova and covering substantial parts of western Ukraine and northeastern Romania, encompassing an area of 350,000 km2 (140,000 sq mi), with a diameter of 500 km (300 mi; roughly from Kyiv in the northeast to Brașov in the southwest).The majority of Cucuteni–Trypillia settlements consisted of high-density, small settlements (spaced 3 to 4 kilometres apart), concentrated mainly in the Siret, Prut and Dniester river valleys.
During the Middle Trypillia phase (c. 4000 to 3500 BC), populations belonging to the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture built the largest settlements in Neolithic Europe, some of which contained as many as 3,000 structures and were possibly inhabited by 20,000 to 46,000 people.One of the most notable aspects of this culture was the periodic destruction of settlements, with each single-habitation site having a lifetime of roughly 60 to 80 years. The purpose of burning these settlements is a subject of debate among scholars; some of the settlements were reconstructed several times on top of earlier habitational levels, preserving the shape and the orientation of the older buildings. One particular location; the Poduri site in Romania, revealed thirteen habitation levels that were constructed on top of each other over many years.
Genetic history of Europe
The genetic history of Europe is complicated because European populations have a complicated demographic history, including many successive periods of population growth. The history must be inferred from the patterns of genetic diversity across continents and time. The primary data come from sequences of mitochondrial, Y-chromosome, and autosomal DNA from modern populations and if available from ancient DNA.
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Sarmatians | Wikipedia audio article
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Sarmatians
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Sarmatians (; Latin: Sarmatae, Sauromatae; Greek: Σαρμάται, Σαυρομάται) were a large Iranian confederation that existed in classical antiquity, flourishing from about the 5th century BC to the 4th century AD.
Originating in the central parts of the Eurasian Steppe, the Sarmatians started migrating westward around the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, coming to dominate the closely related Scythians by 200 BC. At their greatest reported extent, around 1st century AD, these tribes ranged from the Vistula River to the mouth of the Danube and eastward to the Volga, bordering the shores of the Black and Caspian seas as well as the Caucasus to the south. Their territory, which was known as Sarmatia () to Greco-Roman ethnographers, corresponded to the western part of greater Scythia (it included today's Central Ukraine, South-Eastern Ukraine, Southern Russia, Russian Volga and South-Ural regions, also to a smaller extent north-eastern Balkans and around Moldova). In the 1st century AD, the Sarmatians began encroaching upon the Roman Empire in alliance with Germanic tribes. In the 3rd century AD, their dominance of the Pontic Steppe was broken by the Germanic Goths. With the Hunnic invasions of the 4th century, many Sarmatians joined the Goths and other Germanic tribes (Vandals) in the settlement of the Western Roman Empire. Since large parts of today's Russia, specifically the land between the Ural Mountains and the Don River, were controlled in the 5th century BC by the Sarmatians, the Volga–Don and Ural steppes sometimes are also called Sarmatian Motherland.The Sarmatians were eventually decisively assimilated (e.g. Slavicisation) and absorbed by the Proto-Slavic population of Eastern Europe.
Scythians | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Scythians
00:04:43 1 Names and terminology
00:07:09 2 Origins
00:07:18 2.1 Literary evidence
00:08:33 2.2 Archaeology
00:10:24 3 History
00:10:33 3.1 Classical Antiquity (600 BC to AD 300)
00:14:13 3.2 Sakas of the Eastern Steppe
00:18:49 3.3 Khotan and kingdoms of the Tarim Basin
00:20:51 3.4 Indo-Scythians
00:21:48 3.5 Late Antiquity
00:23:44 4 Archaeology
00:25:45 4.1 Kurgans
00:27:15 4.2 Pazyryk culture
00:28:24 4.3 Bilsk excavations
00:29:15 4.4 Tillia Tepe treasure
00:30:27 5 Culture and society
00:30:37 5.1 Tribal divisions
00:33:51 5.2 Warfare
00:35:37 5.3 Clothing
00:40:02 5.4 Art
00:43:06 5.5 Religion
00:43:52 6 Language
00:45:31 7 Physical appearance
00:47:55 8 Historiography
00:48:04 8.1 Herodotus
00:51:35 8.2 Strabo
00:53:28 8.3 Indian sources
00:53:47 9 Genetics
01:00:04 10 Legacy
01:00:13 10.1 Early Modern usage
01:03:28 10.2 Descent claims
01:06:15 11 Related ancient peoples
01:07:02 12 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Scythians (; from Greek Σκύθης, Σκύθοι), also known as Scyth, Saka, Sakae, Sai, Iskuzai, or Askuzai, were Eurasian nomads, probably mostly using Eastern Iranian languages, who were mentioned by the literate peoples to their south as inhabiting large areas of the western and central Eurasian Steppe from about the 9th century BC up until the 4th century AD. The classical Scythians known to ancient Greek historians, agreed to be mainly Iranian in origin, were located in the northern Black Sea and fore-Caucasus region. Other Scythian groups documented by Assyrian, Achaemenid and Chinese sources show that they also existed in Central Asia, where they were referred to as the Iskuzai/Askuzai, Saka (Old Persian: Sakā; New Persian/Pashto: ساکا; Sanskrit: शक Śaka; Greek: Σάκαι; Latin: Sacae), and Sai (Chinese: 塞; Old Chinese: *sˤək), respectively.The relationships between the peoples living in these widely separated regions remains unclear, and the term is used in both a broad and narrow sense. The term Scythian is used by modern scholars in an archaeological context for finds perceived to display attributes of the wider Scytho-Siberian culture, usually without implying an ethnic or linguistic connotation. The term Scythic may also be used in a similar way, to describe a special phase that followed the widespread diffusion of mounted nomadism, characterized by the presence of special weapons, horse gear, and animal art in the form of metal plaques. Their westernmost territories during the Iron Age were known to classical Greek sources as Scythia, and in the more narrow sense Scythian is restricted to these areas, where the Scythian languages were spoken. Different definitions of Scythian have been used, leading to a good deal of confusion.The Scythians were among the earliest peoples to master mounted warfare. They kept herds of horses, cattle and sheep, lived in tent-covered wagons and fought with bows and arrows on horseback. They developed a rich culture characterised by opulent tombs, fine metalwork and a brilliant art style.
In the 8th century BC, they possibly raided Zhou China. Soon after, they expanded westwards and dislodged the Cimmerians from power on the Pontic Steppe. At their peak, Scythians came to dominate the entire steppe zone, stretching from the Carpathian Mountains in the west to central China (Ordos culture) and the south Siberia (Tagar culture) in the east, creating what has been called the first Central Asian nomadic empire, although there was little that could be called an organised state.Based in what is modern-day Ukraine, Southern European Russia and Crimea, the western Scythians were ruled by a wealthy class known as the Royal Scyths. The Scythians established and controlled the Silk Road, a vast trade network connecting Greece, Persia, India and China, perhaps contributing to the contemporary flourishing of those civilisations. Settled metalworkers made portable decorative objects for the Scyt ...
Scythians | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:33 1 Names and terminology
00:07:00 2 Origins
00:07:08 2.1 Literary evidence
00:08:22 2.2 Archaeology
00:10:10 3 History
00:10:19 3.1 Classical Antiquity (600 BC to AD 300)
00:13:54 3.2 Sakas of the Eastern Steppe
00:18:19 3.3 Khotan and kingdoms of the Tarim Basin
00:20:19 3.4 Indo-Scythians
00:21:13 3.5 Late Antiquity
00:23:04 4 Archaeology
00:25:03 4.1 Kurgans
00:26:29 4.2 Pazyryk culture
00:27:36 4.3 Bilsk excavations
00:28:26 4.4 Tillia Tepe treasure
00:29:36 5 Culture and society
00:29:45 5.1 Tribal divisions
00:32:52 5.2 Warfare
00:34:35 5.3 Clothing
00:38:50 5.4 Art
00:41:52 5.5 Religion
00:42:37 6 Language
00:44:12 7 Physical appearance
00:46:31 8 Historiography
00:46:40 8.1 Herodotus
00:50:04 8.2 Strabo
00:51:56 8.3 Indian sources
00:52:14 9 Genetics
00:58:22 10 Legacy
00:58:30 10.1 Early Modern usage
01:01:41 10.2 Descent claims
01:04:04 11 Related ancient peoples
01:04:14 12 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Speaking Rate: 0.8892019817280178
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Scythians (; from Greek Σκύθης, Σκύθοι), also known as Scyth, Saka, Sakae, Sai, Iskuzai, or Askuzai, were Eurasian nomads, probably mostly using Eastern Iranian languages, who were mentioned by the literate peoples to their south as inhabiting large areas of the western and central Eurasian Steppe from about the 9th century BC up until the 4th century AD. The classical Scythians known to ancient Greek historians, agreed to be mainly Iranian in origin, were located in the northern Black Sea and fore-Caucasus region. Other Scythian groups documented by Assyrian, Achaemenid and Chinese sources show that they also existed in Central Asia, where they were referred to as the Iskuzai/Askuzai, Saka (Old Persian: Sakā; New Persian/Pashto: ساکا; Sanskrit: शक Śaka; Greek: Σάκαι; Latin: Sacae), and Sai (Chinese: 塞; Old Chinese: *sˤək), respectively.The relationships between the peoples living in these widely separated regions remains unclear, and the term is used in both a broad and narrow sense. The term Scythian is used by modern scholars in an archaeological context for finds perceived to display attributes of the wider Scytho-Siberian culture, usually without implying an ethnic or linguistic connotation. The term Scythic may also be used in a similar way, to describe a special phase that followed the widespread diffusion of mounted nomadism, characterized by the presence of special weapons, horse gear, and animal art in the form of metal plaques. Their westernmost territories during the Iron Age were known to classical Greek sources as Scythia, and in the more narrow sense Scythian is restricted to these areas, where the Scythian languages were spoken. Different definitions of Scythian have been used, leading to a good deal of confusion.The Scythians were among the earliest peoples to master mounted warfare. They kept herds of horses, cattle and sheep, lived in tent-covered wagons and fought with bows and arrows on horseback. They developed a rich culture characterised by opulent tombs, fine metalwork and a brilliant art style.
In the 8th century BC, they possibly raided Zhou China. Soon after, they expanded westwards and dislodged the Cimmerians from power on the Pontic Steppe. At their peak, Scythians came to dominate the entire steppe zone, stretching from the Carpathian Mountains in the west to central China (Ordos culture) and the south Siberia (Tagar culture) in the east, creating what has been called the first Central Asian nomadic empire, although there was little that could be called an organised state.Based in what is modern-day Ukraine, Southern European Russia and Crimea, the western Scythians were ruled by a wealthy class known as the Royal Scyths. The Scythians established and controlled the Silk Road, a vast trade networ ...
Scythians | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Scythians
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
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SUMMARY
=======
The Scythians (; from Greek Σκύθης, Σκύθοι), also known as Scyth, Saka, Sakae, Sai, Iskuzai, or Askuzai, were Eurasian nomads, probably mostly using Eastern Iranian languages, who were mentioned by the literate peoples to their south as inhabiting large areas of the western and central Eurasian Steppe from about the 9th century BC up until the 4th century AD. The classical Scythians known to ancient Greek historians, agreed to be mainly Iranian in origin, were located in the northern Black Sea and fore-Caucasus region. Other Scythian groups documented by Assyrian, Achaemenid and Chinese sources show that they also existed in Central Asia, where they were referred to as the Iskuzai/Askuzai, Saka (Old Persian: Sakā; New Persian/Pashto: ساکا; Sanskrit: शक Śaka; Greek: Σάκαι; Latin: Sacae), and Sai (Chinese: 塞; Old Chinese: *sˤək), respectively.The relationships between the peoples living in these widely separated regions remains unclear, and the term is used in both a broad and narrow sense. The term Scythian is used by modern scholars in an archaeological context for finds perceived to display attributes of the wider Scytho-Siberian culture, usually without implying an ethnic or linguistic connotation. The term Scythic may also be used in a similar way, to describe a special phase that followed the widespread diffusion of mounted nomadism, characterized by the presence of special weapons, horse gear, and animal art in the form of metal plaques. Their westernmost territories during the Iron Age were known to classical Greek sources as Scythia, and in the more narrow sense Scythian is restricted to these areas, where the Scythian languages were spoken. Different definitions of Scythian have been used, leading to a good deal of confusion.The Scythians were among the earliest peoples to master mounted warfare. They kept herds of horses, cattle and sheep, lived in tent-covered wagons and fought with bows and arrows on horseback. They developed a rich culture characterised by opulent tombs, fine metalwork and a brilliant art style.
In the 8th century BC, they possibly raided Zhou China. Soon after, they expanded westwards and dislodged the Cimmerians from power on the Pontic Steppe. At their peak, Scythians came to dominate the entire steppe zone, stretching from the Carpathian Mountains in the west to central China (Ordos culture) and the south Siberia (Tagar culture) in the east, creating what has been called the first Central Asian nomadic empire, although there was little that could be called an organised state.Based in what is modern-day Ukraine, Southern European Russia and Crimea, the western Scythians were ruled by a wealthy class known as the Royal Scyths. The Scythians established and controlled the Silk Road, a vast trade network connecting Greece, Persia, India and China, perhaps contributing to the contemporary flourishing of those civilisations. Settled metalworkers made portable decorative objects for the Scythians. These objects survive mainly in metal, forming a distinctive Scythian art. In the 7th century BC, the Scythians crossed the Caucasus and frequently raided the Middle East along with the Cimmerians, playing an important role in the political developments of the region. Around 650–630 BC, Scythians briefly dominated the Medes of the western Iranian Plateau, stretching their power to the borders of Egypt. After losing control over Media, the Scythians continued intervening in Middle Eastern affairs, playing a leading role in the destruction of the Assyrian Empire in the Sack of Nineveh in 612 BC. The Scythians subsequently engaged in frequent conflicts with the Achaemenid Empire. The western Scythians suffered a major defeat against Macedonia in the 4th century BC and were subsequently gradually conquered by the Sarmatians, a related Iranian people from Central Asia. The Eastern Scythians of the Asian St ...
Scythians | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Scythians
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Scythians (; from Greek Σκύθης, Σκύθοι), also known as Scyth, Saka, Sakae, Sai, Iskuzai, or Askuzai, were Eurasian nomads, probably mostly using Eastern Iranian languages, who were mentioned by the literate peoples to their south as inhabiting large areas of the western and central Eurasian Steppe from about the 9th century BC up until the 4th century AD. The classical Scythians known to ancient Greek historians, agreed to be mainly Iranian in origin, were located in the northern Black Sea and fore-Caucasus region. Other Scythian groups documented by Assyrian, Achaemenid and Chinese sources show that they also existed in Central Asia, where they were referred to as the Iskuzai/Askuzai, Saka (Old Persian: Sakā; New Persian/Pashto: ساکا; Sanskrit: शक Śaka; Greek: Σάκαι; Latin: Sacae), and Sai (Chinese: 塞; Old Chinese: *sˤək), respectively.The relationships between the peoples living in these widely separated regions remains unclear, and the term is used in both a broad and narrow sense. The term Scythian is used by modern scholars in an archaeological context for finds perceived to display attributes of the wider Scytho-Siberian culture, usually without implying an ethnic or linguistic connotation. The term Scythic may also be used in a similar way, to describe a special phase that followed the widespread diffusion of mounted nomadism, characterized by the presence of special weapons, horse gear, and animal art in the form of metal plaques. Their westernmost territories during the Iron Age were known to classical Greek sources as Scythia, and in the more narrow sense Scythian is restricted to these areas, where the Scythian languages were spoken. Different definitions of Scythian have been used, leading to a good deal of confusion.The Scythians were among the earliest peoples to master mounted warfare. They kept herds of horses, cattle and sheep, lived in tent-covered wagons and fought with bows and arrows on horseback. They developed a rich culture characterised by opulent tombs, fine metalwork and a brilliant art style.
In the 8th century BC, they possibly raided Zhou China. Soon after, they expanded westwards and dislodged the Cimmerians from power on the Pontic Steppe. At their peak, Scythians came to dominate the entire steppe zone, stretching from the Carpathian Mountains in the west to central China (Ordos culture) and the south Siberia (Tagar culture) in the east, creating what has been called the first Central Asian nomadic empire, although there was little that could be called an organised state.Based in what is modern-day Ukraine, Southern European Russia and Crimea, the western Scythians were ruled by a wealthy class known as the Royal Scyths. The Scythians established and controlled the Silk Road, a vast trade network connecting Greece, Persia, India and China, perhaps contributing to the contemporary flourishing of those civilisations. Settled metalworkers made portable decorative objects for the Scythians. These objects survive mainly in metal, forming a distinctive Scythian art. In the 7th century BC, the Scythians crossed the Caucasus and frequently raided the Middle East along with the Cimmerians, playing an important role in the political developments of the region. Around 650–630 BC, Scythians briefly dominated the Medes of the western Iranian Plateau, stretching their power to the borders of Egypt. After losing control over Media, the Scythians continued intervening in Middle Eastern affairs, playing a leading role in the destruction of the Assyrian Empire in the Sack of Nineveh in 612 BC. The Scythians subsequently engaged in frequent conflicts with the Achaemenid Empire. The western Scythians suffered a major defeat against Macedonia in the 4th century BC and were subsequently gradually conquered by the Sarmatians, a related Iranian people from Central Asia. The Eastern Scythians of the Asian St ...