《国家宝藏》第二季 张若昀倾情再现国歌诞生记 佟大为圆梦致敬金庸 20190106 | CCTV综艺
本期节目主要内容：玉龙西来，白云飞雪，自然原生态的宝库造就了华夏的另一副模样。那无边的遐想，源自峰谷纵横；那曼妙的诗意，由得川流回旋，这就是云南。没有文字，没有古籍，历史却以更加鲜活的方式呈现。本期节目中，李光洁、杨丽萍、佟大为和张若昀通过他们精彩的演绎带来四牛鎏金骑士铜贮贝器、大理国银鎏金镶珠金翅鸟和聂耳小提琴这三件国宝的前世传奇，讲述云南的原生态民俗文化。
03:48 四牛鎏金骑士铜贮贝器 国宝守护人：李光洁；
07:21 李光洁演绎古滇国血性英雄山行 誓死守护受灾牛群；
17:15 古滇国最主要的货币——贝币；
19:23 贮贝器今生守护者杨丽萍 讲述舞台上的“活态民族博物馆”；
20:21 杨丽萍和杨门弟子们以舞画意 再现古滇风韵；
28:18 杨门弟子们演绎精华版《云南映象》 致敬云南民族文化；
33:34 大理国银鎏金镶珠金翅鸟 国宝守护人：佟大为；
37:06 佟大为化身大理国国王段和誉 上演博物馆奇妙之夜；
46:34 大理国国王段和誉——一位勤政爱民的贤明君主；
48:34 当代大理“金翅鸟” 赵石磊守护母亲湖洱海；
55:47 洱海卫士延续金翅鸟精神 大理人用信仰守护绿水青山；
01:01:10 聂耳小提琴 国宝守护人：张若昀；
01:04:37 张若昀演绎爱国音乐家聂耳 倾情讲述国歌创作史；
01:15:07 音乐战士聂耳——用生命去爱国；
01:17:02 致敬音乐天才聂耳 张国立与张若昀现场演唱《卖报歌》；
01:18:33 音乐届的“祥林嫂” 指挥家于海坚持十年为国歌立法；
01:22:37 浓缩版的“抗日史书” 指挥家于海现场解读国歌；
01:26:37 此生不悔入华夏！于海、张国立深情讲述国歌承载的那些中国瞬间；
01:30:28 守护国歌至死不渝 于海现场指挥观众唱国歌。
《国家宝藏》第二季，每集以一个博物馆为主题，亮相三件文物，每件文物绑定一位与之气质相符的明星嘉宾，他们或娓娓道来文物传奇的前世，或打扮成古人的形象演绎宝藏诞生的故事，带领观众进入一个神秘的探寻空间。
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Pinocchio Miniature/Model (Miniatures Museum of Taiwan / 袖珍博物館 / 袖珍博物馆)
The Miniatures Museum of Taiwan (袖珍博物館 / 袖珍博物馆) is the first museum to collect miniatures in Asia. The museum was founded on March 28, 1997 by Mr Lin Wen-ren and his wife. It is located in Zhongshan District, Taipei, Taiwan.
Mr. Lin and his wife enjoyed buying little houses and toy cars for their children while traveling for business purposes. While in Netherlands, they discovered miniature art and were deeply attracted. They began buying accessories, furniture, and assembled miniature houses. At the same time, the couple participated in auctions and joined international miniature art associations. They began planning their museum in 1993.
The logo of the museum comes from Rose Mansion, one of the museum's most famed collections. Chosen as one of ten most significant miniature art works of America in twenty-five years, Rose Mansion consumed Dr. Reginald Twigg almost four years to complete. After his elaborate research and study the once famous architecture has been brought back to life as you now see in the museum. The logo represents delicate, real, dream-like, romantic, and historically correct nature of miniature arts.
Miniatures originated within German palaces of the 16th century as tools for teaching aristocratic children, but appreciation for the art form did not pass to other parts of the world until much later during the 19th century. Today, miniature masterpieces are found throughout Europe and North America covering subjects from complete settings to intricate accessories of tableware and wall paintings. Reproductions tend to follow a 1:12 standard scale of accuracy, or half scale at 1:24.
Taiwan's museum is the first to specialize in contemporary miniatures and features two formats: doll house and room box with cut away views. It is ranked second in the world, with a collection of nearly 200 items. Founder Lin Wen-Ren and his wife sourcing each item while traveling in Europe and the United States.
UWM student trapped in Taiwan after altercation with police officer
His parents say he's not being allowed to leave the country but they're fighting to get him back home.
2020大選的「年輕世代」: 陳惠敏專訪 / Making Inroads for the NPP in Kaohsiung: An Interview with Chen Hui-min
《破土》在12月1日訪問了時代力量高雄鳳山立委候選人陳惠敏。
New Bloom interviewed Chen Hui-min, legislative candidate for the NPP in Fengshan, Kaohsiung, on December 11th. Please turn on the captions for English subtitles. Check it out!
Chiang Kai-shek | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Chiang Kai-shek
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Chiang Kai-shek (; 31 October 1887 – 5 April 1975), also known as Generalissimo Chiang or Chiang Chungcheng and romanized as Chiang Chieh-shih or Jiang Jieshi, was a politician and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China between 1928 and 1975, first in mainland China until 1949 and then in exile in Taiwan. He was recognized by much of the world as the head of the legitimate government of China until the late 1960s and early 1970s.
Chiang was an influential member of the Kuomintang (KMT), the Chinese Nationalist Party, as well as a close ally of Sun Yat-sen's. Chiang became the Commandant of the Kuomintang's Whampoa Military Academy and took Sun's place as leader of the KMT following the Canton Coup in early 1926. Having neutralized the party's left wing, Chiang then led Sun's long-postponed Northern Expedition, conquering or reaching accommodations with China's many warlords.From 1928 to 1948, Chiang served as chairman of the National Government of the Republic of China (ROC). Chiang was socially conservative, promoting traditional Chinese culture in the New Life Movement. Unable to maintain Sun's good relations with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), Chiang purged them in a massacre at Shanghai and repressed uprisings at Kwangtung (Canton region) and elsewhere.
At the onset of the Second Sino-Japanese War, which later became the Chinese theater of World War II, Manchurian warlord Zhang Xueliang kidnapped Chiang and obliged him to establish a Second United Front with the CCP. After the defeat of the Japanese, the American-sponsored Marshall Mission, an attempt to negotiate a coalition government, failed in 1946. The Chinese Civil War resumed, with the CCP led by Mao Zedong defeating the KMT and declaring the People's Republic of China in 1949. Chiang's government and army retreated to Taiwan, where Chiang imposed martial law and persecuted critics in a period known as the White Terror. After evacuating to Taiwan, Chiang's government continued to declare its intention to retake mainland China. Chiang ruled Taiwan securely as President of the Republic of China and General of the Kuomintang until his death in 1975, just one year before Mao's death.Like Mao, Chiang is regarded as a controversial figure. Supporters credit him with playing a major part in the Allied victory of World War II and unifying the nation and a national figure of the Chinese resistance against Japan as well as his staunch anti-Soviet and anti-communist stance. Detractors and critics denounce him as a dictator at the front of an authoritarian autocracy who suppressed and purged opponents and critics and arbitrarily incarcerated those he deemed as opposing to the Kuomintang among others.
Wang Jingwei | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Wang Jingwei
00:01:25 1 Early life and education
00:02:18 2 Early career
00:03:59 3 Rivalry with Chiang Kai-shek
00:04:09 3.1 Leader of the Wuhan Government
00:06:13 3.2 Political activities in Chiang's government
00:11:18 4 Alliance with the Axis Powers
00:13:17 5 Death
00:14:28 6 Legacy
00:15:28 7 Personal life
00:16:20 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Wang Jingwei (Wang Ching-wei; 4 May 1883 – 10 November 1944), born as Wang Zhaoming (Wang Chao-ming), but widely known by his pen name Jingwei, was a Chinese politician. He was initially a member of the left wing of the Kuomintang (KMT), leading a government in Wuhan in opposition to the right wing government, but later became increasingly anti-communist after his efforts to collaborate with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) ended in political failure. His political orientation veered sharply to the right later in his career after he joined the Japanese.
Wang was a close associate of Sun Yat-sen for the last twenty years of Sun's life. After Sun's death Wang engaged in a political struggle with Chiang Kai-shek for control over the Kuomintang, but lost. Wang remained inside the Kuomintang, but continued to have disagreements with Chiang until the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, after which he accepted an invitation from the Japanese Empire to form a Japanese-supported collaborationist government in Nanjing. Wang served as the head of state for this Japanese puppet government until he died, shortly before the end of World War II. Although he is still regarded as an important contributor in the Xinhai Revolution, his collaboration with Imperial Japan is a subject of academic debate, and the typical narratives often regard him as a traitor in the War of Resistance.
Republic of China Armed Forces Museum (Zhongzheng TaiPei) : Beijing Planetarium - Xicheng Star Wars
The Chinese Production Party (CPP, 中華生產黨) Mainland Taiwan Tel.: 886-3-425-9790
'Dogs and Japanese Are Allowed'
CPP seeking to join forces with KMT
Hui people | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Hui people
00:01:54 1 Definition
00:02:02 1.1 Ancestry
00:04:09 1.2 Genetics
00:05:04 1.3 Huihui, and Hui
00:09:41 1.4 Related terms
00:13:44 1.4.1 Zhongyuan ren
00:14:44 1.4.2 Pusuman
00:15:16 1.4.3 Muslim Chinese
00:16:13 1.5 In other countries
00:16:22 1.5.1 Dungan
00:19:10 1.5.2 Panthay
00:19:47 1.6 Official
00:20:14 1.7 Non-Muslims
00:22:30 2 History
00:22:39 2.1 Origins
00:24:56 2.1.1 Converted Han
00:27:04 2.2 Tang dynasty
00:27:50 2.3 Song dynasty
00:29:24 2.4 Yuan Dynasty
00:30:40 2.5 Ming Dynasty
00:34:41 2.6 Qing Dynasty
00:35:33 2.6.1 Muslim revolts
00:40:44 2.6.2 Religious allowances
00:41:52 2.7 Republic of China
00:50:06 2.8 Current situation
00:53:14 2.8.1 Tensions between Hui and Uyghurs
00:55:40 2.8.2 Tibetan-Muslim sectarian violence
00:57:14 2.9 Sects of Islam
00:58:14 3 Relations with other religions
00:59:38 4 Culture
00:59:47 4.1 Sects
00:59:55 4.2 Mosques
01:00:23 4.3 Foot binding
01:00:59 4.4 Cultural practices
01:02:30 4.5 Names
01:03:21 4.5.1 Surnames
01:03:57 4.6 Literature
01:04:50 4.7 Language
01:05:35 4.8 Marriage
01:06:08 4.8.1 Outside marriage
01:09:16 4.9 Education
01:10:10 4.10 Military service
01:15:15 4.11 Politics
01:16:27 5 Outside mainland China
01:18:23 6 Ethnic tensions
01:21:04 7 Notable Hui people
01:26:08 8 Related group names
01:26:30 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Hui people (Chinese: 回族; pinyin: Huízú; Wade–Giles: Hui2tsu2, Xiao'erjing: خُوِذُو; Dungan: Хуэйзў, Xuejzw) are an East Asian ethnoreligious group predominantly composed of Han Chinese adherents of the Muslim faith found throughout China, mainly in the northwestern provinces of the country and the Zhongyuan region. According to the 2011 census, China is home to approximately 10.5 million Hui people, the majority of whom are Chinese-speaking practitioners of Islam, though some may practise other religions. The 110,000 Dungan people of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are also considered part of the Hui ethnicity.
Their culture has distinct differences that developed from the practice of Islam. For example, as Muslims, they follow Islamic dietary laws and reject the consumption of pork, the most common meat consumed in China, and have given rise to their own variation of Chinese cuisine. Traditional Hui clothing differs from that of the Han primarily in that some men wear white caps (taqiyah) and some women wear headscarves, as is the case in many Islamic cultures. However, since the industrialization and modernization of China, most of the young Hui people wear the same clothes as mainstream fashion trends.
The Hui people are one of 56 ethnic groups recognized by China. The government defines the Hui people to include all historically Muslim communities not included in China's other ethnic groups. The Hui predominantly speak Chinese, while maintaining some Persian and Arabic phrases. In fact, the Hui ethnic group is unique among Chinese ethnic minorities in that it associates with no non-Sinitic language.The Hui people are more concentrated in Northwestern China (Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang), but communities exist across the country, e.g. Beijing,Xi'an Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Hainan and Yunnan.
Manchukuo | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Manchukuo
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Manchukuo (traditional Chinese: 滿洲國; pinyin: Mǎnzhōuguó; Japanese: 満州国; rōmaji: Manshūkoku; State of Manchuria; in other Axis languages: Italian: Manciukuò and German: Mandschukuo) was a puppet state of the Empire of Japan in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia from 1932 until 1945. It was founded as a republic, but in 1934 it became a constitutional monarchy. It had limited international recognition and was under the de facto control of Japan.
The area, collectively known as Manchuria, was the homeland of the Manchus, including the emperors of the Qing dynasty. In 1931, the region was seized by Japan following the Mukden Incident and a pro-Japanese government was installed one year later with Puyi, the last Qing emperor, as the nominal regent and later emperor. Manchukuo's government was dissolved in 1945 after the surrender of Imperial Japan at the end of World War II. The territories formally claimed by the puppet state were first seized in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945, and then formally transferred to Chinese administration in the following year.Manchus formed a minority in Manchukuo, whose largest ethnic group were Han Chinese. The population of Koreans increased during the Manchukuo period, and there were also Japanese, Mongols, White Army Russians and other minorities. The Mongol regions of western Manchukuo were ruled under a slightly different system in acknowledgement of the Mongolian traditions there. The southern part of the Liaodong Peninsula was ruled by Japan as the Kwantung Leased Territory.
Manchukuo | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Manchukuo
00:01:39 1 Overview
00:01:48 1.1 Terminology
00:04:40 1.2 Administrative divisions
00:05:42 1.3 National symbols
00:06:10 2 History
00:06:19 2.1 Background
00:12:14 2.2 Origins
00:18:37 2.3 Diplomatic recognition
00:21:53 2.4 World War II and aftermath
00:23:59 3 Politics
00:35:48 3.1 Head of State
00:35:56 3.2 Prime Minister
00:36:05 4 Demographics
00:43:04 4.1 Population of main cities
00:44:23 4.2 Japanese population
00:47:26 4.3 Genocide of ethnic minorities
00:48:30 5 Legal system
01:00:49 6 Economy
01:04:01 7 Transport
01:04:41 8 Military
01:11:58 8.1 War crimes in Manchukuo
01:12:58 8.2 Drug trafficking
01:14:08 9 Society and culture
01:14:17 9.1 Education
01:15:36 9.2 Film
01:16:52 9.3 Dress
01:17:45 9.4 Sport
01:18:55 9.5 Stamps and postal history
01:19:20 10 In popular culture
01:20:25 11 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Manchukuo (traditional Chinese: 滿洲國; pinyin: Mǎnzhōuguó; Japanese: 満州国; rōmaji: Manshūkoku; State of Manchuria; in other Axis languages: Italian: Manciukuò and German: Mandschukuo) was a puppet state of the Empire of Japan in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia from 1932 until 1945. It was founded as a republic, but in 1934 it became a constitutional monarchy. It had limited international recognition and was under the de facto control of Japan.
The area, collectively known as Manchuria, was the homeland of the Manchus, including the emperors of the Qing dynasty. In 1931, the region was seized by Japan following the Mukden Incident and a pro-Japanese government was installed one year later with Puyi, the last Qing emperor, as the nominal regent and later emperor. Manchukuo's government was dissolved in 1945 after the surrender of Imperial Japan at the end of World War II. The territories formally claimed by the puppet state were first seized in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945, and then formally transferred to Chinese administration in the following year.Manchus formed a minority in Manchukuo, whose largest ethnic group were Han Chinese. The population of Koreans increased during the Manchukuo period, and there were also Japanese, Mongols, White Army Russians and other minorities. The Mongol regions of western Manchukuo were ruled under a slightly different system in acknowledgement of the Mongolian traditions there. The southern part of the Liaodong Peninsula was ruled by Japan as the Kwantung Leased Territory.
History of the Republic of China | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:04 1 Early republic (1912–1916)
00:03:16 1.1 Founding of the republic
00:07:57 1.2 Early republic
00:09:36 1.3 Journalism
00:10:42 1.4 Second Revolution
00:13:46 1.5 Mass banditry, Yuan Shikai and the National Protection War
00:18:59 2 Warlord Era (1916–1928)
00:19:45 2.1 World War I and brief Manchu restoration
00:23:01 2.2 Constitutional Protection War
00:25:27 2.3 May Fourth Movement
00:26:32 2.4 Fight against warlordism and the First United Front
00:30:05 2.5 Chiang consolidates power
00:33:19 3 Nanjing decade (1928–1937)
00:36:17 4 Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)
00:41:23 5 Chinese Civil War (1945–1949)
00:46:12 6 Republic of China only controls Taiwan (after 1949)
00:46:26 6.1 Cross-straits relations and international position in 1949–1970
00:53:45 6.2 Tensions between Mainlanders and people of Taiwan
00:57:42 6.3 Economic developments
00:59:08 6.4 Diplomatic setbacks
01:00:40 6.5 Democratic reforms
01:06:51 6.6 Political transition
01:13:24 7 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Speaking Rate: 0.9975265753866492
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The History of the Republic of China begins after the Qing dynasty in 1912, when the formation of the Republic of China as a constitutional republic put an end to 4,000 years of Imperial rule. The Qing dynasty, (also known as the Manchu dynasty), ruled from 1644–1912. The Republic had experienced many trials and tribulations after its founding which included being dominated by elements as disparate as warlord generals and foreign powers.
In 1928, the Republic was nominally unified under the Kuomintang (KMT)—Chinese Nationalist Party—after the Northern Expedition, and was in the early stages of industrialization and modernization when it was caught in the conflicts among the Kuomintang government, the Communist Party of China, (founded 1921), which was converted into a nationalist party; local warlords, and the Empire of Japan. Most nation-building efforts were stopped during the full-scale Second Sino-Japanese War / War of Resistance against Japan from 1937 to 1945, and later the widening gap between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party made a coalition government impossible, causing the resumption of the Chinese Civil War, in 1946, shortly after the Japanese surrender to the Americans and the Western Allies in September 1945.
A series of political, economic and military missteps led to the KMT's defeat and its retreat to Taiwan (formerly Formosa) in 1949, where it established an authoritarian one-party state continuing under Generalissimo/President Chiang Kai-shek. This state considered itself to be the continuing sole legitimate ruler of all of China, referring to the communist government or regime as illegitimate, a so-called People's Republic of China declared in Beijing (Peking) by Mao Zedong in 1949, as mainland China, Communist China, or Red China. Although supported for many years, even decades by many nations especially with the support of the United States who established a 1954 Mutual Defense treaty, as the decades passed, since political liberalization began in the late 1960s, the PRC was able after a constant yearly campaign in the United Nations to finally get approval in 1971, to take the seat for China in the General Assembly, and more importantly, be seated as one of the five permanent members of the Security Council. After recovering from this shock of rejection by its former allies and liberalization in the late 1970s from the Nationalist authoritarian government and following the death of Chiang Kai-shek, the Republic of China has transformed itself into a multiparty, representative democracy on Taiwan and given more representation to those native Taiwanese, whose ancestors predate the 1949 mainland evacuation.
Manchukuo | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Manchukuo
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Manchukuo (traditional Chinese: 滿洲國; pinyin: Mǎnzhōuguó; Japanese: 満州国; rōmaji: Manshūkoku; State of Manchuria; in other Axis languages: Italian: Manciukuò and German: Mandschukuo) was a puppet state of the Empire of Japan in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia from 1932 until 1945. It was founded as a republic, but in 1934 it became a constitutional monarchy. It had limited international recognition and was under the de facto control of Japan.
The area, collectively known as Manchuria, was the homeland of the Manchus, including the emperors of the Qing dynasty. In 1931, the region was seized by Japan following the Mukden Incident and a pro-Japanese government was installed one year later with Puyi, the last Qing emperor, as the nominal regent and later emperor. Manchukuo's government was dissolved in 1945 after the surrender of Imperial Japan at the end of World War II. The territories formally claimed by the puppet state were first seized in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945, and then formally transferred to Chinese administration in the following year.Manchus formed a minority in Manchukuo, whose largest ethnic group were Han Chinese. The population of Koreans increased during the Manchukuo period, and there were also Japanese, Mongols, White Army Russians and other minorities. The Mongol regions of western Manchukuo were ruled under a slightly different system in acknowledgement of the Mongolian traditions there. The southern part of the Liaodong Peninsula was ruled by Japan as the Kwantung Leased Territory.
Manchukuo | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:06 1 Overview
00:02:16 1.1 Terminology
00:05:51 1.2 Administrative divisions
00:07:11 1.3 National symbols
00:07:46 2 History
00:07:56 2.1 Background
00:15:36 2.2 Origins
00:23:58 2.3 Diplomatic recognition
00:28:09 2.4 World War II and aftermath
00:30:50 3 Politics
00:46:26 3.1 Head of State
00:46:35 3.2 Prime Minister
00:46:44 4 Demographics
00:55:53 4.1 Population of main cities
00:57:31 4.2 Japanese population
01:01:27 4.3 Genocide of ethnic minorities
01:02:47 5 Legal system
01:18:56 6 Economy
01:23:06 7 Transport
01:23:57 8 Military
01:33:22 8.1 War crimes in Manchukuo
01:34:39 8.2 Drug trafficking
01:36:07 9 Society and culture
01:36:17 9.1 Education
01:37:58 9.2 Film
01:39:34 9.3 Dress
01:40:42 9.4 Sport
01:42:10 9.5 Stamps and postal history
01:42:40 10 In popular culture
01:44:02 11 See also
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SUMMARY
=======
Manchukuo (traditional Chinese: 滿洲國; pinyin: Mǎnzhōuguó; Japanese: 満州国; rōmaji: Manshūkoku; State of Manchuria; in other Axis languages: Italian: Manciukuò and German: Mandschukuo) was a puppet state of the Empire of Japan in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia from 1932 until 1945. It was founded as a republic, but in 1934 it became a constitutional monarchy. It had limited international recognition and was under the de facto control of Japan.
The area, collectively known as Manchuria, was the homeland of the Manchus, including the emperors of the Qing dynasty. In 1931, the region was seized by Japan following the Mukden Incident and a pro-Japanese government was installed one year later with Puyi, the last Qing emperor, as the nominal regent and later emperor. Manchukuo's government was dissolved in 1945 after the surrender of Imperial Japan at the end of World War II. The territories formally claimed by the puppet state were first seized in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945, and then formally transferred to Chinese administration in the following year.Manchus formed a minority in Manchukuo, whose largest ethnic group were Han Chinese. The population of Koreans increased during the Manchukuo period, and there were also Japanese, Mongols, White Army Russians and other minorities. The Mongol regions of western Manchukuo were ruled under a slightly different system in acknowledgement of the Mongolian traditions there. The southern part of the Liaodong Peninsula was ruled by Japan as the Kwantung Leased Territory.
Boxer Rebellion | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Boxer Rebellion
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Boxer Rebellion (拳亂), Boxer Uprising, or Yihetuan Movement (義和團運動) was an anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising that took place in China between 1899 and 1901, toward the end of the Qing dynasty. They were motivated by proto-nationalist sentiments and by opposition to Western colonialism and the Christian missionary activity that was associated with it.
It was initiated by the Militia United in Righteousness (Yihetuan), known in English as the Boxers, for many of their members had been practitioners of Chinese martial arts, also referred to in the west as Chinese Boxing. The uprising took place against a background that included severe drought and disruption caused by the growth of foreign spheres of influence. After several months of growing violence in Shandong and the North China plain against the foreign and Christian presence in June 1900, Boxer fighters, convinced they were invulnerable to foreign weapons, converged on Beijing with the slogan Support the Qing government and exterminate the foreigners. Foreigners and Chinese Christians sought refuge in the Legation Quarter.
In response to reports of an armed invasion by allied American, Austro-Hungarian, British, French, German, Italian, Japanese, and Russian forces to lift the siege, the initially hesitant Empress Dowager Cixi supported the Boxers and on June 21 issued an Imperial Decree declaring war on the foreign powers. Diplomats, foreign civilians, and soldiers as well as Chinese Christians in the Legation Quarter were detained for 55 days by the Imperial Army of China and the Boxers.
Chinese officialdom was split between those supporting the Boxers and those favoring conciliation, led by Prince Qing. The supreme commander of the Chinese forces, the Manchu General Ronglu (Junglu), later claimed he acted to protect the besieged foreigners. Many officials refused the imperial order to fight against foreigners in their Mutual Protection of Southeast China, because Qing had lost the First Sino-Japanese War five years before.
The Eight-Nation Alliance, after being initially turned back, brought 20,000 armed troops to China, defeated the Imperial Army, and arrived at Peking on August 14, relieving the siege of the Legations. Uncontrolled plunder of the capital and the surrounding countryside ensued, along with the summary execution of those suspected of being Boxers.
The Boxer Protocol of 7 September 1901 provided for the execution of government officials who had supported the Boxers, provisions for foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing, and 450 million taels of silver—approximately $10 billion at 2018 silver prices and more than the government's annual tax revenue—to be paid as indemnity over the course of the next thirty-nine years to the eight nations involved. The Empress Dowager then sponsored a set of institutional and fiscal changes in a failed attempt to save the dynasty.
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