Ljubljana | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:31 1 Name and symbol
00:05:26 2 History
00:05:35 2.1 Prehistory
00:06:55 2.2 Antiquity
00:08:12 2.3 Middle Ages
00:11:51 2.4 Early modern
00:14:40 2.5 Late modern
00:18:38 2.6 Contemporary
00:18:57 3 Geography
00:20:16 3.1 Geology
00:20:49 3.2 Topography
00:21:56 3.3 Waters
00:23:58 3.4 Climate
00:25:53 4 Cityscape
00:27:11 4.1 Main sights
00:32:33 4.2 Parks and other green spaces
00:35:20 4.3 Streets and squares
00:39:23 4.4 Bridges
00:40:11 4.4.1 The Dragon Bridge
00:40:53 4.4.2 The Butchers' Bridge
00:41:29 4.4.3 The Triple Bridge
00:42:20 4.4.4 The Fish Footbridge
00:43:19 4.4.5 The Cobbler's Bridge
00:43:53 4.4.6 The Trnovo Bridge
00:45:08 4.4.7 The Hradecky Bridge
00:46:12 5 Culture
00:46:21 5.1 Accent
00:47:01 5.2 In literary fiction
00:47:30 5.3 Festivals
00:49:35 5.4 Museums and art galleries
00:51:32 5.5 Entertainment and performing arts
00:52:01 5.5.1 Cinema
00:53:19 5.5.2 Classical music, opera and ballet
00:54:32 5.5.3 Theatre
00:55:26 5.5.4 Modern dance
00:56:17 5.5.5 Folk dance
00:56:31 5.5.6 Jazz
00:57:04 5.6 Popular urban culture and alternative scene
01:00:06 6 Sports
01:00:16 6.1 Clubs
01:04:21 6.2 Mass sport activities
01:05:14 6.3 Sport venues
01:10:32 7 Economy
01:12:25 8 Government
01:15:55 9 Demographics
01:16:57 10 Education
01:17:07 10.1 Primary education
01:19:32 10.2 Secondary education
01:21:59 10.3 Tertiary education
01:23:49 10.4 Libraries
01:26:53 11 Science
01:27:40 12 Transport
01:27:50 12.1 Air transport
01:29:01 12.2 Rail transport
01:30:47 12.3 Roads
01:33:20 12.4 City bus
01:35:35 12.5 Bicycles
01:37:25 12.6 Water transport
01:38:04 13 Healthcare
01:39:08 14 International relations
01:39:19 14.1 Twin towns and sister cities
01:39:33 15 See also
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I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Ljubljana (Slovene: [ljuˈbljàːna] (listen), locally also [luˈblàːna]; also known by other, historical names) is the capital and largest city of Slovenia. It has been the cultural, educational, economic, political, and administrative centre of independent Slovenia since 1991.
During antiquity, a Roman city called Emona stood in the area. Ljubljana itself was first mentioned in the first half of the 12th century. Situated at the middle of a trade route between the northern Adriatic Sea and the Danube region, it was the historical capital of Carniola, one of the Slovene-inhabited parts of the Habsburg Monarchy. It was under Habsburg rule from the Middle Ages until the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918. After World War II, Ljubljana became the capital of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia, part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It retained this status until Slovenia became independent in 1991 and Ljubljana became the capital of the newly formed state.
Josip Broz Tito | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Josip Broz Tito
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Josip Broz (Cyrillic: Јосип Броз, pronounced [jǒsip brôːz]; 7 May 1892 – 4 May 1980), commonly known as Tito (; Cyrillic: Тито, pronounced [tîto]), was a Yugoslav communist revolutionary and political leader, serving in various roles from 1943 until his death in 1980. During World War II, he was the leader of the Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in occupied Europe. While his presidency has been criticized as authoritarian and concerns about the repression of political opponents have been raised, some historians consider him a benevolent dictator. He was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad. Viewed as a unifying symbol, his internal policies maintained the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation. He gained further international attention as the chief leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, alongside Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Sukarno of Indonesia, and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana.Broz was born to a Croat father and Slovene mother in the village of Kumrovec, Austria-Hungary (now in Croatia). Drafted into military service, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest sergeant major in the Austro-Hungarian Army of that time. After being seriously wounded and captured by the Imperial Russians during World War I, he was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains. He participated in some events of the Russian Revolution in 1917 and subsequent Civil War. Upon his return home, Broz found himself in the newly established Kingdom of Yugoslavia, where he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ).
He was General Secretary (later Chairman of the Presidium) of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1939–1980) and went on to lead the World War II Yugoslav guerrilla movement, the Partisans (1941–1945). After the war, he was the Prime Minister (1944–1963), President (later President for Life) (1953–1980) of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). From 1943 to his death in 1980, he held the rank of Marshal of Yugoslavia, serving as the supreme commander of the Yugoslav military, the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA). With a highly favourable reputation abroad in both Cold War blocs, he received some 98 foreign decorations, including the Legion of Honour and the Order of the Bath.
Tito was the chief architect of the second Yugoslavia, a socialist federation that lasted from November 1942 until April 1992. Despite being one of the founders of Cominform, he became the first Cominform member to defy Soviet hegemony in 1948 and the only one in Joseph Stalin's time to manage to leave Cominform and begin with its own socialist program with elements of market socialism. Economists active in the former Yugoslavia, including Czech-born Jaroslav Vanek and Croat-born Branko Horvat, promoted a model of market socialism dubbed the Illyrian model, where firms were socially owned by their employees and structured on workers' self-management and competed with each other in open and free markets.